Secure Synopsis compilation for June-2025

General Studies-4
Table of contents
Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in-human actions; dimensions
of ethics; ethics - in private and public relationships. Human Values - lessons from the lives and teachings of
great leaders, reformers and administrators; role of family society and educational institutions in inculcating
values. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Q. In public healthcare, ethical failure is not just clinical — it is also administrative and moral. Examine the
layers of ethical responsibility in cases of medical negligence in public hospitals. (10 M) ----------------------------3
Q. Spiritual values often serve as a moral compass in decision-making. Discuss how integration of spiritual
ethics strengthens public leadership. (10 M) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
Q. What does the following quotation convey to you in the present context? (10 M) ----------------------------------5
“Human happiness and moral duty are inseparably connected” ------------------------------------------------------------5
-George Washington ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
Q. Why is mob justice considered ethically illegitimate even when directed at individuals accused of immoral
behaviour? Analyse the dangers of such moral vigilantism. (10 M) --------------------------------------------------------7
Q. “Ethical parenting forms the foundation of an ethical society”. Discuss ethical responsibilities of parents.
Analyse how their failure affects larger social values. (10 M) ----------------------------------------------------------------8
Q. How does the erosion of familial responsibility towards vulnerable members reflect deeper ethical
concerns in contemporary society? Analyse with examples. (10 M) --------------------------------------------------------9
Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour; moral and
political attitudes; social influence and persuasion. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service, integrity, impartiality and non-partisanship, objectivity,
dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker-sections. ------------------- 11
Q. “Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely”. Critically analyse how unchecked
discretion can lead to ethical lapses in bureaucracy. How can internal vigilance systems be strengthened? (10
M) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
Q. In what ways does compassion act as a counterforce to exploitation in commerce? Examine its role in
promoting ethical treatment of vulnerable sections in society. (10 M) --------------------------------------------------- 12
Q. How do conflicts between personal gain and public duty contribute to ethical failures in public service?
How can such ethical conflicts be effectively addressed? (10 M) ---------------------------------------------------------- 13
Emotional intelligence-concepts, and their utilities and application in administration and governance. --------- 15
Q. Loss of emotional control often leads to irreversible ethical violations. Examine the role of emotional
intelligence in preventing violent outcomes in interpersonal conflicts. (10 M)----------------------------------------- 15
Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world. --------------------------------------------- 16
Q. What does the following quotation convey to you in the present context? (10 M) -------------------------------- 16
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 “Instead of cursing the darkness, light a candle”. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
Benjamin Franklin --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
Q. What does the following quotation convey to you in the present context? (10 M) -------------------------------- 17
“Whatever is the right as a man is also the right of another; and it becomes my duty to guarantee as well as
to possess”.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
Thomas Paine ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
Q. What does the following quotation convey to you in the present context? (10 M) -------------------------------- 18
“You can chain me, you can torture me, you can even destroy this body, but you will never imprison my
mind”.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
-Mahatma Gandhi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and problems; ethical concerns and
dilemmas in government and private institutions; laws, rules, regulations and conscience as sources of ethical
guidance; accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance;
ethical issues in international relations and funding; corporate governance. ------------------------------------------ 20
Q. Fraud in business is not merely a legal violation but a profound ethical failure. Examine the ethical
dimensions involved in financial scams. Discuss how personal integrity is tested in such contexts. (10 M) ---- 20
Q. “In times of war, the first casualty is often ethics”. Discuss how moral values erode in armed conflict.
Examine the role of ethical codes in restraining state power. (10 M) ----------------------------------------------------- 21
Q. What does the following quotation convey to you in the present context? (10 M) -------------------------------- 22
“Mankind must put an end to war – or war will put an end to mankind”. --------------------------------------------- 22
-John F. Kennedy ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
Probity in Governance: Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of governance and probity; Information
sharing and transparency in government, Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen’s
Charters, Work culture, Quality of service delivery, Utilization of public funds, challenges of corruption. ----- 24
Q. Discuss the role of integrity and accountability as foundational values in policing. Why are ethical
violations in law enforcement considered more damaging to society? (10 M) ----------------------------------------- 24
Q. “Institutional integrity is not merely the absence of corruption but the presence of ethical robustness”.
Comment. (10 M) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
Case Studies on above issues. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
Q. Shruti, an IAS officer from the 2022 batch, has a routine of reading the newspaper daily.-------------------- 27
Q. As the District Commissioner of Wayanad, Kerala, you are responsible for a district renowned for its
lush, pristine forests and vibrant tourism sector. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 30
Q. At the 2024 Paris Olympics, a significant controversy erupted surrounding a female Algerian boxer.
Disqualified from the 2023 World Championships by the International Boxing Association (IBA) due to
failed gender tests, the athlete, assigned female at birth and identifying as a woman, faced intense scrutiny
over her eligibility. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32

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Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of
Ethics in-human actions; dimensions of ethics; ethics - in private and public
relationships. Human Values - lessons from the lives and teachings of great
leaders, reformers and administrators; role of family society and
educational institutions in inculcating values.
Q. In public healthcare, ethical failure is not just clinical — it is also administrative and
moral. Examine the layers of ethical responsibility in cases of medical negligence in public
hospitals. (10 M)

Introduction:
Medical negligence in public hospitals often reflects not just individual error but a deeper ethical collapse
across professional, administrative, and institutional domains — eroding public trust and human dignity.

Body

Ethical failure beyond clinical lapses

1. Clinical misjudgment and breach of non-maleficence: When care is compromised due to haste or
error, the ethical duty to avoid harm is violated.
o Eg: In the Odisha SLNMCH case (2025), five ICU patients reportedly died after being
administered emergency injections, raising concerns about risk assessment.
2. Administrative neglect and systemic irresponsibility: Poor procurement, staffing gaps, and
absence of SOPs reflect ethical failure in governance.
o Eg: In the Gorakhpur BRD case (2017), oxygen supply disruption caused by delayed
payments exposed serious institutional mismanagement.
3. Moral indifference and absence of compassion: Ignoring the emotional and informational needs of
patients’ families reflects failure in humane values.
o Eg: In Koraput (2025), families protested over lack of communication and support after the
deaths, leading to police deployment.
4. Lack of ethical transparency and delayed disclosure: Suppressing information or delaying
response violates the principles of truth and accountability.
o Eg: Public clarifications in hospital death cases, including Odisha 2025, were issued only
after public unrest, not proactively.
5. Failure to institutionalise ethical learning: Repeated failures without policy reform or ethics audits
show lack of moral introspection.
o Eg: MoHFW (2023) found over 70% of public hospitals lack functional ethics committees
or adverse event protocols.

Layers of ethical responsibility in public hospital negligence

1. Doctors’ duty to care under professional ethics: Medical staff must ensure competence, consent,
and prioritisation of patient welfare.

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 o Eg: NMC 2023 guidelines stress continuing education and ethical medical decision-making,
especially in critical care.
2. Hospital administration's role in institutional ethics: Leaders must ensure systems for emergency
readiness, staffing, and patient safety.
o Eg: In BRD Hospital, lack of internal alert mechanisms and logistical planning contributed
to avoidable child deaths.
3. Health departments' regulatory and ethical oversight: Departments must ensure compliance with
ethical norms, audits, and redress mechanisms.
o Eg: The K. Sujatha Rao Committee (2018) recommended district-level ethics units and
institutional accountability mechanisms.
4. State’s constitutional obligation under Article 21: Ensuring accessible, safe healthcare is a part of
the right to life and state accountability.
o Eg: In Paschim Banga case (1996), SC ruled that the state is liable for failure to provide
timely medical care.
5. Society’s moral duty toward truth and reform: Beyond monetary aid, ethical closure requires
acknowledgment, justice, and systemic change.
o Eg: ₹10,000 compensation to Koraput victims (2025) was seen as insufficient without
structural or moral redress.

Conclusion:
Ethical healthcare is not a matter of individual intent alone — it demands institutional courage,
administrative ethics, and moral commitment to preserve dignity, justice, and the right to life.

Q. Spiritual values often serve as a moral compass in decision-making. Discuss how

integration of spiritual ethics strengthens public leadership. (10 M)

Introduction
In the age of rising ethical complexities, spiritual values act as an inner compass, guiding leaders to uphold
integrity, fairness, and compassion in public life.

Body

Spiritual values as moral compass in decision-making

1. Guiding adherence to truth and fairness: Spiritual values promote commitment to truth, reducing
bias and unethical shortcuts.
o Eg: Mahatma Gandhi’s principle of Satya shaped non-violent resistance based on moral
legitimacy.
2. Instilling self-restraint and detachment: Helps leaders avoid greed, anger, and personal ambition
in critical decisions.
o Eg: Lord Buddha’s Middle Path philosophy emphasizes balance and moderation in
conduct.
3. Strengthening inner accountability: Creates an intrinsic sense of right and wrong beyond external
laws.
o Eg: Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam’s personal integrity guided his transparent and service-
oriented leadership.

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 4. Promoting compassion and empathy: Spiritual teachings foster sensitivity towards vulnerable
sections.
o Eg: Mother Teresa’s work for the destitute driven by deep spiritual compassion.
5. Resisting corruption and unethical influence: Moral grounding provides resilience against
unethical temptations.
o Eg: Lal Bahadur Shastri’s personal simplicity demonstrated incorruptible leadership
during national crises.

Integration of spiritual ethics in strengthening public leadership

1. Promotes servant leadership: Encourages leaders to act for collective welfare rather than personal
gain.
o Eg: K. Kamaraj voluntarily stepping down (Kamaraj Plan, 1963) to strengthen party
ethics and governance.
2. Aligns leadership with constitutional morality: Complements constitutional values like dignity,
justice, and equality.
o Eg: President Ram Nath Kovind’s speeches (2018) linked spiritual duty with Article 51A’s
fundamental duties.
3. Builds trust and legitimacy: Public confidence increases when leaders are seen as morally upright.
o Eg: Nelson Mandela’s reconciliatory leadership earned global respect and unified South
Africa.
4. Encourages sustainable decision-making: Long-term public good is prioritized over short-term
populism.
o Eg: Arutchelvar Dr. N. Mahalingam’s investment in education created lasting social
capital .
5. Strengthens soft power in international relations: Positions nations as ethical players in global
diplomacy.
o Eg: India’s G-20 Presidency (2023) promoted Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam as global ethical
vision.

Conclusion
In times of rising ethical conflicts, integration of spiritual ethics empowers public leaders to uphold
constitutional values, serve selflessly, and foster enduring public trust.

Q. What does the following quotation convey to you in the present context? (10 M)
“Human happiness and moral duty are inseparably connected”
-George Washington

Introduction

The symbiosis between happiness and moral duty forms the ethical core of an individual’s character and the
foundation of a harmonious society.
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Body

Meaning of the statement in present context

1. Alignment of duty and happiness: True happiness emerges when individuals perform duties
towards self, family, society, and environment.
 Eg: Swachh Bharat Mission (2014) promoted cleanliness as both a duty and a source of public
well-being.
2. Conscience and psychological peace: Moral conduct prevents inner conflict and guilt, ensuring
peace of mind.
 Eg: Ethical tax compliance under Income Tax Act, 1961 gives peace by fulfilling civic
responsibility.
3. Social harmony through moral responsibility: Duty-based actions foster social cohesion and trust
among communities.
 Eg: Community policing models in Kerala (2022) enhanced safety while building police-public
trust.
4. Public leadership rooted in moral duty: Ethical governance upholds constitutional values and
ensures people’s trust.
 Eg: Justice D. Y. Chandrachud’s rulings (2023) emphasizing constitutional morality
strengthened democratic institutions.
5. Duty towards nature for collective happiness: Environmental ethics secure intergenerational well-
being.
 Eg: India’s National Green Hydrogen Mission (2023) shows duty-driven innovation for
sustainable development.

Contemporary relevance of inseparable link

1. Ethical governance reduces inequality and injustice: Fair public service fosters dignity and
collective happiness.
 Eg: Delhi’s doorstep delivery of services (2022) reduced corruption and ensured prompt citizen
services.
2. Corporate duty enhances stakeholder welfare: Ethical business improves employee morale,
community relations, and long-term growth.
 Eg: Infosys Foundation’s social initiatives (2023) supported education, healthcare, and disaster
relief.
3. Technology guided by moral duty protects rights: Ethical frameworks ensure technology serves
humanity without harm.
 Eg: NITI Aayog’s Responsible AI guidelines (2021) promote inclusive and safe AI
development.
4. Global cooperation based on moral duty ensures peace: Shared global responsibilities promote
collective security.
 Eg: G20 Delhi Declaration (2023) emphasized global solidarity and human-centric
globalization.
5. Public servants as ethical role models: Duty-bound bureaucrats ensure accountable governance.

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  Eg: IAS officer Armstrong Pame's Manipur road project (without govt funds, 2012)
showcased moral duty towards public welfare.

Conclusion

In today’s complex world, merging moral duty with personal and collective happiness builds resilient
societies anchored in justice, compassion, and sustainable progress.

Q. Why is mob justice considered ethically illegitimate even when directed at individuals
accused of immoral behaviour? Analyse the dangers of such moral vigilantism. (10 M)

Introduction:
Mob justice reflects ethical collapse where collective outrage bypasses lawful procedure. It undermines
constitutional morality, individual dignity, and rational public order.

Body

Why mob justice is ethically illegitimate

1. Violates natural justice and due process: It denies the right to be heard, violating the principle of
audi alteram partem under Article 21.
 Eg: In the Dadri lynching (2015), Mohammad Akhlaq was killed based on false beef
storage rumours without any legal process or fair trial.
2. Contradicts constitutional morality and rule of law: It displaces legal mechanisms with emotional
community action, undermining liberty and equality.
 Eg: In Tehseen S. Poonawalla (2018), the Supreme Court termed lynching “a horrendous
act of mobocracy” that must be countered by special laws.
3. Destroys ethical individual accountability: Ethical frameworks emphasise personal culpability,
which mob action diffuses.
 Eg: In the Tabrez Ansari case (2019), he was lynched by a mob in Jharkhand; initial action
failed to fix responsibility on individuals.
4. Driven by prejudice, not objective morality: Mobs often act on communal or casteist triggers, not
genuine ethical reasoning.
 Eg: In the Udaipur beheading (2022), the attackers cited moral outrage over a social media
post, justifying murder in the name of faith.
5. Erodes institutional legitimacy: Frequent mob incidents show weakening public trust in police and
judiciary.
 Eg: As per NCRB 2023, India reported over 650 mob violence cases between 2015–2022,
reflecting systemic failure and public impatience.

Dangers of moral vigilantism

1. Legitimises unlawful violence through moral claims: It creates an illusion of righteousness behind
unethical actions.
 Eg: In the Bulli Bai app case (2022), targeted women were dehumanised under the pretext of
punishing ‘immoral’ behaviour.

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 2. Suppresses freedom of expression and dissent: Fear of mob retaliation discourages people from
expressing lawful views.
 Eg: Munawar Faruqui, a stand-up comic, faced arrests and cancellations in 2021 for jokes
that were deemed offensive by vigilante groups.
3. Radicalises the public and disrupts civil order: It normalises crowd-led enforcement, leading to
societal fragmentation
 Eg: In Karbi Anglong, Assam (2018), two men were lynched over fake rumours of child
kidnapping spread via WhatsApp.
4. Targets marginalised communities disproportionately: Such actions reflect social hierarchies
more than moral conduct.
 Eg: In the Una flogging case (2016), Dalits were assaulted by cow vigilantes for skinning
dead cattle, under the pretext of moral duty.
5. Distorts religious or cultural teachings for coercion: Selective interpretation of faith is used to
justify extrajudicial actions.
 Eg: The Sri Lanka Easter bombings (2019) were claimed by extremists as acts of religious
purity—an abuse of ethical and spiritual principles.

Conclusion:
Mob justice is not a form of moral correction but a rejection of ethical governance. A just society must
reinforce constitutional morality, swift legal redress, and civic ethics education to prevent such
breakdowns.

Q. “Ethical parenting forms the foundation of an ethical society”. Discuss ethical

responsibilities of parents. Analyse how their failure affects larger social values. (10 M)

Introduction
A child’s first lessons in empathy, justice and responsibility come from home. Ethical parenting fosters
the moral fibre of citizens, making it essential for building an ethical society.

Body

Ethical responsibilities of parents

1. Ensuring emotional safety and nurturing environment: Parents must provide a violence-free
home, supporting emotional well-being and self-esteem.
o Eg: UNICEF Innocenti Report Card 2024 highlights that children exposed to domestic
violence are 4 times more prone to future aggressive behaviour.
2. Modelling empathy, compassion and tolerance: Through everyday interactions, parents inculcate
values of kindness and acceptance.
o Eg: Delhi Happiness Curriculum (2023) includes ‘parent circles’ that foster empathetic
parenting, improving student behaviour.
3. Respecting child’s autonomy and dignity: Recognising children as individuals with rights builds
confidence and moral judgement.
o Eg: Justice Verma Committee (2013) recommended promoting dignity and respect in child-
rearing to counter gender-based discrimination.

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 4. Balancing expectations with emotional well-being: Academic pressures must be matched with
understanding of the child’s capabilities and emotional needs.
o Eg: Sangli incident (2025) where coercive academic pressure and neglect led to fatal
domestic violence.
5. Fostering integrity, honesty and accountability: Parents’ behaviour in daily life shapes children’s
understanding of civic duties and ethics.
o Eg: CBSE Parent-Teacher Guidelines (2024) emphasise parents’ role in modelling fairness
and integrity.

Failure of ethical parenting and its impact on larger social values

1. Perpetuation of violence and intolerance: Lack of ethical parenting normalises aggression, fuelling
violence in society.
o Eg: NCRB Crime in India Report 2023 reported 15% rise in juvenile violence linked to
abusive family environments.
2. Erosion of human dignity and rise of authoritarian attitudes: Harsh, controlling parenting
undermines respect for individual dignity and promotes intolerance.
o Eg: UNESCO Global Education Monitoring Report 2023 linked authoritarian family
norms to school bullying and adult authoritarianism.
3. Decline in civic responsibility: Children raised in unethical environments show weaker regard for
legality and public good.
o Eg: Justice J.S. Verma Committee underlined family responsibility in shaping ethical, law-
abiding citizens.
4. Worsening mental health outcomes: Emotional neglect by parents contributes to anxiety,
depression and alienation in youth.
o Eg: National Mental Health Survey 2024 (NIMHANS) reported 16% of adolescents
experience distress due to family pressures.
5. Breakdown of social trust and cohesion: Poor ethical upbringing reduces empathy and trust,
fuelling societal fragmentation.
o Eg: OECD Social Capital Report 2023 identified family-based value deficits as key to
declining interpersonal trust.

Conclusion
The ethical culture of a society begins at home. Promoting parental counselling, empathy-based
parenting and ethics education will ensure that tomorrow’s citizens uphold the highest moral values.

Q. How does the erosion of familial responsibility towards vulnerable members reflect deeper
ethical concerns in contemporary society? Analyse with examples. (10 M)

Introduction
The increasing neglect of vulnerable family members, especially elderly and terminally ill, reflects not just
personal moral failings but broader ethical decay in urbanising and individualistic societies.

Body

How erosion of familial responsibility reflects deeper ethical concerns

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 1. Breakdown of empathy and compassion: Weakening of intrinsic human values erodes emotional
bonds in families.
o Eg: Abandonment of elderly cancer patient in Mumbai’s Aarey forest (2025),
highlighting absence of familial empathy.
2. Rise of individualism over collectivist values: Shift towards self-interest undermines collective
familial duties.
o Eg: Urban family trends in metros show declining care for dependent elderly, as per
HelpAge India Report 2024
3. Instrumental view of relationships: Familial bonds seen through utility, not unconditional care.
o Eg: Growing cases of property-related abandonment in Delhi and Bengaluru elderly
homes.
4. Weakening intergenerational ethics: Lack of value transmission erodes moral obligations across
generations.
o Eg: NCERT’s 2023 National Curriculum Framework flagged declining emphasis on
respect for elderly in socialisation practices
5. Societal normalisation of neglect: Public indifference enables neglect to go unchallenged.
o Eg: Mumbai Railway Station survey (2023) recorded rising cases of destitute elderly
without public intervention.

What needs to be done

1. Strengthen ethical education and civic values: Foster empathy and social responsibility through
formal and informal learning.
o Eg: NEP 2020 promotes value-based education from early schooling (NEP 2020 Document)
2. Reinforce legal accountability: Implement stricter enforcement of Maintenance and Welfare of
Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007.
o Eg: Kerala High Court directive (2024) mandating quicker redress of elderly abandonment
cases
3. Promote community and civic interventions: Encourage community vigilance and volunteer
networks to assist vulnerable persons.
o Eg: National Cancer Institute, Nagpur’s voluntary treatment of Aarey patient (2025)
4. Create robust institutional support systems: Develop accessible state-supported old-age homes
and palliative care services.
o Eg: Delhi’s 2024 elderly care policy launched subsidised state-run elder care homes.
5. Media sensitisation for ethical reporting: Media must foster public discourse on familial ethics and
not sensationalise neglect.
o Eg: Press Council of India advisory (2023) on reporting elderly abuse cases with dignity

Conclusion
Addressing this ethical concern requires collective societal will, stronger legal frameworks, and
cultivation of compassion as a public virtue — ensuring no vulnerable member is left neglected in future
India.

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Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought
and behaviour; moral and political attitudes; social influence and
persuasion.
Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service, integrity, impartiality
and non-partisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy,
tolerance and compassion towards the weaker-sections.
Q. “Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely”. Critically analyse how
unchecked discretion can lead to ethical lapses in bureaucracy. How can internal vigilance
systems be strengthened? (10 M)

Introduction
Unchecked administrative discretion, without institutional or moral restraint, often breeds corruption and
arbitrariness—recently exemplified by the Odisha IAS bribery scandal (2025).

Body

Unchecked discretion and ethical lapses in bureaucracy

1. Concentration of decision-making power: Excessive authority without checks enables exploitation

of official positions.
o Eg: Dhiman Chakma, Odisha sub-collector, misused regulatory power to extort ₹10 lakh
by threatening business closure (2025)
2. Lack of real-time accountability: Absence of contemporaneous monitoring systems weakens
deterrence.
o Eg: 2nd ARC Report on Ethics in Governance noted how wide discretionary powers
fostered rent-seeking behaviour
3. Opaque procedural mechanisms: Ambiguous file processing limits transparency and enables off-
record manipulation.
o Eg: CAG Report (2023) flagged land irregularities where senior officials used verbal
directions, bypassing written records
4. Ethical erosion under systemic pressure: Targets, lobbying, or coercion dilute the bureaucrat’s
moral compass.
o Eg: T R Subramanian Committee (2016) cited politicisation and fear of transfer as key
causes of administrative compromise
5. Weak disciplinary deterrence: Delays in investigations reduce the fear of consequences.
o Eg: CVC Annual Report (2022) noted that 60% vigilance cases exceeded two-year timelines
for resolution

Strengthening internal vigilance mechanisms

1. Independent vigilance units in each department: Autonomous units reduce internal influence and
improve credibility.
o Eg: Railway Vigilance under CVC has successfully exposed tender-related frauds through
decentralised vigilance checks
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 2. Integrity audits and behavioural review systems: Regular appraisal of ethical conduct
disincentivises misconduct.
o Eg: SEBI mandates annual ethical compliance disclosures since 2022 for top-tier
executives
3. Digital file tracking and real-time approvals: Technology-driven audit trails increase decision
accountability.
o Eg: DARPG’s e-Office dashboard enables timestamped digital trails in central ministries
(2024 update)
4. Stronger whistleblower protection and support: Safe reporting mechanisms empower ethical
employees.
o Eg: Law Commission Report 277 (2023) recommended revamping the Whistle Blowers
Protection Act, 2014 for real enforcement
5. Incentivising ethical behaviour through career appraisal: Merit-cum-integrity-based promotion
discourages compromise.
o Eg: DoPT Circular (2022) includes ethical grading in APARs to affect empanelment and
promotions

Conclusion
Unchecked power without ethics corrodes governance from within. Internal vigilance, ethical appraisal,
and digital transparency must work in tandem to ensure that discretion remains a tool for service—not
self-interest.

Q. In what ways does compassion act as a counterforce to exploitation in commerce? Examine

its role in promoting ethical treatment of vulnerable sections in society. (10 M)

Introduction
In commerce, where profit motives dominate, compassion fosters a humane balance by recognising the
dignity of individuals over mere transactional value.

Body

Ways in which compassion counters exploitation in commerce

1. Encourages humane treatment of stakeholders: Compassion leads to fair wages, decent working
conditions, and empathy towards workers.
o Eg: Tata Group’s employee-first philosophy ensured continued pay to daily-wage workers
during Covid-19 lockdowns (Tata Sons, 2020).
2. Promotes ethical decision-making: Compassion tempers profit-centric decisions with moral
responsibility.
o Eg: Patagonia’s environmental commitments balance profit with ecological and worker
well-being (Harvard Business Review, 2023).
3. Reduces systemic discrimination: Compassion drives inclusivity and equity for marginalised
groups.
o Eg: SEWA’s initiatives for informal women workers promote dignity and rights in
unorganised sectors (SEWA Bharat Report, 2024).

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 4. Drives responsible corporate governance: Compassionate leadership influences ethical corporate
policies.
o Eg: Infosys Foundation’s rural skilling programs empower disadvantaged sections beyond
CSR obligations (Infosys Foundation Report, 2023).
5. Encourages consumer-centric practices: Compassion leads firms to avoid exploitative pricing and
misleading advertisements.
o Eg: Ethical labelling practices by Amul ensure transparency for rural dairy farmers and
consumers (GCMMF Annual Report, 2025).

Role in promoting ethical treatment of vulnerable sections

1. Reinforces constitutional values: Compassion aligns with Article 21’s right to life with dignity
and Directive Principles like Article 39 (welfare of workers).
2. Bridges socio-economic inequalities: Compassionate practices address power imbalances between
corporates and the vulnerable.
o Eg: Kerala’s Kudumbashree project empowers rural women through micro-enterprises
(State Govt Report, 2024).
3. Prevents abuse of asymmetrical information: Compassion-driven transparency helps protect
uninformed or vulnerable consumers.
o Eg: Consumer Protection Act 2019 mandates ethical disclosures in e-commerce (Ministry
of Consumer Affairs, 2023).
4. Fosters corporate empathy in policy and practice: Compassion builds stakeholder trust and
loyalty.
o Eg: Mahindra’s Rise philosophy emphasises inclusive growth across its businesses
(Mahindra Group Sustainability Report, 2024).
5. Encourages long-term societal impact over short-term profit: Compassion promotes sustainable
and inclusive commerce.
o Eg: Grameen Bank’s microcredit model integrates compassion into financial services for
the poor (Nobel Peace Prize citation, 2006).

Conclusion
When rooted in compassion, commerce can transcend profit motives and foster a more just, inclusive and
human-centric economy — a goal worth striving for in the 21st century.

Q. How do conflicts between personal gain and public duty contribute to ethical failures in
public service? How can such ethical conflicts be effectively addressed? (10 M)

Introduction
In public service, ethical failures often arise when self-interest overrides commitment to public welfare,
eroding institutional trust and governance quality.

Body

How conflicts contribute to ethical failures

1. Weakening of moral compass: Pursuit of personal gain distorts an individual’s moral judgement
and sense of duty.
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 o Eg: 2025 Madurai job racket where TNSTC employee participated in recruitment fraud for
monetary benefit.
2. Compromise of institutional integrity: Corruption by officials damages the organisation’s
legitimacy and fairness.
o Eg: Vyapam scam in Madhya Pradesh (2015) involved systematic rigging of recruitment.
3. Distortion of public interest: Decisions driven by personal gain often neglect citizens' welfare and
equity.
o Eg: Fake disability pension scams reported by CAG in Rajasthan (2023) affecting genuine
beneficiaries.
4. Encouragement of organisational malpractice: One individual’s unethical conduct can normalise
similar behaviour in peers.
o Eg: Delhi Jal Board procurement scam (2024) revealed networked misconduct among
officials.
5. Undermining rule of law: Ethical failures lead to violation of constitutional values of justice,
equality, and dignity.
o Eg: Article 14 and Article 21 of the Constitution uphold principles violated by such
misconduct.

Addressing ethical conflicts

1. Strengthening ethics training: Institutionalising value-based ethics training during induction and
service.
o Eg: Recommended by 2nd ARC - Ethics in Governance Report (2007).
2. Robust conflict of interest policies: Clear policies to manage and disclose personal interests.
o Eg: UK Civil Service Code mandates full disclosure and recusal in case of conflict.
3. Ethical leadership and role-modelling: Leaders must set high ethical standards through conduct.
o Eg: LBSNAA training modules (2024) focus on leadership ethics.
4. Transparent grievance redressal: Mechanisms enabling employees to report unethical practices
safely.
o Eg: Whistleblower Protection Act, 2014 (India) aims to protect ethical reporting.
5. Linking performance appraisal to ethical conduct: Incentivising integrity through appraisal
systems.
o Eg: OECD Public Integrity Toolkit (2023) advocates integrating ethics into performance
management.

Conclusion
Addressing ethical conflicts demands systemic reforms and cultivation of personal integrity to align
public servants’ actions with the core values of good governance.

14
Emotional intelligence-concepts, and their utilities and application in
administration and governance.
Q. Loss of emotional control often leads to irreversible ethical violations. Examine the role of
emotional intelligence in preventing violent outcomes in interpersonal conflicts. (10 M)

Introduction
Unchecked emotions like anger, jealousy, or frustration can impair ethical judgment, leading to actions that
violate moral and legal norms, often with permanent consequences.

Body

Loss of emotional control and ethical violations

1. Violation of basic human values: Emotional outbursts override values like respect, compassion,
and dignity.
o Eg: In June 2025, the Doddaballapur incident where a labourer was killed during a
drunken argument reflects collapse of self-control.
2. Breach of moral responsibility: Individuals fail to uphold duties towards fellow beings, causing
harm.
o Eg: Dowry deaths (NCRB 2023 report) often arise from uncontrolled anger and frustration,
violating ethical and legal obligations.
3. Destruction of public trust: Repeated violent acts erode trust in society’s ability to resolve conflicts
peacefully.
o Eg: Frequent mob lynchings (India Justice Report 2023) reflect collective emotional
failures leading to public fear and injustice.
4. Irreversible consequences: The impact of emotional lapses like murder is irreversible both for
victims and offenders.
o Eg: Domestic violence fatalities during COVID-19 lockdowns (UN Women 2021)
exposed heightened risk due to emotional stress.
5. Violation of constitutional values: Acts of violence breach Article 21 ensuring right to life and
personal liberty.
o Eg: Supreme Court in Shakti Vahini vs Union of India (2018) emphasized State’s duty to
prevent honour killings stemming from emotional rage.

Role of emotional intelligence in preventing violence

1. Self-awareness and regulation: EI helps individuals recognize and regulate harmful impulses.
o Eg: Daniel Goleman’s model (1995) highlights self-awareness as the first component of
emotional intelligence.
2. Empathy building: Understanding others’ perspectives reduces chances of conflict escalation.
o Eg: UNESCO’s Global Citizenship Education (2023) promotes empathy-based conflict
resolution among youth.
3. Conflict de-escalation: EI fosters calm negotiation and respectful dialogue even in tense situations.
o Eg: Mediation success in Bangalore Metro wage disputes (2024) showed how calm
dialogue prevented violent protests.

15
 4. Ethical decision-making: EI enables ethical reasoning even under provocation, ensuring adherence
to moral principles.
o Eg: Police Crisis Negotiation Units (USA FBI Model) use emotional intelligence training to
resolve hostage situations peacefully.
5. Promoting non-violent culture: EI contributes to societal norms valuing patience, tolerance, and
mutual respect.
o Eg: Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violence demonstrated emotional mastery even
under extreme provocation.

Conclusion
Building emotional intelligence through early value education and ethical training can prevent irreversible
ethical violations and foster a non-violent society.

Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.

Q. What does the following quotation convey to you in the present context? (10 M)
“Instead of cursing the darkness, light a candle”.
Benjamin Franklin

Introduction
In an era of systemic crises and social fatigue, the quote urges us to replace complaint with constructive
effort. It upholds the value of moral action and civic initiative in the face of adversity.

Body

Meaning of the quote

1. Encourages ethical initiative over blame: Calls for positive action instead of passive criticism.
o Eg: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (2014) saw citizens cleaning streets, reflecting ethical
responsibility over blaming authorities – Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
2. Symbolises moral leadership in crisis: True leaders respond to problems with solutions, not
despair.
o Eg: Dr. Verghese Kurien’s leadership in Amul helped fight rural poverty through
cooperative models – Operation Flood, NDDB
3. Stresses individual responsibility: Change begins with self, not external actors.
o Eg: RTI Act 2005 was driven by citizen-led movements demanding transparency – 2nd
ARC Report on RTI
4. Promotes solution-oriented optimism: Ethical conduct requires hopeful action rather than cynical
inaction.
o Eg: During COVID-19 lockdowns, NGOs like Goonj distributed relief to migrants instead
of merely criticising the state – NITI Aayog Report (2021)
5. Reflects constitutional ethics: Echoes Article 51A which enjoins citizens to uphold human values
and civic duty.
o Eg: Youth-led platforms like Youth Ki Awaaz advocate civic engagement aligned with
constitutional ideals – UNDP India (2023)

Relevance in present context

16
 1. Curbing social media negativity: Urges proactive solutions over online outrage.
o Eg: Cyber hygiene campaigns by Digital India volunteers promote awareness and positive
engagement – MeitY, 2023
2. Inspiring local climate action: Individuals and communities are taking the lead on sustainability.
o Eg: Takachar, a climate-tech startup, transforms agri-waste, offering solutions to stubble
burning – Earthshot Prize (2021)
3. Bridging gaps in governance: Citizens innovating where the state falls short.
o Eg: Mohalla Clinics in Delhi addressed health access gaps through scalable grassroots
models – NITI Aayog Health Index (2024)
4. Pushing civil service reform: Calls for reformist mindset within institutions.
o Eg: Baswan Committee (2016) advocated structural changes in UPSC recruitment for better
governance.
5. Empowering youth participation: Encourages democratic engagement through constructive
channels.
o Eg: SVEEP programme by ECI fosters youth voting and civic participation – ECI Annual
Report (2024)

Conclusion
Lighting a candle is the ethics of action in a time of complaint. Today, this spirit is essential—not just to
navigate challenges but to rebuild trust, reform systems, and renew hope.

Q. What does the following quotation convey to you in the present context? (10 M)
“Whatever is the right as a man is also the right of another; and it becomes my duty to
guarantee as well as to possess”.
Thomas Paine

Introduction
The quote captures the ethical reciprocity of rights and duties—asserting that possessing rights obliges us
to protect those same rights for others.

Body

Meaning of the quotation

1. Universal nature of rights: Human rights are not privileges; they are equally applicable to every
individual.
 Eg: Article 14 of the Indian Constitution guarantees equality before law irrespective of
caste, religion or gender.
2. Rights come with responsibilities: Ethical citizenship demands that individuals not only enjoy their
rights but ensure others do too.
 Eg: Article 51A lists fundamental duties such as promoting harmony and safeguarding the
dignity of others.
3. Moral obligation to protect the vulnerable: It is our ethical responsibility to stand up when others’
rights are violated.
 Eg: Citizens protecting riot victims during Delhi violence (2020) exemplified moral courage
in defending others' rights.
17
 4. Compassion and empathy in action: Rights must be rooted in empathy; we must feel morally
accountable for others’ suffering.
 Eg: Mother Teresa’s mission was built on the belief that human dignity is a shared moral
obligation.
5. Social contract in democracies: Rights are sustained through collective moral responsibility among
citizens.
 Eg: Gandhi’s Sarvodaya emphasised that upliftment of all requires active moral duty
towards others.

Relevance in the present context

1. Empowering marginalised groups: Moral duty lies in advocating for those structurally excluded
from rights.
 Eg: Public protests in the Hathras case (2020) showed citizens fighting for a Dalit girl’s right
to justice.
2. Safeguarding dissent and free speech: Ethical citizenship includes defending the speech rights of
even ideological opponents.
 Eg: Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015) struck down Section 66A, upholding free
speech as a collective right.
3. Civic responsibility in crises: During humanitarian crises, protecting others' basic rights becomes a
moral necessity.
 Eg: Civil society groups in COVID-19 lockdown ensured migrants’ right to food,
movement and shelter.
4. Digital ethics and privacy protection: In a data-driven world, protecting others’ privacy is a shared
ethical responsibility.
 Eg: K.S. Puttaswamy case (2017) upheld Right to Privacy, reinforcing that data ethics
extend to others too.
5. Ethical public service and inclusion: Bureaucrats must actively defend others’ access to state
entitlements and dignity.
 Eg: IAS officer Ira Singhal pushed for accessible UPSC forms, defending others’ right to
opportunity.

Conclusion
Ethical society demands that our rights do not exist in isolation—we are morally bound to guarantee for
others what we claim for ourselves.

Q. What does the following quotation convey to you in the present context? (10 M)
“You can chain me, you can torture me, you can even destroy this body, but you will never
imprison my mind”.
-Mahatma Gandhi

Introduction
This quote by Mahatma Gandhi reflects the supreme value of freedom of thought and the resilience of
moral courage. It asserts the human spirit’s power to remain free even under physical subjugation or
coercion.

18
Body

Meaning of the quote

1. Primacy of inner freedom: The mind, unlike the body, remains free unless voluntarily enslaved.
o Eg: Nelson Mandela’s prison memoirs showed how he resisted apartheid ideologically
despite 27 years in jail.
2. Endurance of moral conviction: Ethical beliefs and moral vision remain unshaken despite physical
threats.
o Eg: Edward Snowden, in exile, continues to advocate digital privacy and civil liberties
globally.
3. Non-violence and spiritual strength: The quote embodies Gandhian satyagraha, where mental
strength overpowers brute force.
o Eg: During the Salt March (1930), Gandhi’s unwavering spirit mobilised millions without
physical confrontation.
4. Individual agency in oppressive systems: The mind becomes a space of protest when institutions
are repressive.
o Eg: Uyghur poets in detention camps preserve identity through mental resistance and
cultural memory (Amnesty International, 2023).
5. Resistance to indoctrination: The quote affirms that conscience can withstand state propaganda or
ideological pressure.
o Eg: The White Rose student movement in Nazi Germany opposed fascism through secret
pamphlets and intellectual dissent.

Relevance in present context

1. Moral courage in bureaucratic systems: Ethical resistance is crucial for public servants in corrupt
environments.
o Eg: Ashok Khemka, IAS officer, stood against land scams despite repeated transfers and
pressure.
2. Freedom of expression and dissent: Intellectual autonomy is vital amid growing restrictions on
speech.
o Eg: In Shreya Singhal vs Union of India (2015), the SC struck down Section 66A to uphold
free thought.
3. Journalistic integrity in adverse environments: Mental independence sustains ethical journalism
under threat.
o Eg: Rana Ayyub continues fearless reporting despite harassment, upholding freedom of the
press.
4. Youth resistance in authoritarian regimes: The quote inspires civic courage against unjust laws
and controls.
o Eg: Iranian women-led protests (2022–23) challenged hijab laws with non-violent defiance
and global solidarity.
5. Digital surveillance and mental autonomy: In a data-driven world, protecting thought and privacy
is key.
o Eg: Tools like Signal and ProtonMail reflect civil society’s resolve for confidential, free
communication (EFF, 2024).
19
Conclusion
In times of coercion and conformity, it is the unfettered mind that upholds truth and liberty. Gandhi’s
words remain a timeless call to nurture conscience-led resistance in personal, institutional, and national life.

Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and

problems; ethical concerns and dilemmas in government and private
institutions; laws, rules, regulations and conscience as sources of ethical
guidance; accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical
and moral values in governance; ethical issues in international relations and
funding; corporate governance.
Q. Fraud in business is not merely a legal violation but a profound ethical failure. Examine
the ethical dimensions involved in financial scams. Discuss how personal integrity is tested in
such contexts. (10 M)

Introduction
Corporate scams not only violate the law but erode ethical conduct, social capital, and trust that form the
bedrock of a just economic system.

Body

Ethical dimensions involved in financial scams

1. Breach of fiduciary responsibility: Scams often involve betrayal of investor trust and misuse of
entrusted capital.
o Eg: IL&FS crisis (2018) saw top executives conceal debt risks from investors, breaching
their fiduciary duty (SFIO report).
2. Deception and manipulation: Misleading financial disclosures distort ethical transparency.
o Eg: Satyam scam (2009) involved inflating profits and manipulating assets, violating
honesty and transparency norms.
3. Exploitation of information asymmetry: Taking advantage of investor ignorance for unethical
gain.
o Eg: Hyderabad Urban Market scam (2025) misled lay investors by offering fake high-
return schemes through a tech platform.
4. Moral disengagement and lack of remorse: Perpetrators justify unethical actions to reduce guilt.
o Eg: Theranos scandal (US, 2016) saw Elizabeth Holmes deny wrongdoing despite false test
results, invoking startup pressures.
5. Systemic erosion of ethical culture: Failure of ethical leadership and institutional values.
o Eg: DHFL scam (2019) revealed deliberate creation of fake loan accounts, enabled by weak
ethical oversight and internal complicity.

How personal integrity is tested in such contexts

1. Temptation of greed and quick gains: Individuals face moral conflict between profit and ethical
restraint.

20
 o Eg: In the NSEL scam (2013), executives continued luring investors despite knowing the
scheme's collapse was imminent.
2. Peer pressure and fear of exclusion: Organisational culture may punish ethical resistance.
o Eg: Enron scandal (2001, US) saw junior staff accept unethical accounting practices due to
peer conformity.
3. Silence over wrongdoing: Lack of whistle-blower protection undermines ethical courage.
o Eg: In PNB scam (2018), employees noticed red flags but didn’t report due to fear of
retaliation and power hierarchy.
4. Weak moral compass or ethical blindness: Lack of internalised values makes fraud easier to
commit.
o Eg: Cambridge Analytica case (2018) involved employees misusing personal data without
grasping its ethical implications.
5. Conflict between role morality and personal values: Dissonance arises when institutional duties
clash with moral beliefs.
o Eg: In the Volkswagen emission scandal (2015), engineers admitted they followed
deceptive instructions despite personal reservations.

Conclusion
In the age of digital enterprise, ethics must precede enterprise. Integrity in business is not just an internal
virtue but a public obligation that sustains economic justice and societal trust.

Q. “In times of war, the first casualty is often ethics”. Discuss how moral values erode in
armed conflict. Examine the role of ethical codes in restraining state power. (10 M)

Introduction
War creates a moral vacuum where violence is legitimised, and ethical restraints are weakened by fear,
propaganda, and political expediency.

Body

How moral values erode in armed conflict

1. Dehumanisation of opponents: Viewing enemies as subhuman justifies mass violence and cruelty.
o Eg: During the Rwandan genocide (1994), Hutu extremists called Tutsis "cockroaches",
enabling systematic slaughter (UNHRC).
2. Normalisation of civilian harm: Civilian suffering becomes a by-product of military strategy.
o Eg: The June 2025 UN report accused Israel of causing mass civilian casualties in Gaza
schools and religious sites.
3. Suppression of dissent and truth: Whistleblowers, journalists, and peace advocates are silenced.
o Eg: In Russia's Ukraine offensive (2022–23), journalists exposing civilian attacks faced
intimidation and state prosecution (Human Rights Watch).
4. Moral disengagement in troops: Soldiers justify actions under obedience, anonymity, or emotional
detachment.
o Eg: Abu Ghraib prison abuse (2003) showed US soldiers involved in systematic torture
under stress and poor leadership.
5. Abuse of emergency powers: States bypass human rights under the guise of national security.

21
 o Eg: The USA PATRIOT Act (2001) led to racial profiling and unlawful detentions,
weakening civil liberty norms (ACLU report).

Role of ethical codes in restraining state power

1. International humanitarian law (IHL): Codifies conduct in war, ensuring distinction and
proportionality.
o Eg: The Geneva Conventions (1949) mandate protection of civilians, medics, and
prisoners of war.
2. Doctrine of command responsibility: Leaders are held accountable for the actions of their
subordinates.
o Eg: The Rome Statute (1998) empowers the ICC to prosecute command-level war crimes.
3. UN oversight and global justice mechanisms: Ensure scrutiny of states even beyond national
jurisdiction.
o Eg: The ICJ’s 2024 order on Israel asked it to prevent incitement to genocide and allow
humanitarian aid.
4. Domestic constitutional checks: Judicial review and separation of powers protect individual rights
in war contexts.
o Eg: Article 32 of Indian Constitution enables citizens to approach SC against state
overreach, even during internal conflict.
5. Military ethics training and institutional codes: Foster accountability and value-based behaviour
among soldiers.
o Eg: The Indian Army’s Code of Conduct stresses non-combatant protection and civilian
dignity in counterinsurgency operations.

Conclusion
When war overwhelms morality, institutions must anchor themselves in ethical law, humanitarian
principles, and moral accountability to prevent irreversible human and civilisational loss.

Q. What does the following quotation convey to you in the present context? (10 M)
“Mankind must put an end to war – or war will put an end to mankind”.
-John F. Kennedy

Introduction
In today’s nuclear and AI-driven era, moral choices between peace and destruction will shape the future of
human civilisation.

Body

Ethical meaning conveyed by the quotation

1. Moral responsibility of nations: States must pursue peace to uphold humanity’s collective survival.
o Eg: Indian Constitution Article 51(c) promotes international peace and security.
2. Primacy of human dignity: War fundamentally violates the ethical principle of human dignity and
rights.

22
 o Eg: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) affirms dignity, yet Gaza conflict
(2023-24) shows large-scale civilian harm (UNHRC Reports, 2024).
3. Collective ethical accountability: Every individual and institution shares the duty to prevent war.
o Eg: Global civil society movements like Fridays for Future protesting war-driven climate
harm.
4. Virtue ethics in leadership: Ethical leaders should prioritise compassion and restraint over
militarism.
o Eg: Mahatma Gandhi’s non-violent philosophy prevented bloodshed despite colonial
oppression.
5. Intergenerational justice: War risks irreversible harm to future generations—violating moral duties.
o Eg: ICAN 2023 report warns of long-term nuclear fallout effects.

Relevance in present context

1. Nuclear escalation risks: Renewed arms race highlights the ethical perils of deterrence-based
security.
o Eg: SIPRI Yearbook 2024 reported growing nuclear arsenals of Russia, China, North
Korea.
2. Proxy conflicts and ethical dilemmas: Proxy wars obscure responsibility and prolong human
suffering.
o Eg: Ongoing Yemen civil war (UN OCHA Reports, 2024)—mass famine due to indirect
foreign interventions.
3. Hybrid warfare ethics: Cyberwar and misinformation undermine truth and justice.
o Eg: Interpol Global Cybercrime Trends Report 2024 flagged rising state-backed AI
misinformation in conflict zones.
4. India’s ethical diplomacy: India upholds peace through non-alignment and dialogue.
o Eg: G20 2023 Delhi Declaration reaffirmed “One Earth, One Family, One Future” with
focus on peaceful cooperation.
5. Kantian ethical imperative: War that endangers all life violates Kant’s moral law of universal
good.
o Eg: Ongoing UN debates (2024) on banning autonomous lethal weapons stress this ethical
concern.

Conclusion
Global survival hinges on ethical governance that rejects war. Humanity must choose compassion and
cooperation to build a just and peaceful future.

23
Probity in Governance: Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of
governance and probity; Information sharing and transparency in
government, Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct,
Citizen’s Charters, Work culture, Quality of service delivery, Utilization of
public funds, challenges of corruption.
Q. Discuss the role of integrity and accountability as foundational values in policing. Why are
ethical violations in law enforcement considered more damaging to society? (10 M)

Introduction:
Policing in a democracy is built not merely on enforcement, but on trust, fairness, and ethical standards.
Integrity and accountability ensure that the coercive powers of the state are exercised lawfully, impartially,
and transparently.

Body

Role of integrity and accountability in policing

1. Upholding rule of law: Integrity ensures that actions align with constitutional morality and legal
principles.
 Eg: Prakash Singh v. Union of India (2006) judgment directed structural reforms in police
to ensure independence and ethical functioning.
2. Ensuring public trust: Accountability fosters legitimacy and voluntary public cooperation, essential
for effective policing.
 Eg: Kerala Police’s Janamaithri Suraksha Project improved public-police trust through
regular beat interaction and citizen engagement.
3. Reducing misuse of power: Internal integrity mechanisms prevent arbitrary use of force and
custodial violence.
 Eg: NHRC’s 2023 report highlighted over 500 custodial deaths, recommending stronger
oversight mechanisms.
4. Promoting professionalism: Integrity cultivates a service-oriented attitude over a power-centric
one.
 Eg: Delhi Police’s NIPUN platform (2022) includes training on ethical conduct, human
rights, and non-discriminatory policing.
5. Facilitating justice delivery: Accountability ensures redressal mechanisms for wrongful actions and
procedural fairness.
 Eg: Second ARC (2007) recommended creation of Police Complaints Authorities for
impartial grievance resolution.

Why ethical violations are more damaging in law enforcement

1. Erodes public faith in democracy: Police represent state authority—unethical conduct undermines
institutional legitimacy.
 Eg: Unnao rape case (2017–19) exposed police complicity and delayed justice, shaking
public faith in law enforcement.

24
 2. Amplifies human rights violations: Misconduct results in severe harm to individual rights and civil
liberties.
 Eg: Sathankulam custodial deaths (2020) highlighted torture and police impunity, leading
to national condemnation.
3. Encourages systemic corruption: Ethical decline fosters a culture of bribery, coercion, and cover-
ups.
 Eg: India Justice Report 2022 flagged inadequate vigilance cells and non-transparency in
police misconduct proceedings.
4. Undermines law enforcement effectiveness: Ethical breaches compromise investigations and
reduce judicial reliability.
 Eg: Vikas Dubey encounter case (2020) questioned the legality of police actions and
weakened institutional trust.
5. Disproportionately harms the marginalised: Biased policing reinforces socio-economic injustice
and exclusion.
 Eg: CHRI Report 2023 found that Dalits and Muslims are overrepresented in pre-trial
detentions without legal safeguards.

Conclusion:
Ethical policing is the bedrock of a just and humane society. Reforms must embed integrity and
accountability into training, oversight, and community policing to restore public faith and ensure
constitutional justice.

Q. “Institutional integrity is not merely the absence of corruption but the presence of ethical
robustness”. Comment. (10 M)

Introduction
Institutional integrity reflects not just the absence of corruption but a proactive ethical framework that
ensures fairness, accountability, and public trust in governance.

Body

Meaning of institutional integrity

1. Beyond corruption-free image: Integrity includes fairness, transparency, accountability, and

responsiveness.
o Eg: Lokpal Act, 2013 ensures independent oversight but real integrity depends on
transparent functioning.
2. Embedding constitutional values: Ethical robustness aligns institutional behavior with
constitutional morality and public service ethos.
o Eg: Supreme Court’s Kesavananda Bharati case (1973) emphasized constitutional
morality and basic structure doctrine.
3. Sustaining public trust: Institutions gain legitimacy by consistently delivering justice, equity, and
fairness.
o Eg: Election Commission of India (ECI) upheld fair elections during 2019 General
Elections despite pressures.

25
Why absence of corruption alone is insufficient

1. Persistence of unethical non-financial practices: Favoritism, harassment, and abuse of discretion

can exist even without financial corruption.
o Eg: Vishaka Guidelines (1997) addressed workplace harassment reflecting ethical failures
beyond financial corruption.
2. Need for moral courage: Upholding constitutional rights requires ethical decisions despite external
pressures.
o Eg: Sabarimala verdict (2018) upheld gender equality under Article 14 against strong
societal opposition.
3. Undermining public trust: Ethical lapses, even without corruption, erode citizens’ faith in
institutions.
o Eg: Collegium system criticisms (2023) reflect concerns over transparency despite absence
of direct corruption.

Components of ethical robustness in institutions

1. Strong accountability frameworks: Independent audits, vigilance bodies, and oversight institutions
ensure ethical governance.
o Eg: CAG audits exposed irregularities in 2G spectrum case (2012) ensuring accountability.
2. Leadership by moral example: Ethical leadership fosters institutional ethical culture and collective
responsibility.
o Eg: Lal Bahadur Shastri’s resignation (1966) after train accident demonstrated moral
leadership.
3. Transparent decision-making: Citizen access to information strengthens ethical checks and public
oversight.
o Eg: Right to Information Act, 2005 empowers citizens to question institutional decisions.

How to ensure ethical robustness in institutions

1. Tackling emerging ethical threats: Institutional mechanisms must address impersonation, fraud,
and digital vulnerabilities.
o Eg: June 2025 Bengaluru case, where conmen impersonated Lokayukta officials to
blackmail BBMP engineers.
2. Ethics capacity building: Structured training enhances moral reasoning, integrity, and decision-
making skills among officials.
o Eg: LBSNAA Ethics Modules (2023) focus on applied ethics training for civil servants.
3. Institutionalizing public participation: Citizen engagement through grievance redressal and RTI
promotes accountability.
o Eg: Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS)
enhances citizen-institution interaction.

Conclusion
Building institutional integrity demands not only eliminating corruption but embedding ethical leadership,
transparent systems, and public engagement to ensure enduring moral governance.

26
Case Studies on above issues.
Q. Shruti, an IAS officer from the 2022 batch, has a routine of reading the newspaper daily.
One day, she came across a distressing article reporting a tragic incident in Old Rajinder Nagar. A
basement in a local coaching institute was inundated following a burst drain during heavy rainfall.
This disaster resulted in the deaths of three UPSC aspirants and sparked widespread outrage among
the student community. The tragedy has highlighted significant concerns about the hazardous
conditions in coaching centers, particularly overcrowded basements. The incident brought back
memories for Shruti, as she had previously studied in Old Rajinder Nagar. Despite her advancement
to an officer, she noted that conditions in the area had not improved. Shortly after, Shruti received a
call from Manasa, a close friend from her days in Rajinder Nagar. Manasa discussed the tragic event
and invited Shruti to support the student community by joining a protest scheduled to take place in
two days. Manasa implied that failing to attend the protest could result in the end of their friendship.
Shruti, now caught between her professional responsibilities and personal connections, faces a
challenging dilemma. As an officer committed to her duties and as someone with personal ties to the
area, she must navigate the complexities of this situation. (20 M)
In the given circumstance answer the following:
a) Identify the stakeholders and the ethical dilemmas involved in the case.
b) What options are available to Shruti in addressing the situation? Evaluate the potential
consequences of each option and recommend a course of action that aligns with ethical
principles and professional duties.

Introduction:
Shruti finds herself at a crossroads, torn between her professional responsibilities and personal
connections when a tragic incident occurred in a place tied to her past, stirs a conflict between duty and
loyalty. The dilemma highlights the intricate balance public servants must maintain between their roles and
personal affiliations.

Body:
a) Stakeholders involved in the case are:
1. Shruti: Balancing her role as a public servant and personal ties with her friend and the affected
students.
2. Manasa: Her friendship with Shruti and her position as a student advocate.
3. Student community: Their safety concerns and demands for better infrastructure in coaching
centers.
4. Coaching institutes: Responsible for providing safe learning environments but facing allegations of
negligence.
5. Local government and regulatory authorities: Their role in enforcing safety regulations in
educational institutions.
6. UPSC aspirants’ families: Coping with the loss and seeking justice and improvements to prevent
future tragedies.

Dilemmas involved in the case are

1. Personal values vs. Professional responsibilities:

27
 o Shruti’s personal experiences and connections with Old Rajinder Nagar urge her to support
the student protest. However, as an IAS officer, she must prioritize her duties and the
expectations of her professional role.
2. Conflict of interest:
o Shruti’s role as an IAS officer requires her to remain impartial. Her close connection to the
student community and the request from her friend Manasa to join the protest may challenge
her ability to stay neutral.
3. Monetization of coaching vs. Safety of students:
o The incident highlights the dilemma between prioritizing the financial aspects of coaching
centers and the safety and well-being of the students, an issue that Shruti, as an administrator,
may need to address.
4. Freedom of expression vs. Law and order:
o While Shruti values the students' right to protest and express their grievances, she must also
consider the implications for law and order, especially if protests escalate.
5. Loyalty to government vs. Aligning with moral reasons:
o Shruti faces a dilemma between maintaining loyalty to the government and its regulations
and her moral obligation to advocate for better conditions in coaching centers, reflecting her
personal values and concern for student safety.

b) Shruti has following options available with her in the given case:
Option 1: Attend the protest
Merits Demerits
1. Conflict of interest: May blur the
1. Empathy demonstration: Shows
lines between her professional duties and
personal commitment, potentially leading to
personal affiliations, undermining her
stronger community trust.
impartiality as an officer.
2. Solidarity: Enhances her relationship 2. Perceived bias: Could be interpreted
with Manasa and the student community, as favoritism towards a particular group,
affirming her support for their cause. affecting her credibility and objectivity.
3. Ethical leadership: By taking a public 3. Professional risk: Participation might
stand, she sets an example of proactive expose her to administrative or political
leadership. repercussions.

Option 2: Offer support from a distance

Merit Demerit
1. Professional integrity: Maintains her 1. Perceived indifference: Her absence
neutrality while still engaging with the from the protest could be misconstrued as
issue responsibly. lack of commitment to the cause.
2. Balanced approach: Demonstrates 2. Strained relationships: May impact her
concern for student safety without friendship with Manasa and others who
compromising her official position. value visible participation.
3. Ethical communication: By choosing 3. Limited influence: Her efforts might be
this path, she upholds transparency and seen as insufficient by those demanding
open dialogue. immediate action.
28
Option 3: Advocate for policy changes
Merit Demerit
1. Long-term impact: Focuses on
1. Slow process: Policy changes can be
systemic solutions that can create lasting
time-consuming, leading to frustration
improvements in coaching institute
among the student community.
regulations.
2. Ethical responsibility: Aligns with her 2. Perception of passivity: May be viewed
duty as a public servant to enact change as a passive approach by those seeking
through appropriate channels. immediate action.
3. Professionalism: Upholds her role in 3. Potential ineffectiveness: Without
policymaking without direct involvement visible support, her efforts might lack the
in protests, maintaining her integrity. necessary urgency and impact.

Option 4: Decline to engage

Merit Demerit
1. Neutrality preservation: Ensures 1. Missed opportunity: Fails to leverage
complete adherence to her professional her position to advocate for meaningful
boundaries and obligations. change or address the students' concerns.
2. Damaged trust: Could lead to a
2. Risk avoidance: Protects her from any
perception of indifference or apathy,
negative repercussions associated with
potentially alienating her from the
activism or protest involvement.
community.
3. Clear role definition: Reinforces the 3. Relationship strain: Risks weakening
separation between her personal beliefs her bond with Manasa and others who are
and official duties. personally invested in the issue.

Given the ethical philosophies at play, Shruti should prioritize her professional responsibilities. According to
Kant’s categorical imperative, her actions must be universally applicable and not based on personal ties,
thus necessitating neutrality and adherence to her duties. The Civil Service Code of Conduct and
Weberian bureaucracy emphasize impartiality, duty, and adherence to law, requiring Shruti to uphold her
responsibilities as an officer. Gandhian philosophy supports acting with integrity and non-violence,
suggesting that Shruti should advocate for change through proper channels rather than public protest.
Therefore, Shruti should refrain from attending the protest and instead work within her role to
address the underlying issues in coaching centers.

Conclusion:
Shruti can draw upon her authority to effect meaningful change, proving that even in difficult circumstances,
"there is always a way out." By leveraging her position, Shruti has the potential to transform and
reform the area where her roots run deep, ensuring safer conditions for future generations.

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Q. As the District Commissioner of Wayanad, Kerala, you are responsible for a district
renowned for its lush, pristine forests and vibrant tourism sector.

This year, however, the region faced unprecedented challenges due to exceptionally heavy rainfall,
which far exceeded meteorological predictions. On one night of July, while residents of the
Vellarimala hill ranges slept, the stability of the land beneath them began to deteriorate. The situation
culminated in a catastrophic landslide, which has been recorded as the most severe landslide disaster
in Kerala's history. The twin landslides engulfed the two villages, resulting in the tragic loss of over
360 lives and leaving many missing. The once picturesque hilly landscape was transformed into a
scene of utter devastation, with rivers swelling and boulders crashing down. Immediately following
the disaster, a contentious blame game ensued between center and state governments regarding
adequate warnings. As you arrive at the scene, the sheer scale of destruction is overwhelming, with
river waters too strong to allow access to the affected areas and the possibility that survivors might
still be trapped within the landslide debris. This disaster highlights a critical issue of our era: the
challenge of balancing environmental conservation with economic development. As the district
grapples with rising populations, increased consumerism, and the pressures of development, the event
underscores the pressing need for responsible stewardship of both natural resources and development
practices.

In the given circumstance answer the following:

a) Identify the ethical issues in the given case.
b) Give philosophical perspectives on the environment versus development debate.
c) What will be your course of action in the given situation?
d) What long-term strategies would you recommend to improve disaster preparedness in the
region?
Introduction:
The catastrophic landslide in Wayanad presents a stark reminder of the delicate balance between
environmental conservation and economic development. As the District Commissioner, it is imperative
to address the immediate disaster while considering the ethical dilemmas posed by development practices in
ecologically sensitive regions.

Body:
a) Ethical issues in the case are:

1. Environmental ethics vs. Economic development: The disaster underscores the moral
responsibility to pursue sustainable development without compromising ecological balance.
2. Duty of care: The failure to anticipate or mitigate risks from heavy rainfall and landslides may
indicate a breach of the moral obligation to protect citizens.
3. Accountability and transparency: The blame-shifting between governments highlights ethical
issues in disaster management, emphasizing the need for clear accountability and preparedness.
4. Equity and justice: Marginalized communities disproportionately suffer from development
decisions made without their input, raising concerns about fairness and inclusive governance.
5. Long-Term stewardship: Balancing short-term economic gains with the long-term sustainability of
natural resources presents a significant ethical challenge.

b) Philosophical perspectives on environment vs. development include:

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 1. Deep ecology: Advocates for recognizing the intrinsic value of nature, urging a move away from
human-centered development to respect ecological limits.
2. Utilitarianism: Weigh the benefits of development against environmental harm, suggesting a
reassessment of priorities when catastrophic losses occur.
3. Gandhian philosophy: Emphasizes simple living and harmony with nature, advising that
development should not lead to ecological degradation.
4. Sustainable development: Seeks to balance economic growth with environmental preservation for
future generations.
5. Ethics of care: Focuses on caring for both community and environment, promoting a balanced
approach that prioritizes well-being.

c) My course of action would be:

1. Immediate Rescue Operations: Mobilize all available resources, including NDRF, local authorities,
and volunteers, to conduct rescue operations.
 Use helicopters and boats to access the affected areas and coordinate with the army for
assistance.
2. Establish Relief Camps: Set up relief camps in safe zones, ensuring the provision of food, water,
medical aid, and psychological support for survivors and the displaced population.
3. Transparency and Communication: Hold a press conference to communicate the situation, steps
being taken, and the challenges faced, ensuring transparency and building public trust.
4. Coordination with Government Agencies: Facilitate coordination between state and central
agencies, ensuring that there is no delay due to bureaucratic hurdles.
5. Documentation and Accountability: Document the events, decisions, and actions taken for
accountability and future learning. Address the blame game by focusing on constructive problem-
solving rather than assigning fault.

d) Long-term strategies to improve disaster preparedness are:

1. Early warning systems: Invest in advanced meteorological equipment and early warning systems
specifically designed for landslides and heavy rainfall.
E.g. Sikkim region GSI installed Early warning system replication.
2. Sustainable land use planning: Restrict construction and development activities in ESZ. Implement
stringent EIA for all developmental projects in the region.
E.g. Reforestation and CAMPA funds utilization.
3. Community training and awareness: Regularly conduct disaster preparedness drills and awareness
programs in vulnerable areas, educating the public.
E.g. PM – Aapda Mitra motivation and training.
4. Rehabilitation and Reforestation: Initiate long-term rehabilitation of affected areas through
reforestation and soil conservation measures to restore ecological balance.
E.g. Soil nailing technology in sensitive regions.
5. Intergovernmental coordination: Establish a permanent disaster management task force involving
central, state, and local governments to ensure seamless coordination.
E.g. Region based disaster task force establishment

Conclusion:
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Effective disaster management must embrace a philosophy of proactive and inclusive governance.
Ethical stewardship requires not only addressing immediate risks but also ensuring long-term sustainability
and equity.

Q. At the 2024 Paris Olympics, a significant controversy erupted surrounding a female

Algerian boxer. Disqualified from the 2023 World Championships by the International
Boxing Association (IBA) due to failed gender tests, the athlete, assigned female at birth and
identifying as a woman, faced intense scrutiny over her eligibility.
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) later intervened, reinstating her eligibility for the Paris
Games amidst allegations of widespread corruption within the IBA and increasing public speculation
about her gender. The situation became more contentious after her impressive victory over an Italian
boxer, who withdrew from the fight after a powerful hit, leading to further debate about the athlete’s
physical strength. Historically, black and brown women athletes have faced skepticism about their
femininity, often being seen as too masculine compared to white standards of femininity. The
controversy surrounding this athlete, particularly given her background and competition against a
white opponent, has intensified these concerns. This case has reignited discussions about the
vilification of transgender athletes, who are often accused of being "men masquerading as women."
Such narratives not only impact transgender athletes but also adversely affect cisgender women,
especially those of color who do not conform to conventional femininity. Addressing these issues of
exclusion, racism, and sexism is crucial for fostering a more equitable environment for all athletes.
In the given situation answer the following:
a) Identify the ethical issues surrounding the case.
b) Distinguish between gamesmanship and sportsmanship? What role does ethics play in sports?
Introduction:
This situation highlights the ongoing challenges faced by athletes, particularly women of color and
those who defy conventional norms, in navigating a sporting environment that can be exclusionary and
biased.

Body:

a) Ethical issues surrounding the case are:

1. Gender discrimination: The scrutiny over the athlete's gender identity highlights potential bias and
unfairness in gender testing, often affecting women of color who don't conform to traditional
femininity.
2. Racism and intersectionality: The case reflects the intersection of racism and sexism, where the
athlete’s race and gender identity are questioned, underscoring broader societal prejudices in sports.
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 3. Fairness and integrity: Allegations of corruption within the IBA and the athlete's reinstatement by
the IOC raise concerns about the integrity of sports governance and potential bias in decision-
making.
4. Vilification of transgender athletes: The controversy highlights how transgender athletes are
unfairly targeted, harming both transgender athletes and cisgender women who don't fit gender
norms.
5. Public perception and media ethics: The media's role in shaping biased public perception of the
athlete raises ethical questions about responsible journalism and its impact on the athlete's dignity.

b) Differences between Gamesmanship and Sportsmanship are:

Gamesmanship Sportsmanship

Involves bending or manipulating the Involves playing fairly, respecting

rules to gain an advantage, even if it opponents, and upholding the integrity of
goes against the spirit of the game. the sport.

Often prioritizes winning at any cost,

Emphasizes ethical conduct, mutual
sometimes leading to unethical
respect, and the true spirit of competition.
behavior.
Can include tactics like psychological
Encourages honesty, humility in victory,
intimidation, intentional fouls, or
and grace in defeat.
exploiting loopholes in the rules.
May lead to a negative impact on the
Promotes positive role models and
integrity of sports and can result in
contributes to the development of character
long-term damage to the sport’s
and moral values in athletes.
reputation.
Focuses on the outcome (winning) Values the process and the ethical way in
rather than the process (how the game which the game is played, viewing the
is played). sport as a means to develop character.

The role of ethics in sports

1. Fair play and integrity: Ethics ensures a level playing field where rules are respected, maintaining
the credibility of sports and trust among athletes.
E.g. The Tokyo Olympics Qatar and Italian high jumpers shared two medals as one of them
was injured.
2. Respect and inclusion: Ethical conduct fosters respect and inclusion, allowing all athletes to
compete without fear of discrimination.
E.g. India Pakistan cricket player post-match respecting each other.
3. Building character: Sportsmanship instills values like fairness, humility, and perseverance,
contributing to moral development beyond sports.
E.g. PV Sindu promoting a No Tobacco Campaign.

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 4. Protecting the spirit of the game: Ethics discourages practices like cheating and doping, preserving
the true essence of sport.
E.g. Kohli gifted the team a signed shirt for his arch-rival Dean Elgar's retirement.
5. Public trust: Ethical behavior by athletes and governing bodies is vital for maintaining public trust
and the positive reputation of sports.
E.g. Sachin Tendulkar's public image due to his integrity.

Conclusion
If athletes are driven solely by the desire to win, moral reasoning often takes a back seat. However, when
excellence is pursued through ethical execution and performance, winning becomes a natural
outcome. This approach not only leads to success but also upholds the integrity of the sport, ensuring that
victory is achieved with honour.

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