Intro to C++

Chapter 8

Objectives

Examine a Sample C++ Program Compiling a C++ Program Program Development Process

Introduction C++

Sample C++ Program: Examine Program Attributes

Basic Concept: Divide and Conquer: How ? Functions

Definition Assigns a unique Name to a set of instructions (Statements) Call When you use the function name, the set of instructions associated with the Name are executed

Introduction C++

Sample C++ Program: Functions Definition Format

Specifies returned value type
Mandatory Space

Specifies unique Name

Optional for passing data

return value type function name (argument list) { Function body // C++ statements }
Did you notice: The left and right parenthesis The braces are on separate lines
The indentations of the C++ Statements
Set of instructions

We will look at functions in detail later

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Sample C++ Program: Empty Main Function

Function returns a value of type integer

Function Name

int main ( ) {

Introduction C++

A Sample C++ Program Hello World Program

/* Lets greet the world. */ #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main ( ) { // preprocessor instruction

//Output Hello World! cout << Hello World!\n; //Send 0 back to OS indicating success return 0; }

Introduction C++

Explanation of Code The Hello World Program

/* Lets greet the world. */ // preprocessor instruction When Comment spans multiple lines

Single Line Comments

Comments are not executed

Introduction C++

Explanation of Code The Hello World Program #include <iostream>

#include Directives tell compiler where to find info about items used in the program [Note: NO space between # and include] #include <iostream> directs the processor to make cout (see-out), cin (see in) and other programs in iostream library available to your program

using namespace std;

Tells the compiler to use names in iostream in a standard way

Introduction C++

Explanation of Code The Hello World Program

main ( )

A Special function name It indicates where program execution starts The OS calls the function main ( ) to start the C++ program

int main( )

The function main( ) returns a value of type integer

Introduction C++

Explanation of Code The Hello World Program Statements

std: : cout << Hello World!\n; std:: look in the namespace std for the name that follows cout << outputs to the monitor the text string Hello World! followed by a newline Think of cout as a name (Identifier) for the monitor

; (semicolon) Program statements must

end with a semicolon

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Running a C++ Program

C++ source code is written with an editor

vi Emacs Ultraedit

The Compiler converts your source code to Object code The Linker combines all the object code into an executable program

Introduction C++

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Compiling C++ Programs Command Line Compiler, g++

Compiler Commands
g++ file.cpp

Comments
Compiles the file file.cpp and creates an executable named a.out Displays the version of g++

g++ -- version

g++ file.cpp o file2

Compiles the file file.cpp, creates an executable, and names the executable file2 instead of a.out
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Introduction C++

Compiling C++ Programs Error Messages

Error
Syntax Error

Description
The rules of the C++ language were not followed if i=< 100 should be If (i <= 100) Wrong algorithm

Logical Error

Runtime Error

Program terminates abruptly: Div by 0; illegal memory access

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Introduction C++

Compiling and Running your C++ Program

C++ Program Source Code
Data for C++ Program

Compiler

editor
Keyboard, file

Computer
compile command
Object Code for your Program

Other Object Codes

linker
Computer (Complete Object Code)

Run
Output of C++ Program
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Compiling and Running Your C++ Program

Compile the code Fix errors the Compiler indicates and recompile code Run the program again
Test and re-run

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Program Development Phase

Step #1: Problem-Solving Phase

Define Problem
Complex problem ?
Adopt Problem Decomposition principle

Design Algorithm [Iterative process]

Just express your initial thoughts [on paper], youll refine them later: Draw/Sketch charts Draw/Sketch Pictures (worth a thousand words!) Narratives Complex Algorithm? Adopt Algorithm Decomposition Principle Psuedocode Verify that algorithm solves the problem in its entirety
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Program Development Process

Step #2: Implementation Phase

Translate Algorithm to C++

START writing your C++ Code

Unit Test
Test individual functions for accuracy Fix errors

System Test
Test the entire program Fix errors

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Program Development Process

Problem-solving Phase Start
Problem Definition Translate to C++

Implementation Phase

Algorithm Design

Verify Algorithm (Paper Testing)

Testing

Working Program
Introduction C++ 18

Another Sample C++ Code

#include <iostream> using namespace std;
int main( ) {

int number_of_pods, peas_per_pod, total_peas;

cout << Press return after entering a number. \n; cout << Enter the number of pods:\n; cin >> number_of_pods; cout << Enter the number of peas in a pod:\n; cin>> peas_per_pod; total_peas = number_of_pods * peas_per_pod; cout << If you have ; cout << number_of_pods; cout << pea pods\n; cout << and; cout << peas_per_pod; cout << peas in each pod, then\n; cout << you have ; cout << total_peas; cout << peas in all the pods.\n; return 0; }
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Explanation of Sample Code

variables, cin
#include <iostream> using namespace std;
int main( ) {

Variables:
number_pods, peas_per_pod, total_peas

int number_of_pods, peas_per_pod, total_peas;

cout << Press return after entering a number. \n; cout << Enter the number of pods:\n;

cin >> number_of_pods;

cout << Enter the number of peas in a pod:\n;

cin>> peas_per_pod;
total_peas = number_of_pods * peas_per_pod; cout << If you have ; cout << number_of_pods; cout << pea pods\n; cout << and; cout << peas_per_pod; cout << peas in each pod, then\n; cout << you have ; cout << total_peas; cout << peas in all the pods.\n; return 0;

Must be Declared before they are used Identified by Names (Identifier) Special rules for Identifiers

Input Statement:

cin
Tells the computer how to handle info entered from keyboard

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Explanation of Sample Code Multiplication, Assignment

#include <iostream> using namespace std;
int main( ) {
int number_of_pods, peas_per_pod, total_peas; cout << Press return after entering a number. \n; cout << Enter the number of pods:\n; cin >> number_of_pods; cout << Enter the number of peas in a pod:\n; cin>> peas_per_pod;

Multiplication Operator:

Assignment Statement:

total_peas = number_of_pods * peas_per_pod;

cout << If you have ;
cout << number_of_pods; cout << pea pods\n; cout << and; cout << peas_per_pod; cout << peas in each pod, then\n; cout << you have ; cout << total_peas; cout << peas in all the pods.\n; return 0;

=
Assign value on the rhs of

=
to Variable on the lhs of

We will talk more about variables & Operators shortly

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Sample C++ Code #2 Sample Dialogue

#include <iostream> using namespace std;
int main( ) {

int number_of_pods, peas_per_pod, total_peas;

cout << Press return after entering a number. \n; cout << Enter the number of pods:\n; cin >> number_of_pods; cout << Enter the number of peas in a pod:\n; cin>> peas_per_pod; total_peas = number_of_pods * peas_per_pod; cout << If you have ; cout << number_of_pods; cout << pea pods\n; cout << and; cout << peas_per_pod; cout << peas in each pod, then\n; cout << you have ; cout << total_peas; cout << peas in all the pods.\n; return 0; }
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Sample Dialogue
Press return after entering a number Enter the number of pods 10 Enter the number of peas in a pod 9 If you have 10 pea pods and 9 peas in each pod, then you have 90 peas in all the pods

Layout of a Simple C++ Program

#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main ( ) { Variable Declarations Statement #1 Statement #2

Last Statement return 0; }

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