GREEN SYNTHESIS OF COPPER OXIDE

NANOPARTICLES USING PLANT

EXTRACT

By
Name
ID: F201700000

Supervised by
Name
Co-Supervised by (if required)
Name

COLLEGE/INSTITUTE/SCHOOL/DEPARTMENT OF
……………………………..…….
FACULTY OF …………………………………
UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA
SARGODHA, PAKISTAN
MONTH, 202…
GREEN SYNTHESIS OF COPPER OXIDE
NANOPARTICLES USING PLANT
EXTRACT

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
BS/MS/PhD
IN
………[PROGRAM NAME],………..

By
Name
ID: ………………..

SESSION: 202…-202…

COLLEGE/INSTITUTE/SCHOOL/DEPARTMENT OF
……………………………..…….
FACULTY OF …………………………………
UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA
SARGODHA, PAKISTAN
202…

ii
 DECLARATION
I, [Name], D/o [Father’s Name], ID: ……………, Session 20…-20… student of
BS/MS/MPhil/PhD in [Program Name], hereby declare that the research work
entitled “[Title of Thesis]” presented in this thesis is my original work. It has not
been copied, stolen, or plagiarized from any source. Furthermore, this thesis has been
prepared in accordance with the prescribed format and guidelines of the university.

__________________
Dated: _______________ Student’s Signature

iii
 CERTIFICATE FROM THE SUPERVISORS
It is certified that the research topic and synopsis have been prepared in accordance
with the University's approved format. Furthermore, no prior research has been
conducted on a similar topic.

Supervisor
__________________
Name
Designation
Affiliation

Co-Supervisor
__________________
Name
Designation
Affiliation

iv
 RESEARCH COMPLETION CERTIFICATE
Certified that the research work contained in this thesis entitled, “[Title]” has been
carried out and completed by [Name], ID: XXXXXXXXXXX. The quantum and the
quality of the work contained in this thesis are adequate for the award of the degree of
BS/MS/PhD.

_____________________
Supervisor Co-Supervisor
Name Name
Designation Designation
Affiliation Affiliation

_______________________
External Examiner Chairperson
Name Name
Designation Designation
Affiliation Affiliation

v
 DEDICATION

I dedicate ……….. this work to my family and respected teachers.

vi
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to Allah, Lord of Glory and the supreme authority of the universe who
enabled me to achieve all this.
I want to commend the efforts of my teachers. They delivered to me all the possible
concepts related to my course. I want to appreciate the efforts of Dr.___________,
Chairperson Department of Chemistry, and faculty members of the chemistry
department who allowed me to enhance my knowledge in chemistry. I want to admire
the support and guidance of my supervisor Name who was very cooperative with all
the students. He/ She helped me a lot to solve every single problem related to my
study.
I want to admire the participation of my family who supported and guided me
throughout my education career. I also want to mention the sincere consideration of
my friends in my studies.

Sargodha Name
Month, 20--

Note: It is an expression of thanks for the assistance given by the

supervisor of research and by others. You can follow your design for
acknowledgments and dedication.

vii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xi
NOMENCLATURE (OPTIONAL) xii
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS xiii
ABSTRACT xiv
Chapter 1 Introduction 01-05
1. Introduction 02
1.1. Nanotechnology 02
1.2. Importance of Nanoscale 02

1.3. Nanoparticles 04
1.4. Types of Nanoparticles 04
1.4.1. Metallic Nanoparticles 04
1.4.2. Alloy 05
1.4.3. Magnetic 05
Chapter 2 Literature Review 06-07
2. Literature Review 07
Chapter 3 Experimental Work 08-09
3. Experimental Work 08
3.1. Chemicals 09
3.1.1. Chemicals used for Green Synthesis of CuO 09
Nanoparticles
3.2. Apparatus 09
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion 10-11
4. Results and Discussion 11
4.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis 11
Chapter 5 Conclusion and Future Work 12-13
5.1. Conclusion 13
5.2. Future Work 13
REFERENCES 14
If applicable (Ethical and Biosafety Certificate)
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.

Table 1.1. Properties of CuO Nanoparticles 16

Table 4.1. % Inhibition and IC50 of standard (Diclofenac Sodium) 48

Table 4.2. % Inhibition and IC50 of CuO Nanoparticles 49

Table 4.3. % Scavenging and IC50 of standard (Ascorbic Acid) 53

Table 4.4. % Scavenging and IC50 of CuO Nanoparticles 54

Table 4.5. Scavengers used for capturing reactive species 56

Table 4.6. Antibacterial Performance of CuO 58

 LIST OF FIGURES

Page
Figure No. Title
No.

Figure 1.1. Comparison of Nanomaterial Sizes 2

Figure 1.2. Biological Usage of Nanoparticles 3

Figure 1.3. Flow Sheet of Types of Nanoparticles 4

Classifications of Nanoparticles on the Bases of

Figure 1.4. 7
Dimensions

Figure 1.5. Schematic Diagram of Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles 8

Figure 1.6. CuO Nanoparticles Synthesis 10

Figure 1.7. Applications of CuO Nanoparticles 12

Figure 1.8. Scanning Electron Microscope 13

Figure 1.9. Transmission Electron Microscope 14

Figure 1.10. UV-Vis Spectrophotometer 15

Figure 3.1. Plant of Abutilon indicum 29

Figure 3.2. Filtration of Plant Extract 30

Figure 4.1. SEM Image of CuO Nanoparticles 39

Figure 4.2. XRD Spectra of CuO Nanoparticles 42

Figure 4.3. EDX Spectra of CuO Nanoparticles 43

Note:
All the headings in Chapters 1-4 and the List of Tables and Figures are
flexible and can be changed according to the work and organization

All the Figures and Tables must be cited in the text as well
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviations Stands for
CuO Copper Oxide

NPs Nanoparticles

UV Ultraviolet

FTIR Fourier transform infrared

SEM Scanning Electron Microscope

XRD X-ray diffraction

EDX Energy Dispersive X-Ray

MB Methylene Blue

IC50 Half Maximal Inhibitory Concentration

DPPH 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
 NOMENCLATURE

Velocity (m s-1)
Concentration (kg m-3)
Temperature (K)
-1 -1
k Thermal conductivity (W m K )
D Mass diffusivity (m2 s-1)
-2
Gravitational acceleration (m s )
-1 -1
p
C Specific heat (J kg K )

Subscript

nf Nanofluid

f Base fluid

s Solid nanoparticles

xii
 LIST OF PUBLICAITONS

1. Siddique, I., Sadiq, K., Khan, I., & Nisar, K. S. (2021). Nanomaterials in
convection flow of nanofluid in upright channel with gradients. Journal of
Materials Research and Technology, 11, 1411-1423. (IF: 5.039)
2. Qiang, X., Siddique, I., Sadiq, K., & Shah, N. A. (2020). Double diffusive
MHD convective flows of a viscous fluid under influence of the inclined
magnetic field, source/sink and chemical reaction. Alexandria Engineering
Journal, 59(6), 4171-4181. (IF: 3.732)
3. MHD flow of sodium alginate-based type fractionalized nanofluids between
two vertical parallel plates in presence of radiation and heat Source. Scientific
Reports. Submitted

xiii
 ABSTRACT

This work highlights the convective and unsteady nanofluids flow through a channel
under…..

xiv
 Chapter 1

Introduction
 2

1. Introduction
This comprises primary knowledge of nanotechnology, nanocomposites,
nanoparticles, and their applications in various fields. Brief information about
graphene oxide is also provided. This contains information about the aim of the work
as well as characterization techniques involved in this research work.

1.1. Nanotechnology

“Nanotechnology deals with matter, manipulating on the atomic, molecular, and

supramolecular level in the range of 1-100nm”.

It concerns an important part of science that involves the growth and formation of
nanomaterial. Nanotechnology's definition in the United States is “It includes
substances which show unique biological, physical and chemical characteristics and
mechanism because of nano-size”. Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary term that
has a wide variety of applications in the field of physics, biology, material science,
etc. (Cao et al., 2004).

1.2. Importance of Nanoscale

The word nano means dwarf. A nanometer is defined as one billion

meters. Nanotechnology concerns substances that are small in size.
The properties of nanotechnology defined by the National Science
Foundation of the US are as follows.

1. Dimension: Ranges from 1-100nm in diameter.

2. Process: It showed the overall charge on physical and chemical
characteristics of the structure.
3. Building block properties: Used to form the structure on a
macro-scale Nanoscience deals with biological structures
(including DNA, protein, and enzyme) with a range of 1-100nm.

Nanoscale is important because of four reasons which are following

1. The quantum mechanical characteristics of negatively charged particles that are

wave-like and present in the matter are affected by variations on the nano-scale. The
 3

2. micro and macroscopic properties are changed without altering their chemical
composition like temperature, charge capacity, and magnetization by designing the
materials on the nano-scale.
3. The macroscopic system consists of nanostructures and microstructures. The
nanostructures have a density lower than the microstructures that are also good
conductors of electricity.
4. On the nano-scale, there is an important feature which is the systematic
organization of biological molecules inside the matter. Developments in nanoscience
and nanotechnology have allowed us to place man-made nanoscale things inside
living cells. It has become feasible through the use of self-assembly of molecules by
the study of microstructures and macrostructures of materials and surely in material
science a strong tool. Figure 1.1. shows the comparison of nanomaterial sizes.

Figure 1.1. Comparison of nanomaterial sizes with other common

objects.
 4

1.3. Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles have a size range from 1-100nm. These particles can

be manufactured by green synthesis or chemical synthesis. Green
synthesis is rapid, safe, non-toxic, sustainable, and eco-friendly.
Green synthesis use plant extract to synthesize nanoparticles. It is
used in medicine, cosmetics, and cloth (Hassan et al., 2015).

1.4. Types of Nanoparticles

1.4.1. Metallic Nanoparticles

In 1857, Faraday discovered metallic nanoparticles while in 1908,

Mie described nanoparticles color changing phenomenon in solution.
Characteristics of metal nanoparticles are mentioned below:
 Large Surface energies

 Quantum Confinement

 Large surface area

 Plasmon excitation

 Specific Electronic Structure (Pal, 2019)

Silver nanoparticles because of their unique antimicrobial activity against prokaryotic

organisms such as bacteria and viruses and some other eukaryotic microorganisms
showed more efficacy. They have a wide range of applications in textile industries, in
water treatment, as a sunblock, and as antimicrobial agents. The plants that are
efficiently used for the formation of Ag NPs are Azadirachta indica, Coriandrum
sativum, Mintha pipperita, Carica papaya, etc.

Gold nanoparticles have a wide range of applications such as in immunochemical

studies, as a lab tracer, in the detection of antibiotics, etc. The nanorods made of gold
are utilized in stem cells detection, for cancerous diagnosis along with the detection of
the different bacterial classes. Gold nanoparticles exhibit excellent catalysis activity in
many organic reactions at room temperatures. Owing to undesirable Chemical
 5

compounds and toxic chemical effects by chemical synthesis hinders the catalysis
activity in various industrial applications.

1.4.2 Alloy

These nanoparticles show some unique structural properties. Silver exhibits the
highest electroconductivity among the metal that are used as fillers. Other metals as
well as their metal oxides also exhibit good electrical conductivity. These
nanoparticles show more benefits than commonly used metallic nanoparticles.
Bimetallic or trimetallic nanoparticles are considered more effective than
monometallic nanoparticles because of their synergistic characteristics.

1.4.3 Magnetic

There is a type of nanoparticles known as magnetic nanoparticles such as magnetite

and maghemite that are biocompatible. Magnetic nanoparticles have two components.
One is magnetic components like Zn, Cu, and Fe. The second is a chemical
component with specific functionality (Pal & John, 2019). They are utilized in the
treatment of cancer as magnetic hyperthermia, in gene therapy, medical diagnosis,
drug delivery, DNA analysis, stem cell sorting as well as in its manipulation and
magnetic resonance imaging.
 Chapter 2

Literature Review
 7

2. Literature Review
Nguyen et al., (2018) explained the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using the green
synthesis method. The use of biological methods for the fabrication of metal
nanoparticles has attracted wide attention due to its low cost, feasible and eco-friendly
approach. The approach was applied to synthesize a variety of metal nanoparticles
including Au, Pt, Pd, Ag, and CuO NPs. Natural polymer gum karaya acts as a
reducing and stabilizing agent. The characterization techniques used in this work were
Zetasizer Nano, UV-Visible spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. The biological
effect of synthesized nanoparticles was investigated on a unicellular alga. By
measuring photosynthetic efficiency, algal growth, oxidative activity, and membrane
integrity the biological effect can be elaborated. Algal growth was slightly reduced by
Au and Pt nanoparticles at the concentration of 5mgL -1 while Pd, Ag, and CuO
nanoparticles showed complete inhibition of algal growth.

Mohsen et al., (2017) reported the catalytic potential of green synthesized CuO
nanoparticles using aqueous medium. The method reported in this work was the
microwave-assisted technique. By using this technique copper salt was chemically
reduced in the presence of hydrazine hydrate which act as a strong reducing agent.
The formation of well-dispersed CuO nanoparticles was confirmed by various
characterization techniques. Copper oxide catalyst fabricated from biological method
showed many advantages that include the use of eco-friendly solvent, green synthesis
method, and mild reduction conditions for the synthesis of nanoparticles.

Ghidan et al., (2016) studied CuO nanoparticles fabricated by green synthesis using
Punica granatum peel extract. Green synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by
spectroscopy techniques like FTIR, SEM, UV-Vis, and XRD. The nature of the
particles was crystalline with a 40nm size. The formation of CuO nanoparticles was
accomplished by the concentration of Punica granatum peel extract. It also included
Cu+2 ions.
 Chapter 3

Experimental Work
 9

3. Experimental Work
The experimental section was performed at chemistry laboratory, Department of
Chemistry, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore.
During experimental work, chemicals, apparatus, solvent, and instrument used are
given below:

3.1 Chemicals

3.1.1 Chemicals Used for Green Synthesis of CuO Nanoparticles

 CuSO4.5H2O Solution
 Plant Extract
 Double Distilled Water

3.2 Apparatus

 Beaker (100ml, 250ml, 500ml)

 Conical flasks (500ml, 250ml)

 Volumetric flasks (100ml)

 Sample vials

 Stirrer

 Cotton

 Aluminum Foil

 Measuring Cylinder

 Pipette

 Thermometer

 Petri dishes

 Burette
 Chapter 4

Result and Discussion

 11

4. Results and Discussion

4.1 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Analysis

All the results obtained must be properly explained with the help of figures, graphs, and
tables.

All the figures and graphs along with the caption must be centralized. The caption of tables
must be left aligned. The Figures and Tables must be of an appropriate size not too large and
not too small. Figure Table or Text must be Aligned and within the defined scale. All the
tables and figures numbers must be cited in the text.

Table 3.1. Percentage scavenging and IC50 of standard (Ascorbic acid).

Concentration Absorbance Absorbance

IC50
mg/mL of Control of standard % Scavenging

0.05 mg/mL 0.940 0.820 12.77 0.20

0.125 mg/mL 0.940 0.668 28.94 0.24

0.25 mg/mL 0.940 0.597 36.49 0.37

0.5 mg/mL 0.940 0.501 46.70 0.51

 Chapter 5

Conclusion and Future Work

 13

5. Conclusion and Future Work

In the conclusion provide your findings in your own words. The Conclusion must be written
in systematic and understandable writing.

5.1 Conclusion

5.2 Future Work

 14

REFERENCES

Arshad, H. M., Gauhar, S., Bano, R., & Muhammad, I. N. (2009). Development of
HPLC-UV method for analysis of cefixime in raw materials and in
capsule. Jordan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(1), 53-65.

Aldalbahi. A, Aldawish. B, Awad, M. A. G., Aldosari, N. S., Alshathri, R. H. &

Shoqiran, K. I. B. (2021). JUSTIA Patents 1095010. King Saud University

Brown, J. Q., Vishwanath, K., Palmer, G. M., & Ramanujam, N. (2009). Advances in
quantitative UV–visible spectroscopy for clinical and pre-clinical application
in cancer. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 20(1), 119-131.

(2013, May-9). Copper Oxide (CuO) Nanoparticles - Properties, Applications.

Retrieved from https://www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=3395

Mali, A., Jadhav, S., Gorad, R., Quazi, A., Bathe, R., Patil, M., & Tamboli, A. (2016).
Simultaneous UV Spectrophotometric Methods for Estimation of Cefixime
Trihydrate and Ofloxacin in Bulk and Tablet Dosage Form. Asian Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research, 6(2), 100-106.

Mathew, C., Swathi, B., Ajitha, M., & Babu, P. S. (2016). Development and
validation of a new and economical stability indicating RP-HPLC method for
cefixime trihydrate. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 52, 87-94.

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Journal Citation

Chivulescu, A. I., Doni, M. B., Cheregi, M.-C., & Danet, A. F. (2011). Determination
of amoxicillin, ampicillin, and penicillin G using a flow injection analysis
method with chemiluminescence detection. Revue Roumaine de Chimie, 56(3),
247-254

Mitchell, J. A. (2017). Citation: Why is it so important? Mendeley Journal, 67(2), 81-

95.
 15
Sen, A., & Batra, A. (2012). Chemical composition of methanol extract of the leaves
of Melia azedarach L., Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical
Research, 5(3), 42-45

Book Citation

Hubschmann, H. J. (2025). Handbook of GC-MS: fundamentals and applications.

John Wiley & Sons.

Jones, A. F., & Wang, L. (2011). Spectacular creatures: The Amazon rainforest (2nd
ed.). San Jose, Costa Rica: My Publisher

Mitchell, J. A., Thomson, M., & Coyne, R. P. (2017). A citation guide. London,
England: My Publisher

Website Citation

Mitchell, J.A. (2017, May 21). How and when to reference. Retrieved from
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