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INTRODUCTION TO
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
COMPUTERS && PROGRAMMING
PROGRAMMING

Dwyane Le Bron D. Caliwan | Reviewer S.y 2024-2025

Week 1 – Introduction to Computers & Programming Foundational Terms

Understanding what computers are, how they’re
used, and the foundational mindset of good Term Definition
programming.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this week, students should be able to: Physical components of a
Define basic computer-related terms: computer, Hardware computer (CPU, keyboard,
hardware, software, programming monitor)
Explain the role of computers in solving problems
and processing information
Recognize the importance of systematic program Programs or instructions that
Software
design over trial-and-error coding tell hardware what to do
Key Concepts

1. What is a Computer? Writing code to solve

Programming
A computer is a machine that processes data problems or automate tasks
based on a set of instructions called a program.
It performs tasks such as input, processing,
output, and storage. Human resources involved in
Peopleware
2. What is Programming? computing (developers, users)
Programming is the process of writing
instructions (code) that a computer can follow to
Good Programming Habits
perform tasks.
Think before coding: understand the problem
These instructions are written in programming
first
languages like C, Java, Python, etc.
Use flowcharts and flowcharts to plan logic
3. Importance of Good Programming Write clean, readable code with comments
Avoid the “tinker until it works” mindset. Test incrementally and debug systematically
Embrace systematic program design: Document your work for future reference
Plan before coding
Understand the problem
Example: Poor vs. Good Programming
Use logical steps
Test and debug carefully Approach Description

Real-World Use of Computers

Environment Common Uses

❌ Trial-and- Random changes until it
error “works”

School
Writing papers, online classes, ✅ Systematic Plan → Code → Test → Debug
research design → Document

Data analysis, presentations, Suggested Activities

Work
transactions Activity 1: Define Key Terms
Students write definitions and examples for:
Computer
Online shopping, Hardware
Home
communication, gaming Software
Programming
Peopleware

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INTRODUCTION TO
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
COMPUTERS && PROGRAMMING
PROGRAMMING

Dwyane Le Bron D. Caliwan | Reviewer S.y 2024-2025

Activity 2: Real-Life Applications

Programs that instruct
Group discussion: How do you use computers at Software
hardware what to do
home, school, and work?
Create a table showing tasks and the software
used
Human resources involved in
Activity 3: Programming Mindset Reflection Peopleware
development and use
Prompt: “Why is systematic programming better
than trial-and-error?”
Students write a short reflection or journal 2. Hardware Breakdown
entry CPU (Central Processing Unit): Brain of the
computer; performs calculations and logic
Quick Quiz (Formative Assessment)
Main Memory (RAM): Temporary storage for
1.What is the difference between hardware and active programs and data
software? Secondary Storage: Permanent storage (hard
2.Give one example of how computers are used in drives, SSDs, cloud)
education. Input Devices: Keyboard, mouse, scanner
3.Why is planning important before writing code? Output Devices: Monitor, printer, speakers
Summary Points 📌 Note: Hardware performs three major operations:
Computers follow instructions to perform tasks.
Input →
Data entry
Programming is the act of writing those
Processing → Data manipulation
instructions.
Output →Displaying results
Good programming is systematic, logical, and 3. Software Classification
planned.
Computers are versatile because they can be
Type Description
programmed for many tasks.
Understanding basic terms sets the foundation
for deeper programming concepts.
Application Programs for specific tasks
Week 2 – Components of a Computer System Software (Word, Excel, games)
Understanding the physical and logical
components of a computer system and the IPOS
model. Programs that manage
Learning Outcomes System Software hardware (OS, compilers,
drivers)
By the end of this week, students should be able to:
1.Identify the major components of a computer
Canned Programs: Pre-written, ready-to-use
system and their functions
software
2.Describe the Information Processing Cycle
Customized Programs: User-developed for
(IPOS)
specific needs
3.Differentiate between hardware, software, and
peopleware 4. Peopleware (Human Resources)
4.Explain how these components interact to Refers to the people involved in computing systems:
perform computing tasks Developers, designers, users, project managers
Key roles:
Key Concepts
Productivity
1. Major Components of a Computer System Teamwork
Interface design
Component Description Human-machine interaction
Suggested Activities
Activity 1: Component Identification
Physical devices (CPU, RAM, 1.Label parts of a desktop computer system
Hardware
input/output devices) (diagram-based)
2.Match hardware components with their function

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 QUERIOSITY ORGANIZATION
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INTRODUCTION TO
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COMPUTERS && PROGRAMMING
PROGRAMMING

Dwyane Le Bron D. Caliwan | Reviewer S.y 2024-2025

Activity 2: IPOS Simulation 2. Levels of Programming Language

Simulate a simple task (e.g., calculating grades)
and identify each IPOS stage
level Description Examples
Activity 3: Software Sorting
Classify given software examples as system or
application
Human-
Quick Quiz (Formative Assessment)
High- readable, Java, Python,
1.What are the five major hardware components of Level abstracted from BASIC
a computer system? hardware
2.Differentiate application software from system
software.
3.What does the CPU do during the processing
Hybrid of high
stage? Middle-
and low-level C & C++
4.Give one example of peopleware and its role. Level
features
Summary Points
A computer system includes hardware, software,
and peopleware. Hardware- Assembly,
Hardware performs input, processing, output, and Low-
specific, Machine
storage. Level
efficient Language
Software is classified into application and system
types.
Peopleware emphasizes the human role in 3. Language Characteristics
computing. Syntax: Rules for writing valid code (grammar,
The IPOS cycle explains how data flows through punctuation, structure)
a computer system. Semantics: Meaning behind the code (what it
does)
Week 3 – Programming Languages & Syntax
Source Code: Human-written instructions
Understanding programming languages, syntax Object Code: Machine-translated binary
rules, and how source code is translated into instructions
machine-executable instructions.
4. Translators: Compiler vs. Interpreter
Learning Outcomes
Syntax: Rules for writing valid code (grammar,
By the end of this week, students should be able to: punctuation, structure)
1.Differentiate between low-level and high-level Semantics: Meaning behind the code (what it
programming languages does)
2.Describe the role of syntax and semantics in Source Code: Human-written instructions
programming Object Code: Machine-translated binary
3.Explain how source code is translated into instructions
machine language
4.Identify the function of compilers and Feature Compiler Interpreter
interpreters
Key Concepts
Entire
1. Programming Languages Overview
program Line-by-line
Programming Language: A formal language used to Translation
before during execution
write instructions for a computer. execution
Purpose: To express algorithms and control
machine behavior.

Slower due to
Faster after
Speed real-time
compilation
parsing

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INTRODUCTION TO
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
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PROGRAMMING

Dwyane Le Bron D. Caliwan | Reviewer S.y 2024-2025

Summary Points
Syntax
1.Programming languages allow humans to instruct
Error errors Errors shown
computers.
Handling flagged during runtime
2.Syntax and semantics define how code is written
early
and understood.
3.Translators (compilers/interpreters) convert
source code into machine-executable form.
Binary No binary; runs 4.High-level languages are easier to use but slower;
Output low-level languages are efficient but complex.
executable directly
5.Syntax errors must be corrected for successful
program execution.
📌 Note: Some languages (e.g., Python) use interpreters, Week 4 – Data Types and Variables
while others (e.g., C++) use compilers.
Understanding how data is represented in
5. Machine Language & Assembly programs and how variables are declared, named,
Machine Language: Binary code (0s and 1s), and used.
directly executed by hardware
Learning Outcomes
Assembly Language: Uses mnemonic codes (e.g.,
ADD, MOV) and symbolic names for memory By the end of this week, students should be able to:
locations Identify and classify different types of data
Requires detailed knowledge of hardware used in programming
architecture Differentiate between constants and variables
Apply proper naming conventions for variables
Syntax Error Declare and use variables in basic programming
Occur when code violates language rules context
Examples:
Key Concepts
Misspelled keywords
Incorrect punctuation 1. What is Data?
Invalid structure
💡 Unlike humans, computers cannot infer meaning from
Data is raw information entered into a computer
for processing.
incorrect syntax—errors must be fixed before execution.
Represented using:
Suggested Activities Characters (A-Z, a-z)
Activity 1: Language Classification Digits (0-9)
Provide examples of code snippets and ask Symbols (+, -, /, *, <, >, =)
students to classify them as high-level, low-level,
2. Data Classifications
or assembly
Activity 2: Syntax Error Hunt
Present a buggy code sample and ask students to Type Description
identify and correct syntax errors
Activity 3: Translator Simulation
Role-play: One student writes source code, Used for calculations (e.g., 10,
Numeric
another acts as a compiler/interpreter to -3.14)
“translate” and execute it
Quick Quiz (Formative Assessment)
Used for identification or
1.What is the difference between source code and
Non-numeric description (e.g., "Hello",
object code?
2.Name one advantage of using a high-level
"$100")
language.
3.What does a compiler do?
4.Why are syntax errors critical in programming?

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INTRODUCTION TO
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
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Dwyane Le Bron D. Caliwan | Reviewer S.y 2024-2025

3. Constants vs. Variables Assigning Values

Element Description

A fixed value that does not

Constant change during program
execution Suggested Activities
Activity 1: Data Classification Drill
Provide a list of data items and ask students to
A named memory location classify them as numeric or non-numeric
Variable whose value can change during Activity 2: Variable Naming Challenge
execution Students create valid variable names based on
given descriptions (e.g., "total sales for the day")
📌 Examples: Activity 3: Constant vs. Variable Sorting
Constant: "Hello", 3.1416, -25 Sort a mixed list of items into constants and
Variable: studentName, totalScore, X variables
4. Variable Naming Rules Quick Quiz (Formative Assessment)
Must begin with a letterCan contain letters, What is the difference between a constant and a
digits, and underscores variable?
Must be unique 1.Give two examples of valid variable names.
Cannot be a reserved keyword 2.Why can't a variable name start with a number?
Cannot start with a number 3.Classify the following as numeric or non-numeric:
✅ Valid Examples: "25", -3.14, "Hello"
X, student_ID, totalAmount, A243B Summary Points
❌ Invalid Examples:
Data is the foundation of all programming logic.
3total (starts with a number)
Constants remain fixed; variables can change
if (reserved keyword)
during execution.
total$ (illegal character
Proper naming conventions ensure clarity and
5. Variable Types avoid errors.
Variables must be declared with appropriate
Type Description types and follow syntax rules
Week 5 – Expressions and Operators
Understanding arithmetic expressions, operator
Stores numbers (integers, precedence, and how to evaluate mixed
Numeric Variable
floats) expressions in programming.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this week, students should be able to:
Stores text or non-numeric
String Variable 1.Define and construct arithmetic expressions using
data
constants and variables
📌 Variables must be declared with a type depending on the 2.Apply arithmetic operators correctly in expressions
3.Evaluate mixed expressions using precedence rules
programming language used (e.g., int, float, char, string).
4.Use parentheses to control the order of operations
Practical Usage
Key Concepts
Variable Declaration (in C-style syntax)
1. What is an Expression?
An expression is a combination of operands (constants or
variables) and operators that yields a value.
Expressions are used to perform calculations and assign
values in programs.

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INTRODUCTION TO
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Dwyane Le Bron D. Caliwan | Reviewer S.y 2024-2025

2. Types of Arithmetic Operators Example 2:

Example 3:

3. Expression Formats
Simple Format:
operand operator operand
Example: A + B, 25 * 3
Mixed Format:
Multiple operands and operators
Example: 8 + 4 - 3 * 2, X / 5 + B

4. Operator Precedence (Order of Operations)

📌 Left-to-right rule applies when operators share the

same precedence.
5. Parentheses in Expressions
Used to group operations and override default precedence.
Nested Parentheses: Evaluate innermost first.
📌
Example:

Sample Evaluations
Example 1:

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INTRODUCTION TO
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Dwyane Le Bron D. Caliwan | Reviewer S.y 2024-2025

Week 6 – Boolean & Relational Expressions 4. Truth Tables

Understanding Boolean logic, relational
comparisons, and how to evaluate expressions
that yield TRUE or FALSE.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this week, students should be able to:
1.Construct Boolean expressions using relational and
logical operators
2.Evaluate relational expressions involving numeric and
string operands
3.Apply logical operators to combine conditions
4.Use truth tables to determine the result of logical
expressions 5. Mixed Logical Expressions

Key Concepts Combine multiple relational expressions using logical

operators
1. Boolean Expressions Use parentheses to group and prioritize conditions
A Boolean expression evaluates to either TRUE 📌Precedence Order:
or FALSE 1.Parentheses ()
Used in decision-making and control flow (e.g., if, 2.NOT
while statements 3.AND
4.OR
2. Relational Operators
Sample Evaluations
Example 1:

Example 2:

Example 3:

📌 Operands can be numeric or string. Strings are compared

using ASCII values.
3. Logical Operators

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INTRODUCTION TO
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Dwyane Le Bron D. Caliwan | Reviewer S.y 2024-2025

Key Concepts

✅ Simple if Statement
Executes a block of code only if the condition is
true:

✅ if-else Statement
Handles two possible outcomes:

✅ if-else-if Ladder
Week 7: Expression Formulation and Conversion Manages multiple conditions:

Understanding conditional statements, control

flow, and how to structure decision-making logic
using if, else, and else if constructs in
programming.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this module, students should be able to:
Describe the purpose and syntax of selection control
structures
Apply relational and logical expressions to control
✅ Nested Conditionals
program flow Layered decision-making:
Construct decision-making logic using if, if-else, and if-
else-if statements
Trace and debug conditional code segments effectively

✅ Logical Operators in Conditions

Using &&, ||, and !:

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INTRODUCTION TO
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Dwyane Le Bron D. Caliwan | Reviewer S.y 2024-2025

Suggested Activities ✅ for Loop

Trace and predict outputs of C programs using Compact loop structure with initialization, condition, and
selection structures update:
Convert flowcharts and pseudocode into working
C code
Write decision-based programs (e.g., grading
system, login validator)
Debug logic errors in conditional blocks
Group activity: Build a decision tree and ✅ Loop Control Statements
implement it in C Compact loop structure with initialization, condition, and
Assessment Tasks update:

Code Tracing: Analyze and explain the output of

given C code with conditionals
Code Writing: Implement a C program using
selection structures based on a real-world
scenario
Quiz: Syntax, logic flow, and Boolean evaluation in ✅ Infinite Loops and Loop Termination
C Common mistakes that lead to infinite loops
Mini Project: Create a decision-based C program Ensuring proper loop exit conditions
(e.g., student grade evaluator, ATM access
Suggested Activities
system)
Trace and predict outputs of C programs using
Week 8: Statements and Commands loops
Understanding repetition control structures and Convert flowcharts and pseudocode into loop-
how to implement loops (while, do-while, and for) based C code
to perform repeated actions in C programming. Write programs that use loops for counting,
summing, and pattern generation
Learning Outcomes
Debug faulty loop logic and fix infinite loops
By the end of this module, students should be able to: Group activity: Build a loop-based program (e.g.,
Explain the purpose and syntax of repetition control number guessing game, factorial calculator)
structures in C
Assessment Tasks
Differentiate between while, do-while, and for loops
Apply loops to solve problems involving repeated Code Tracing: Analyze and explain the output of
operations loop-based C code
Trace and debug loop-based code segments effectively Code Writing: Implement a C program using
appropriate loop structures
Key Concepts Quiz: Syntax, loop behavior, and control flow
✅ while Loop questions
Mini Project: Create a loop-driven program (e.g.,
Executes as long as the condition is true:
ATM menu system, multiplication table
generator)

✅ do-while Loop
Executes at least once before checking the condition:

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INTRODUCTION TO
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Dwyane Le Bron D. Caliwan | Reviewer S.y 2024-2025

Week 9: Review & Assessment Preparation Loop:

Reviewing programming fundamentals and applying
learned concepts through integrated exercises,
expression evaluations, and preparatory
assessments for the preliminary exam.
Learning Outcomes
Nested Conditionals:
By the end of this module, students should be able to:
Consolidate knowledge of programming fundamentals
from Weeks 1–8
Evaluate arithmetic, Boolean, and relational
expressions accurately
Apply control structures (if, for, while) in problem-
solving scenarios
Demonstrate readiness for preliminary assessment
through practice tasks
Suggested Activities
Key Concepts
🔍 Expression Evaluation Drill
✅ Programming Fundamentals Solve 10–15 mixed arithmetic and Boolean
Components of a computer system: hardware, expressions
software, peopleware Apply operator precedence and logic rules
Information Processing Cycle (IPOS) 🧠 Code Tracing Practice
Syntax vs. semantics Predict outputs of sample C programs using
Source code vs. object code selection and repetition structures
Compiler vs. interpreter Identify syntax and logic errors

✅ Data and Variables 🧪 Mini Challenges

Implement short programs using loops and
Data types: int, float, char, string conditionals
Constants vs. variables Examples: grade calculator, login validator,
Declaration and initialization number pattern generator
Naming rules and scope 🤝 Peer Review
✅ Expressions Exchange code snippets and provide feedback on
logic and structure
Arithmetic expressions and operator precedence
Debug and optimize each other’s work
Relational expressions (==, !=, >, <, >=, <=)
Logical expressions (&&, ||, !)
📝 Mock Exam Simulation
Timed practice exam with mixed-format
Mixed expressions and evaluation order
questions
✅ Control Structures Includes multiple choice, code tracing, and short
Selection: if, if-else, if-else-if, nested programming tasks
conditionals Assessment Tasks
Repetition: while, do-while, for loops
Loop control: break, continue, return
Sample C Expression Evaluations

Arithmetic:

Boolean:

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