Tutorial - 1

1. Highlight the main features of “Electricity Regulation 2050”.

2. Determine the load factor and coincidence factor for each consumer class as a function of number of consumers. Also,
draw the conclusion.

Monthly Peak load(kW)

Consumer Monthly energy consumption 1 10 50 100 200

class (kWh/consumer) Consumer Cons. Cons. Cons. Cons.

Class A 30 0.6 4 15 25 50

Class B 20 0.5 3 10 15 30

Class C 30 0.7 5 20 35 70

3. Assume that the ABC distribution substation supplying a small city, experiences an annual peak load of 3500 kW. The total
annual energy supplied to the primary feeder circuits is 10,000,000kWh. The peak demand occurs in July or August and
is due to air-conditioning load.
a. Find the annual average power demand.
b. Find the annual load factor.
4. For above scenario, suppose a new load of 100kW with 100% annual load factor is to be supplied from the ABC
distribution substation. The investment cost, or capacity cost, of the power system upstream, i.e. toward the generator,
from this substation is $18/kW per month. Assume that the energy delivered to these primary feeders costs the supplier
$0.06/kWh.
a. Find the new annual load factor on the substation.
b. Find the total annual cost to ABC distribution substation to serve this load.
5. Use the data given in Example 2.1 for the ABC Substation’s load curve. Note that the peak occurs at 5pm. Determine the
following:
a. The class contribution factors for each of the three load classes.
b. The diversity factor for the primary feeder.
c. The coincidence factor of the load group.
Load Data on Primary Feeder
Load Data on Primary Feeder Load (kW)
Time
Load (kW) Street Residential Commercial
Time 12
Street Residential Commercial 500 1000
Noon
12:00
100 200 200 1 500 1000
AM
1 100 200 200 2 500 1200
2 100 200 200 3 500 1200
3 100 200 200 4 500 1200
4 100 200 200 5 600 1200
5 100 200 200 6 100 700 800
6 100 200 200 7 100 800 400
7 100 300 200 8 100 1000 400
8 400 300 9 100 1000 400
9 500 500 10 100 800 200
10 500 1000 11 100 600 200
11 500 1000 12:00
100 300 200
PM

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6. Assume that one of the DTs of the substation supplies three primary feeders. The 30 min annual maximum demands per
feeder are listed in the following table, together with the power factor (PF) at the time of annual peak load.

Feeder Demand, kW Power Factor

1 1800 0.95
2 2000 0.85
3 2200 0.9
Assume a diversity factor of 1.15 among the three feeders for both real power (P) and reactive power (Q). Calculate
the 30 min annual maximum demand on the substation transformer in kilowatts and in kilo volt amperes. Find the
load diversity in kilowatts.
Select a suitable substation transformer size if zero load growth is expected and if policy permits as much as 25%
short-time overloads on the distribution substation transformers. Among the standard three-phase (3-Ф) transformer
sizes available are the following:
• 2500/ 3125 kVA self- cooled/ forced- air- cooled
• 3750/ 4687 kVA self- cooled/ forced- air- cooled
• 5000/ 6250 kVA self- cooled/ forced- air- cooled
• 7500/ 9375 kVA self- cooled/ forced- air- cooled
7. Hourly data for the load on a cable feeding an industrial system and the corresponding atmospheric temperature for a
24- h period is given in Table below. It is required to develop an equation to fit these data to be used for forecasting. Apply
the above technique for the two correlated events, load and temperature, to fit a straight line with the equation. Use
Excel formula to calculate. And then show results in graph.

8. A single-phase AC distributor AB 300m long is fed from end A and is loaded as under:
a. 100A at 0.707 p.f. lagging 200 m from point A
b. 200 A at 0.8 p.f. lagging 300m from point A

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 The load resistance and reactance of the distributor is 0.2 Ω and 0.1Ω per km. Calculate the total voltage drop in the
distributor. The load power factors refer to the voltage at the far end.
9. Let’s consider a rectangular load area having a length and the width of a rectangular area = 3.05 km and 1.83 km.
Consider the load density of the area is 965.55 kVA/ km2. The feeder impedance per unit length is z= 0.19 + j0.32 ohm/
km. Suppose the allowed voltage drop in the feeder is pm 3%. Select the nominal voltage between 4.16 kV and 11 kV.
10. A 33/11kV substation feeds a uniformly distributed load with load-density of 1 MVA/ 𝑘𝑚2 and a lumped load of 2MVA
at the feeder end as shown in Figure. What will be the voltage drop and net voltage available at the lumped load point if
s/s maintain 1.0 pu voltages. Take ‘k’ for the line as 0.03×10−3/ kVA/m for load p.f. = 0.8

11. The consumer data for a particular distribution transformer for a specified year is as follows. Determine the following:

For each Consumer Class: For Distribution Transformer (Neglect LT Losses)

1. Peak Load, 1. Responsibility factor for each class
2. Load Factor (Daily and Annual) 2. peak Load,
3. Contribution factor 3. Load Factor (Daily and Annual)
4. Annual Energy Sell 4. Load curve
5. Annual energy sell

Table - 1
Consumer class Class A Class B Class C
Consumer Number 100 30 40
Monthly energy consumption 30 kWh 20 kWh 30 kWh
No. of effective days per month 30 25 25
Coincidence factor 1 0.9 0.95
Power factor 0.9 0.8 0.8
Load pattern Table 2 Table 2 Table 2
Table -2
Time (hrs.) 0:00 - 6:00 6:00 - 10:00 10:00 - 14:00 14:00 -18:00 18:00 - 21:00 21:00 - 24:00
Class A 0 0.4 0.2 0.2 1 0.4
Class B 0 0 0.5 1 0.5 0
Class C 0 0 1 1 0 0

12. If annual power loss is estimated to be 9 % and Annual energy loss to 6 %. Suggest the appropriate value of k1 & k2 if
LLF is represented by 𝒌𝟏 𝑳𝑭 + 𝒌𝟐 𝑳𝑭𝟐.

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 Tutorial - 2
1. The last 5-year historical demand data of a substation is given as follows. Forecast the demand of next five-year using
trending method if the curve used for trending is 𝐴(1 + 𝐵)𝑡 .
Year 1 2 3 4 5
Demand (MW) 4.8 6 6.6 8.2 9

2. For a particular load center, the forecasted demands are as follows:

Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Peak demand (kW) 10 12 18 24 34 45 52 60 66 70
Peak demand (kVA) 10.5 13 19.6 26.1 37 48.9 56.5 66.7 73.3 7.8
LF 0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3 0.3 0.3
Assume 𝑳𝑳𝑭 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝑳𝑭 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝑳𝑭𝟐
Using the above data solve problem 1 and problem 2.

1) Compute the percentage power loss and energy loss of the transformer for year 1-10, if the transformer is chosen to
meet 5th year demand and to meet 10th year demand. Comments on the result. The available standard size transformers
are:

Iron Copper
Size of transformer
Loss Loss
50 kVA 120W 750W
10 kVA 220W 1210W
2) For each of the Feeder configuration shown below state which conductor you prefer for each of the LT configuration
option. Consider
a. no replacement of conductor would require at least for 7 years
b. voltage drop in LT line must be ≤ 10% and LT energy loss ≤ 5%
c. As far as possible the cost of conductor should be minimum
d. Conductor choice available: DOG, RABBIT, WEASEL if require may choose other conductor.
e. The distribution voltage is 380V.
f. Load is uniformly distributed along conductor length.
(The reactance of line can be assumed as 0.28 Ω/ km)

length in km L1 L2 L3 L4
Option I 1 1 1 1
Option II 1.5 1.5 1 0
Option III 2 1 1 0
Option IV 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
Option V 2 1 1.5 1.5
Option VI 2 2 2 0

3. From the initial field survey for a center the following observations were made:

Load No. of potential consumers (yr. 2000)

S.N.
Center Domestic Commercial Industrial Irrigation Others

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 1 A 270 10 4 18 4
2 B 70 5 3 5 1
3 C 160 5 0 4 1
4 D 138 2 0 9 0
5 E 438 5 6 16 3

1. For each load center determine the following:

a. Peak load in kW and kVA for 15 years including the project implementation period.
b. Energy sells in kWh for 15 years including the project implementation period
c. S curve for peak load (in kW and kVA) and energy sells for 15 years including the project implementation period
d. Consumer number for each type for 15 years including the project implementation period
e. Peak load in kW and kVA for 15 years including the project implementation period of the day
a. Having only the domestic load
b. Having all types of loads except irrigation
c. Having all types of loads except industrial and irrigation
d. Having all types of loads except industrial and commercial
f. Peak load in kW and kVA for 15 years including the project implementation period for a special day having
domestic peak is double and
a. All other loads as per normal
b. All other loads are zero
c. All other loads are 50% of their normal
2. Plot each load center load curve for 5th year and hence suggest the best possible option for irrigation load pattern so
that there will be minimum load center peak keeping the annual energy sell same.
3. Plot each load center load curve for 5th year and hence suggest the best possible option for industrial load pattern
so that there will be minimum load center peak keeping the annual energy same.

Data for Load forecast

1. Population growth factor = 2.5% (Applicable to domestic, commercial and non – commercial type
consumers only)
2. Project implementation period = 5 years
3. Load growth factor
Year
consumer type
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Domestic 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2
Commercial 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Industrial 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Irrigation 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Non - commercial 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

4. Percentage coverage factor (for electrification)

Year
consumer type
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Domestic 25 35 45 50 55 60 62 64 66 68
Commercial 40 50 60 65 70 75 77 79 81 83
Industrial 10 30 40 43 47 50 52 54 56 58

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 Irrigation 20 30 40 43 47 50 53 56 59 62
Non - commercial 30 35 40 43 47 50 52 54 56 58

5. Energy consumption per month or connected load

Consumer type Unit
Domestic 30 kWh
Commercial 30 kWh
Non-commercial 20 kWh
small -Industrial 8 kW
small irrigation 4 kW

6. Internal coincidence factor

Consumer type Unit
Domestic 1
Commercial 1
Non-commercial 1
Industrial 0.7
Irrigation 0.7

7. Power factor
Domestic 0.95
Commercial 0.85
Non-commercial 0.85
Industrial 0.8
Irrigation 0.8

8. Number of working days/ annum

Consumer type
Domestic 365
Commercial 320
Non-commercial 300
Industrial 180
Irrigation 75

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9. Load pattern for year 1
Consumer hour Load
type factor
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Domestic 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.6 1 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.08 0.05 0.18
Commercial 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.95 1 0.3 0.2 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.25
Non-
0.02 0.02 0.02 0.05 0 05 0 05 0 05 0 05 10 20 50 0.8 1 1 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0.02 OF* 2 0Q2 0.19
Commercial
Industrial 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.35
Irrigation 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.7 1 1 0.8 0.6 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0.3

10. Load pattern for year 5

hour
Consumer type Load factor
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Domestic 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.6 1 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.08 0.05 0.22
Commercial 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.95 1 0.3 0.2 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.28
Non-
0.02 0.02 0.02 0.05 0 05 0 05 0 05 0 05 10 20 50 0.8 1 1 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0.02 OF* 2 0Q2 73
Commercial
Industrial 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.35
Irrigation 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.7 1 1 0.8 0.6 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0.5

11. Load pattern for year 10

hour Load
Consumer type
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 factor
Domestic 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.6 1 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.25
Commercial 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.95 1 0.3 0.2 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.3
Non-
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.8 1 1 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.25
Commercial
Industrial 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.35
Irrigation 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.7 1 1 0.8 0.6 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0.3

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 Tutorial - 3
1. A load center has a peak demand of 80 kVA with power factor of 0.8. The annual load factor of the load center is 0.3 and
LLF is 0.3. the center consists of three feeders. Compute yearly power loss and percentage energy loss including
transformer loss in each of the following LT feeder configuration. Take the following considerations:
Distribution transformer size: 11/ 0.38 kV, 100kVA
Rated Cu loss: 0.8 kW
Iron loss: 0.2 kW
Load is uniformly distributed with conductor resistance: 0.6 Ω/ km
Option L1 (km) L2 (km) L3 (km)
I 1.2 1.2 1.2
II 1.8 1.8 0
III 2.4 1.2 0

2. For a 3-𝛷 11kV primary distribution feeder section shown figure, the real and reactive power flow in the branch without
distributed generation (DG) is indicated in the figure. A 500kW distributed generator is connected at the bus is also shown
in the figure. Compute the reactive power to be injected from DDG such that bus voltage magnitude could be maintained
at 1 pu. Derive any mathematical expression used.

0.98∠0 1∠-2
400 + 200j

5 km

DG
Resistance per unit length = 0.5 Ω/ km
Reactance per unit length = 0.3 Ω/ km

3. Applying the derived expression, determine the voltage at bus T1 & T2 for a 11 kV distribution feeder shown in figure
after the first iteration. Consider the demand at each node as 150 kVA, 08 power factor lagging, Assume same conductor
throughout the feeder (with resistance & reactance 0.4 Ω/ km/ phase and 0.3 Ω/ km/ phase respectively) and substation
voltage of 1 p.u.

3 km T1 T2 T3 T4
3 km 3 km 3 km
S S
2 km

3 km 3 km 3 km
T5 T6 T7 T8

4. For the 11 kV Primary distribution network shown below, carry out the load flow to compute:
a. the load bus voltages
b. branch real and reactive power flow
c. branch real and reactive power losses
d. total system real and reactive power losses
e. real and reactive power need to supply from the substation.
(The peak demand and branch line parameters are as indicated in figure)
5. Repeat problem1 if capacitors of 450 kVAR and 320 kVAR installed as C1 & C2 as indicated in the network diagram below.
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 Tutorial - 4
For the 11 kV Primary distribution network shown below the load at each bus is 200 kVA 0.9 pf lag and all conductors are
rabbit it is desired to improve the voltage profile and loss reduction using the following options.

a. Changing the conductor in between S/S to T1 by Dog conductor

b. Disconnecting the Tl- T5 line at T1 in above feeder and connecting TI to the S/S by a rabbit conductor and with a
new Feeder.

For both of the above option compute the following

1. Minimum voltage at the feeder

2. Power Loss reduction and energy loss reduction with annual LLF is 0.2
3. Saving in energy loss.
4. Annual saving if energy loss current rate is Rs. 7 per unit and cost of conductors:
Dog 545000 Rs/km
Rabbit 430000 Rs/km
Assume the suitable cost for a new feeder and the life for reinforcement is 20 yrs.

T5 5 km T7

Hint: Saving = cost of energy loss reduction - investment

5. What would be the annual saving if the life for reinforcement is assumed to be 25 years.

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 Tutorial - 5
For the 11kV primary distribution network shown below, determine the size (kVAR) of the capacitor to be placed
at the location shown in diagram to achieve the maximum loss reduction. For simplifying the analysis assume
voltage at each node is 1 p.u. with respect to system base voltage.

1. For the above problem determine the loss reduction.

2. If the annual LLF is 0.2 compute the saving in energy loss.
3. Taking the energy loss cost at Rs. 7 per kWh and life of the capacitor at 20 years, determine the maximum cost
for capacitor per kVAR that can be afford. Assuming saving cost function as Ke* energy loss reduction —
Rs./kVAR * kVAR
 Tutorial - 6
The figure below shows the protection scheme of a particular section of the distribution network applying fuses
and a recloser. The fault current for different locations is also depicted in the figure.

The recloser has one instantaneous and one delayed operation before it enters the lock up mode with opening
interval of 1 second. The time current characteristic of instantaneous and delayed operation of the recloser and
fuse are tabulated below:

Current (A) 50 100 150 200

Instantaneous (Recloser) 0 0.2 0.1 0.1
Time (s) Delayed (Recloser) 3 1.5 1 0.6
Fuse 4 1 0.4 0.3

Sketch the time coordination between fuse and recloser if the fault occurs at:
a. At A
b. At B
c. At C
d. At D
2. for the distribution network shown below determine the fault current id a LLLG fault occurs at point P. Take the
impedance between P and LV bus bar as: 3 + 4j Ω