HOW DO ORGANISMS

REPRODUCE

CLASS: X
SUBJECT: SCIENCEPREPARED by
A.Selvi
 REPRODUCTION
 Reproduction is a biological process
in which an organism produces their
own kind/ offspring. In this process
there is creation of a DNA copy.
 IMPORTANCE OF
REPRODUCTION

 It ensures the continuity of life.

 It helps in increasing the species of
same kind.
 TYPES OF REPRODUCTION
S.NO. ASEXUAL SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION
1. Only one parent is Two parents of opposite
involved. sexes are involved.
2. No production of sex Production of sex
cell/reproductive cells/reproductive
cells/gametes. cells/gametes.
3. No fusion and Fusion and fertilization.
fertilization.
4. Little or no variation is Lot of variation is seen.
seen.
 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

 Asexual reproduction is a type of

reproduction in which a new
organism arises from a single parent
without the involvement of sex cells/
gametes.
 TYPES OF ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
1.Fission: Binary Fission
Multiple Fission

2. Budding 3. Spore Formation

4. Regeneration 5. Fragmentation

6. Vegetative Reproduction

I Cutting
II Layering
III Grafting
 FISSION

 This method of asexual reproduction

takes place in unicellular organisms like
Amoeba, Paramecium, Bacteria etc. In
this case the parent organism divides
into daughter cells. Here first the division
of nucleus takes place( karyokinesis) and
then division cytoplasm takes place
(cytokineses).
 TYPES OF FISSION

BINARY FISSION: Two new organisms are

formed from the single individual. Example:
Amoeba, paramecium.
 BINARY
FISSION IN
PROKARYOTIC
CELL
 BINARY FISSION
IN PROKARYOTIC
CELL
BINARY FISSION IN
AMOEBA
STEPS OF BINARY FISSION IN
AMOEBA
 Multiple Fission: The parent organism
divides into many new organisms at the
same time . During unfavourable situation
organism develops a protective covering
(cyst) around it. Inside the cyst nucleus
divides and re-divides. Each nucleus takes
little bit of cytoplasm and forms large
number of daughter cells.
On the onset of favourable conditions the
cyst wall rupture and daughter cells are
released and form new organism. Example:
plasmodium (1000 cells are produced at a
time)
MULTIPLE
FISSION
MULTIPLE FISSION
 BUDDING
 In budding a bulging on the body appears
as a result of repeated mitotic division in
the cells. This lateral bulge is called Bud.
The bud further grows and develops into a
new organism and finally it get detached
from the parent body.
Example: Hydra. In case of yeast chain of
buds are formed.
 STEPS OF
BUDDING IN
HYDRA
YEAST BUDDING
CHAIN OF BUDS IN
YEAST
 SPORE FORMATION
It is the common method of asexual
reproduction in fungi and bacteria. In fungus
a structure called sporangium develops from
hypha( plant body). Here the nucleus divides
and re-divides. Each nucleus takes little bit
of cytoplasm and develops into a spore.
When the sporangium get filled with spores,
the spores exerts pressure on the wall of the
sporangium. As a result of which the wall of
sporangium rupture and spores come out
and germinate into new hypha after getting
suitable substratum.
SPORE FORMATION IN BREAD
MOULD: RHIZOPUS
 REGENERATION

It is the ability of an organism to replace its

lost body parts or full organism is formed
from the body parts of an organism.
Example: Hydra, Planaria, sponges,
spirogyra. In spirogyra the process of
regeneration is called fragmentation as the
mature spirogyra breaks into two or more
pieces and grows into new individual.
REGENERATION IN PLANARIA
 FRAGMENTATION

It takes place in some multicellular

organism. Example: In spirogyra, the
organism breaks up into smaller pieces
upon maturation . This pieces or
fragments grew into new individual.
FRAGMENTATION IN
SPIROGYRA
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION

It takes place in higher group of plants. It is

also called vegetative propagation. In this
case new plants are obtained from the
vegetative parts( Roots, Stem, Leaves,
Branches )of the plant.
Example: Rose, Jasmine, Sugarcane,
Bryophyllum , Guava, potato, onion, mint,
strawberry, lily etc.
 TYPES OF VEGETATIVE
REPRODUCTION
 Cutting: A cutting may be a piece of stem,
root, leaf or a bulb scale. A part of the plant
which is removed by cutting is called
Cutting.
In this process a cutting of the plant is
placed partly under moist soil as a result of
which root and shoot develops and it
behaves as new plants.
Example:-Rose, sugarcane ,chrysanthemum,
grapes etc.
ROSE CUTTING
LEAF BUD OF
BRYOPHYLUM
 Layering: In layering a branch of the plant is
pulled towards the ground and a part of it is
covered with moist soil while it is attached
and supported by the parent plant . After
some time new roots and shoots developed
from the part of branch which is buried in
the soil. Then the branch is cut off from the
parent plant which behaves as new plant.
Example: jasmine, strawberry ,raspberry,
lemon ,guava, hibiscus etc.
LAYERING
AIR LAYERING
 Grafting: It is a method in which stems of
two different plants are joined together in
such a way that they will unit and grow as
one plant. The portion of a plant that is
grafted on to other plant is called scion and
the plant in which grafting is done is called
as Stock. By doing this process the cambium
of scion and stock come in contact with each
other. We can get different varieties by this
process.
Example: Lemon. Orange. Grapes , Rose,
Pineapple etc.
GRAFTING
GRAFTING
ADVANTAGE OF VEGETATIVE
PROPAGATION

❖ The new plant is similar to the parent

plant so desirable characters may be
replicated.
❖We can reduced the period of maturity,
flowering and fruiting.
❖We can generate different varieties.
❖ It needs less attention and less cost.
 TISSUE CULTURE
It is also called micropropagation.Tissue
Culture is a process by which new plants
are obtained from small pieces of plant
tissue( explants) and culture medium (It
contains nutrients and hormones).
Examples: Banana, Bamboo, Orchids ,
Dahlia , Carnation etc.
CALLUS
SHOOT
FROM
CALLUS
TISSUE CULTURE
 ADVANTAGE OF TISSUE
CULTURE
 We can develop disease resistant variety .
 High yielding variety can be obtained.
 We can develop early flowering and early
maturating plant.
 We can develop haploid plant.
 PARTHENOGENESIS
 The process of development of a plant
from an unfertilized egg is called
parthenogenesis. It is helpful in
developing seedless fruit.
Example: Seedless Banana, Grapes ,
Oranges etc.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
 Thetype of reproduction in which both
the parents of opposite sexes (male and
female) are taking part.
UNISEXUAL/DIOECIOUS
 In majority of organisms male and
female sex organ are present in different
individuals. They are called as unisexual
or Dioecious (Higher group of organism
including human being)
BISEXUAL/HERMAPHRODITE/
MONOECIOUS
 Organisms in which male and female sex
organs are present in the same individual
are called as bisexual. E.g. Earthworm,
starfish, tapeworm, majority of plants.
GAMETES
 Gametes are reproductive unit also
called as sex cells. Gametes are formed
after meiotic division. They are haploid
(n).
 There are two types of gametes: male
gamete (sperm)and female gamete
(ovum/egg).
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MALE
AND FEMALE GAMETES
SPERM OVUM

Male gamete Female gamete

Smaller in size Larger in size

Motile Stationary

Produced in large no. Produced in less no.

SYNGAMY AND FERTILISATION
➢ Union of male and female gamete is
called syngamy or fusion.
➢ Fusion of male and female gamete
resulting in the formation of single cell
zygote is called fertilisation.
TYPES OF FERTILIZATION
 Internal fertilization: Fertilization taking
place inside the female body is called as
internal fertilization. E.g. Reptiles, Birds,
Mammals.
 External fertilization: Fertilization taking
place outside the body generally in the
surrounding medium , i.e. water is called
external fertilization. E.g. Fishes,
Amphibian.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN
PLANTS
 Most of the plants are bisexual and the
reproductive part of the plant is flower.
 Flower is modified shoot.
 PARTS OF FLOWER
 Sepals (Calyx): Outermost whorl of flower,
Generally green, sometimes coloured
(Petaloid)
 Petals (Corolla): Coloured and most attractive
part of flower, It attracts insects for
pollination, have different fragrance.
 Stamen (Androecium): Male reproductive
part, differentiated into filament connective
and anther, Anther forms pollen grains which
further forms male gametes.
 Carpel/Pistil (Gynoecium): Female
reproductive part, divided into style, stigma
and ovary, Ovary contains ovule or egg.
POLLINATION
 The process of transfer of pollen grains
from anther to stigma is called
pollination
SELF POLLINATION
 The transfer of pollen grains
from anther of a flower to the
stigma of the same flower or
another flower of the same
plant is called self pollination.
 No external agencies are
required for self pollination.
CROSS POLLINATION
 The transfer of pollen grains
from anther of one flower to the
stigma of another flower of a
different plant of same species is
called cross pollination.
 Cross pollination requires some
agencies like wind, insects,
water etc.
 DOUBLE FERTILISATION
 In case of plants pollination is followed by fertilisation.
 When the pollen grains falls on stigma it forms pollen
tube that passes through the stylar region by chemo
tactic action.
 The pollen tube enters the ovule through a small
opening called as micropyle.
 Pollen tube releases two male gametes. One male
gamete fuses with ovule/egg called as syngamy and
other male gamete fuses with two polar nuclei called
as triple fusion.
 This type of fertilisation is called double fertilisation.
 Mature ovule will form seed and mature ovary will
form fruit.
HUMAN REPRODUCTION
 Human reproductive system is
highly evolved. The human
reproductive system becomes
functional after certain age during
puberty phase.
 It varies in male and female.
 In male the puberty phase is at the
age of 13-14 and in female it is at
the age of 10-12.
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS IN
HUMAN.
 TESTIS: Male reproductive organ, two testis
are present, responsible for producing
sperms i.e. male gamete, responsible for
producing male sex hormones i.e.
testosterone.
 OVARY: Female reproductive organ, two
ovaries are present, responsible for
producing female gamete i.e. ovum or egg,
responsible for producing female sex
hormones i.e. estrogen and progesterone.
 FUNCTION OF SEX
HORMONES (REPRODUCTIVE
HORMONES)

 It helps the regulating the formation of

gametes by Gametogenesis (Meiosis).
 Helps in maintaining the secondary sexual
characters like pitch of voice in male and
development of mammary glands in female.
 MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
 The main male reproductive organ is a
pair of testis.
 Testis is present in a muscular sac like
structure called as scrotum outside
the abdominal cavity.
 The function of scrotum is to provide
an optimum temperature for the
formation of sperms (1-3 degree
Celsius lower than the body
temperature).
 The function of testis is to produce
sperms and male sex hormones.
 The sperms formed in the testis come
out and go into a coiled tube called
epididymis where the sperm is stored
temporarily.
 From epididymis the sperms passes to
a long tube like structure called as vas
deference or sperm duct.
 From sperm duct the sperm passes
out in seminal vesicles and then to
urethra.
 Urethra carries the sperms to
copulatory organ called as penis
which opens out side the body.
 These sperms are carried in a liquid
called semen (reproductive fluid).
There is only one opening for urine
and sperms.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 The main female reproductive organs
are a pair of ovary, fallopian tube
(oviduct),uterus and vagina.
 The ovaries are located in the
abdominal cavity near the kidney.
 Ovary helps in production of ovum and
female hormones (estrogen and
progesterone).
 Each ovary is made up of several
thousand follicles (unripe eggs).
 At puberty stage these follicles
undergo maturation to produce ova.
 Above the ovaries oviduct are present
which is called as fallopian tubes (site
of fertilisation).
 The fallopian tubes open into a
muscular bag called uterus/ mother’s
womb ( site of development of baby).
 Uterus opens into vagina (birth canal).
 In female urinary opening and vaginal
opening are separate.
 SEXUAL CYCLE IN FEMALE
 The sexual cycle in female is called
menstruation cycle or menstruation.
 It starts at the age of 10-12 yrs.
 At this stage the sex hormones is
responsible for maturing the egg cells in
ovary.
 Only one mature egg is released in the
fallopian tube (oviduct) from the ovary
once in 28 days. This process of releasing
ovum from the ovary to oviduct is called
ovulation.
 Before ovulation the inner lining of
uterus become thick and spongy and full
of tiny blood vessels.
 It is the process of preparation to receive
the fertilized egg.
 If the ovum or egg is not fertilized then
the inner lining of uterus breaks and
along with blood vessels and dead ovum
comes out from the vagina in the form of
bleeding called as menstruation or
menstrual cycle.
 It occurs 14 days after ovulation and
lasts for 4-7 days. This cycle is controlled
by hormones.
 When the women is said to be pregnant?
After fertilization the menstruation stops
and then the woman is said to be
pregnant.
MENARCH AND MENOPAUSE: The
beginning of menstruation at puberty
phase (10-12yrs) is called as menarch.
The age at which the menstruation stops
permanently and a women loses her
ability to bear child is called menopause.
It is at the age of 50.
 GESTATION: The development of
foetus (immature baby) inside the uterus
till birth is called gestation.
 IMPLANTATION: The embedding of
embryo in the thick lining of the uterus is
called implantation.
 PLACENTA: The special tissue develop
between the uterine wall and embryo is
called placenta. Through placenta the
exchange of nutrients, oxygen and waste
products between foetus and mother takes
place.
 WHAT IS UMBILICAL CORD?
It joins the embryo to the placenta.
 WHAT IS THE GESTATION
PERIOD OF HUMAN FEMALE?
280 days (40 weeks).
 WHAT IS THE AVERAGE WEIGHT
OF HUMAN BABY?
3-5 Kg.
 WHAT IS PARTURITION
(LABOUR)?
On completion of gestation period the
birth of the fully developed foetus
is called as parturition or labour.
 POPULATION CONTROL
(CONTRACEPTION)
 BARRIER METHOD: Physical devices
like condom (in male), diaphragm and
cervical caps (in female) are used.
 CHEMICAL METHOD:
 a) Oral pills: Called as oral
contraceptives (OCs). It contains
hormones which stop the ovaries
from releasing ovum into the
oviduct.
 b) Vaginal pills: It kills the sperms
and called as spermicides.
 SURGICAL METHOD:
 a) VASECTOMY : sperm duct is cut
and tied.
 b) TUBECTOMY: Oviduct is cut and
tied.
 IUCD (Intra Uterine Contraceptive
Devices): It is called as copper-T.
It is placed inside the uterus by a
doctor or a trained nurse. It
prevents the implantation of
fertilized egg in the uterus.
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED
DISEASES (STDs):
 Gonorrhea: Bacterial disease
 Syphilis: Bacterial disease
 Trichomoniasis: Protozoan disease
 AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency
Syndrome) Caused by HIV ( Human
Immuno Deficiency Virus): Viral disease
(Retro virus).