AHSANULLAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Lab Report
Course No: EEE 3208
Course Title: Communication Theory Lab
Experiment No: 3
Submitted by:
Name: Sowrav Chakrobortty
ID no: 180205003
Section: A1
Year: 3
Semester: 2nd
Name of the experiment: Study of Frequency Modulation.
Objective: From this experiment we are able to understand about the theory of Frequency
Modulation (FM). FM Transmission/Reception processes is another important part of this experiment.
We also learned about implement of frequency modulation and demodulation technique.
Equipments:
1. ANACOM 2 FM trainer module
2. Oscilloscope
3. Power Supply
4. Multimeter
Report Ans:
1. Block diagram:
2. Carrier wave: The carrier wave is completely independent of the information-carrying signal or
baseband , signal which means that the transmission of the carrier wave represents a waste of power.
This points to a shortcoming of amplitude modulation namely, that only a fraction of the total
transmitted power is affected by baseband signal. This carrier wave is usually of much higher frequency
than the input signal. A carrier signal is one with a steady waveform constant height, or amplitude, and
frequency.
Modulated wave: Modulation is the process of converting data into radio waves by adding information to an
electronic or optical carrier signal. When a carrier is modulated when a carrier is modulated by by an information
bearing signal examples of modulated signal.
3.Plot of oscillator frequency vs. base bias voltage for the modulator block:
4.
(a) Compare between AM and FM are given below:
Amplitude modulation Frequency Modulation
(i) In AM, the voltage or power level (i)In frequency modulation, the
of the information signal changes frequency rather than the
the amplitude of the carrier in amplitude of the carrier wave is
proportion. made to vary in proportion to the
varying amplitude of the modulating
signal
(ii) When the modulating (ii)In FM the amplitude of the
information signal is applied, the frequency modulation can be
carrier amplitude rises and falls in increased without increasing the
accordance. power at all
(iii) The carrier frequency remains (iii)In frequency modulation, the
constant during AM. carrier amplitude remains constant,
but its frequency is changed in
accordance with the modulating
signal
(iv) The AM system is clearly linear, (iv)FM radio signals have bandwidth
but time-varying. several times that of AM signals
(v) Amplitude modulation (AM) (v) For FM it is from 88 to
108 MHz
broadcast-band transmit power mainly in the higher spectrum
levels tend to be around 100–500
kW
(b). Frequency modulation or commonly referred to as FM is a common term that we hear in our
daily lives. Today, Frequency modulation is used widely in radio communication and broadcasting. It
offers a great advantage in radio transmission as it has a larger signal-to-noise ratio. Meaning, it
results in low radio frequency interference. This is the main reason that many radio stations use FM
to broadcast music over the radio.
C). If we need to increase the energy of a signal, we need to increase frequency. We know that the
carrier frequency and its center frequency is proportional to the modulating signal. Due to varring
frequency the modulation index varies the instantaneous deviation varies the spectrum of side
bands and total occupied bandwidth of the signal also varies.
(d). If a signal is intentionally only frequency-modulated, meaning that the receiving party will
not find any information in the amplitude, then the “AM” part has no effect. The ideal FM
receiver will amplify and clip the signal until it resembles a square wave, finding all of the
information in the zero crossing timing of each cycle.
Matlab Code:
Discussion: Modulation is the process by which information is encoded from a message source in
order to optimize it for transmission. Frequency Modulation (FM) is the encoding of information in a
carrier wave by changing the instantaneous frequency of the wave. FM technology is widely used in
the fields of computing, telecommunications, and signal processing. Frequency Modulation is a
modulation in which the frequency of the carrier wave is altered in accordance with the
instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal, keeping phase and amplitude constant.
Modification of carrier wave frequency is performed for the purpose of sending data or information
over small distances.
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