Lecture Notes Class 09
Chapter 3
Application of Centrifuge:-
1. Road Banking:-
The outer edge of the road is raised to a certain height at the curved part of roads.
This provides the centripetal force against the tyres of vehicle hence prevent from skidding.
2. Cream separator:-
The milks plants in country are using high speed spinners to separate cream from
milk. The skimmed milk is heavier whereas the cream is lighter. When the milk is spun at
high speed lighter particles of cream push toward the center where from it is collected.
3. Dryer:-
Now a days built in dryer is available in most of washing machine. It spins the wet
clothes hence the water droplets are thrown away from the perforated walls and clothes get
dry instantly.
Friction:-
The force that resists relative motion between two surfaces is called friction. It is also called
self adjusting force. It is proportional to normal force.
𝑭𝒂𝑹
𝑭 =μ 𝑹
Here μ is coefficient of friction.
𝑭 =μ 𝒎𝒈 ( if object is kept on flat surface then R = W = mg)
Types of Friction:-
1. Static Friction:-
It is force acting on an object at rest that resists its ability to start moving.
The maximum static friction is known as limiting friction.
2. Kinetic Friction:-
It is the force that resists the motion of a moving object.
3. Sliding Friction:-
When one body slides over the other body the friction between two surfaces
is said to be sliding friction.
4. Rolling Friction:-
When a body moving on wheels the friction is said to be rolling friction.
Advantages of Friction:-
1. Friction enable us to walk on ground.
2. Friction protects vehicles from sliding on road.
3. The car brakes slow down the car to stop safely.
4. Vehicles are equipped with anti-lock Braking System (ABS). ABS is designed to avoid
skidding and decreases stopping distances on dry and slippery surfaces. It releases
the brake automatically for a fraction of a second then hold wheel again to create
static friction between road and tyres.
Disadvantages of Friction:-
1. A large amount of energy is wasted in the machine due to friction.
2. Friction leads to wear and tear of parts hence increases the service cost.
3. Car engine is seized due to friction.
Ways to reduce Friction:-
1. Wheels, pullies, ball bearing, lubricants and graphite are used to overcome friction.
2. Lubricating the motor axel, sewing machine and bicycle chain to reduces friction.
3. The streamline structure of vehicle is also designed to reduce air resistance.
Multiple Choice Question:-
1. C) Inertia
2. A) Mass
3. C) Momentum
4. A) Remain constant
5. B) Gravitational pull
6. D) 𝐹 𝑎 𝑚
7. B) Away from centre
8. C) Roughness of surfaces
9. D) All are true
10. B) 1.6 m/s2
