A design of (G+4) low cost building and its cost estimation (by using ribbed slab)

CHAPTER-ONE

ROOF DESIGN
Wind load analysis and design

Wind is a moving air which in turn possesses energy and this kinetic energy should
be resisted by using appropriate deign for different kinds of structural elements like roofs
,walls
The action of wind can be a type of suction or pressure to our structures both
externally or internally .How ever these effects are more magnified for structure with
more openings and large surface areas .And we focus on sensitive part of the building
that is roofs (both hipped and flat roofs) for analysis and design of its parts
.
Method of analysis
Even though there are two methods for wind load analysis ,namely Quasi static
method and dynamic analysis we prefer Quasi static since our structure is assumed to be
less susceptible to dynamic excitation and from EBCS-1,1995 section 3.9.3 a building
which satisfies the criterion:
(For cd <1.2and building height less than 200m) can be analyzed using Quasi static

Roof analysis and design

Before going to the direct steps we should classify the location, terrain category our
building site. And our building is located at Adigrat and we told that there are buildings
around it. And according to

External pressure
External pressure We is obtained from:
We =qref * Ce(Ze)*C pe
Where Cpe - is the external pressure coefficient
Ce(Ze)- is the exposure coefficient
qref - is the reference wind pressure
i. Reference wind pressure

This is determined from;

qref = 0.5 * *v2ref
Where is the air density and for an altitude of 1500m (approximate) above sea
level.
= 1.00 kg /m3
Vref = the reference wind velocity and is given as
Vref = CDIR * CTEM * CALT * Vref,0
Taking the three factors as unity and given Vref,0 =22 m/s, finally we get the reference
wind pressure to be
qref = 0.5 *(1.00 kg/m3) *(22.0 m/s)2
= 242 pa

Mekelle University, faculty of science and technology department of civil eng’g

 A design of (G+4) low cost building and its cost estimation (by using ribbed slab)

ii. External coefficient

According to section 3.8.5(2), the exposure coefficient is given by,
2 % 7 * KT "
Ce(z) = C r ( Z ) * C t ( Z ) * #1 &
$ C r (Z ) * Ct (Z ) !
Where KT –is the terrain factor
Cr(z) – is the roughness coefficient
Ct(z) – is the topography coefficient and taken to be unity
For the terrain classification, the site is assumed to fall under category iv (the worst
case) which is urban area in which at least 15% of the surface is cover with buildings and
their average height exceeds 15m. Then, from table 3.2,
KT = 0.24 , Z0 = 1m , Zmin = 16m
The actual height of the building, Ze, is equal to 16.7m
,Z )
Cr(Ze)=KT*ln ** e '' for Zmin - Ze - 200m
+ Zo (
Cr(Ze) = Cr(Zmin) , for Ze - Zmin
Where KT- terrain factor
Z0 – roughness length
Zmin – minimum height
Since 16m <16.4m < 200m, we have to use the 1st one. Then;
Cr(Ze) = 0.676 , Ct(Ze) =1.0
Ce(Ze) = 1.59
We have two separated and almost typical adjacent buildings, so the computation,
analyze and result of one building can be used for the other one.

iii. External pressure coefficient

Our roof is considered as both monopitch and hipped roof. The external pressure
coefficient depends on the size of the loaded area, A, and as per the code it is given as:
Cpe = Cpe, 1 A - 1m2
Cpe =Cpe, 1 + (Cpe, 10 – Cpe, 1) log A 1m2 < A < 10m2
Cpe = Cpe,10 A . 10m2
Our roof is modeled and designed as both monopitch(according to appendix A.2.4)
and hipped roof(according to appendix A.2.6)of EBCS -1 ,1995.
Case-1
Wind direction / = 00 5.85m

18.27m M
12.06m
5.188m H
L
2.412m F1 G F2 2.412m

6.03m 12.06m 6.03m

/=00

Mekelle University, faculty of science and technology department of civil eng’g

 A design of (G+4) low cost building and its cost estimation (by using ribbed slab)

e = b or 2h which ever is smaller

3b 4 24.12m
e = min 2
12h 4 34.44m

e = 24.12m
The pitch angle;
, 1.7 )
!0 = tan-1 *+ 7.6 '( =12.610

Since !0=12.610 applying linear interpolation between +50 +150 the following result
is obtained.

Table 1.1 Cpe values for / = 00

Zone F G H L M
Cpe,10 -1.092 -0.896 -0.372 -1.352 -0.6
-0.256 -0.136 0.008 - -
Cpe,1 -2.12 -1.62 -0.516 -2.0 -0.624
-0.448 -0.328 -0.136 - -
Table 1.2 will gives the Cpe values and their respective wind pressure for the
different parts of the roof and the bigger Cpe values is taken for a given roof part.

Table 1.2 wind pressures for / =00

Zone F1 F2 G H L M

Area(m2) 14.54 12.31 29.09 105.5 14.11 26.839

Cpe -1.092 -1.092 -0.896 -0.372 -1.352 -0.6

-0.256 -0.256 -0.136 +.008 - -

Wind = - 420.18N/m2(suction) = - 520.22N/m2(suction)

pressure(N/m2 = +3.08N/m2(pressure)

Mekelle University, faculty of science and technology department of civil eng’g

 A design of (G+4) low cost building and its cost estimation (by using ribbed slab)

Case-2
Wind direction / = 900
4.765m 1.085m

F2 2.71m
18.27m H
G 5.43m / =900

7.6m N L F1
M 2.71m

17.61m 5.425m 1.085m

3b 4 10.85
e = min 2
12h 4 34.44m
e = 10.85
, 1.7 )
And pitch angle 590 = tan-1 *+ 5.8 '( = 16.20

Applying linear interpolation between 5 = +150 and +300 for 5 = 16.20 the Cpe values
are as follows.

Table 1.3 Cpe values at /=900

Zone F G H L M N
Cpe,10 -0.788 -0.776 -0.292 -1.4 -0.616 -0.292
0.224 -0.68 -0.244 -1.4 -0.616 -0.292
-0.788 0.144 0.166 -1.4 -0.616 -0.292
0.224 0.24 0.216 -1.4 -0.616 -0.292
Cpe,1 -1.96 1.26 -0.292 -2.0 1.008 -0.292
-1.80 1.436 -0.244 -2.0 1.008 -0.292
0.064 0.064 0.168 -2.0 1.008 -0.292
0.240 0.240 0.216 -2.0 1.008 -0.292

Table 1.4 wind pressure at /=900

Zone F1 F2 G H L M N
Area(m2) 2.18 2.940 5.892 30.00 8.246 20.615 133.34
Cpe -1.56 -0.310 -1.56 -0.292 -1.45 -0.616 -0.292
0.235 0.24 0.235 0.216 -1.45 -0.616 -0.292
2 2
Wind = - 600.26N/m (suction) = -557.93N/m (suction)
pressure = + 92.35 N/m2 (pressure)

Mekelle University, faculty of science and technology department of civil eng’g

 A design of (G+4) low cost building and its cost estimation (by using ribbed slab)

Case-3
Wind direction / = -900
5.53m
0.32m
0.8m F2

1.6m G2 H2 3.2m
0.8m F2
M
/ =-900 3.8m G1 6.84m
H1 I L
3.8m F1 0.76m

0.76m 3.04m 20.32m

3b 4 7.6m
e = min 2
12h 4 34.44m
e = 7.6m
51 = 12.6m
/1 = 900
52 = 16.2m
/2 = 1800

Table1.5 Cpe values at 900 and 1800

Zone F1 G1 H1 I L M F2 G2 H2
Cpe,10 -1.372 -1.876 -0.752 -0.412 -1.352 -0.6 -2.388 -1.26 -0.892
- - - - - - - - -
Cpe,1 -2.048 -2.380 -1.20 -0.792 -2.0 -0.624 -2.76 -1.96 -1.168
- - - - - - - - -

Table 1.6 wind pressure

Zone F1 G1 H1 I L M F2 G2 H2
Area(m2) 2.888 2.888 23.104 132.202 4.45 9.08 0.256 0.512 17.696
Cpe -1.74 -2.15 -0.752 -0.412 -1.58 -0.60 -2.76 -1.96 -0.892
- - - - - - - - -
Wind = - 827.28N/m2(suction) = - 607.95N/m2 = -1061.993N/m2 (suction)
pressure (suction)

Mekelle University, faculty of science and technology department of civil eng’g

 A design of (G+4) low cost building and its cost estimation (by using ribbed slab)

Case-4
Wind direction / =1800
/=1800

2.925m2.925m

3.465m 6.93m 3.465m F2 G2 0.85m

H2 2.34m
1.386m F1 G1 F1

H1 I2 7.66m
6.214m

5.85m
3b 4 13.86m
e1= min 2
12h 4 34.44m
e1 =13.86m
e2= min
e2 = 5.85m
Similar to other cases before
51 = 12.6m
/1 = 1800
52 = 16.2m
/2 = 900

Table 1.7 Cpe values

Zone F1 G1 H1 F2 G2 H2 I1
Cpe,10 -2.452 -1.3 -0.876 -1.292 -1.868 -0.816 -0.708
Cpe,1 -2.728 -2.0 -1.2 -2.0 -2.46 -1.208 -1.2

Table1.8 wind pressure

Zone F1 G1 H1 F2 G2 H2 I1
Area(m2) 8.349 16.68 86.126 8.349 2.486 13.689 44.811
Cpe -2.474 -1.3 -0.876 -1.35 -2.23 -0.816 -0.708
2
Wind = - 951.945N/m (suction) = - 858.06N/m2(suction) = - 272.43N/m2
pressure (suction)

Internal pressure
Internal pressure,Wi is the obtained from
Wi = qref *Ce(zi) * Cpi
Where Cpi is the internal pressure coefficient and according to the code for
closed buildings with internal partitions and opening windows.
Cpi = 0.8 or -0.5

Mekelle University, faculty of science and technology department of civil eng’g

 A design of (G+4) low cost building and its cost estimation (by using ribbed slab)

Ce(zi) = Ce(ze) =1.59

qref = 242 pa
Therefore the extreme values of the internal pressure are
Wi = 242 * 1.59 *(0.8) =307.824 pa (pressure)
And Wi = 242 * 1.59 *(-0.5) = -192.39 pa (suction)
6 Net pressure
The net wind pressure is the difference of the pressures on each surface taking due
account of their signs. And there will be various net wind pressure combinations out of
which the severe cases are taken. These combinations are determined for purlin design
and truss analysis at every step.
6 live load
Since the roof is in accessible except for normal maintenance or other similar things,
it follows under category H and accordingly for sloping roof.
qk= 0.2 5KN/m2
QK = 1.0KN
6 Dead load
The dead load of the purlin and truss members also determined in the following
steps.
- self weight of the roof cover = 130N/m2
- self weight of the ceiling chip board. = 8KN/m3
6 load combination
Combination of actions for persistent and transient design situations is determined
according to section [Link] of EBCS-1,1995, considering ultimate limit state ,cases to
be considered are
Case-1 unfavorable
= 1.1DL + 1.35(WL (pressure +LL)
Case-2 favorable
=0.9 DL +1.6 WL (suction)

Truss lay out

T2
1.6m
T2
1.6m

T2
3.8m
T3
T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1
T4
T5 3.8m

2m 2m 2.5m 2.5m 2m 2m 1.78m 1.78m 2.925m 2.925m

Mekelle University, faculty of science and technology department of civil eng’g

 A design of (G+4) low cost building and its cost estimation (by using ribbed slab)

Truss types

TYPE-1(T1)

Panel length, s = 1.2979m

Pitch angle, 5 =12.60
1.7m Total length of members = 29.5m

1.27m
7.6m

TYPE-2(T2)

Panel length, s = 1.015m

1.7m Pitch angle, 5 =16.20
Total length of members = 21.6m

1.463m

5.85m
TYPE-3(T3)

Panel length, s = 1.2m

1.7m Pitch angle, 5 =13.710
Total length of members =24.52m

1.74m

6.97m

TYPE-4(T4)

Panel length, s = 1.625m

1.7m Pitch angle, 5 =10.010
Total length of members =34.82m

1.6m

9.6m

Mekelle University, faculty of science and technology department of civil eng’g

 A design of (G+4) low cost building and its cost estimation (by using ribbed slab)

TYPE -5(T5)

Panel length, s = 1.39m

Pitch angle, 5 =11.800
1.7m Total length of members =30.92m

1.4m

8.14m
Purlin design

For the purlin section, choose RT-84 as a preliminary one.

Dimension and properties are :
Dimension nominal size, H = 80mm and B = 40mm
Self weight, W = 5.19Kg/m = 50.91 KN/m
Properties A = 6.61cm2
Ix = 52.25cm4 , Iy = 17.56cm4
Sx =13.06cm3 , Sy = 8.78cm3
rx = 2.81cm , ry = 1.63cm
A) Cross-section classification
For Fe 430 steel, Fy = 275Mpa and
0.5
, 235 )
7= * ' = 0.92
* F '
+ y (
Internal flange, C = b -3t = 31mm
C 31
= = 10.33 8 267(= 23.92) ………class 1
tf 3
Web with N.A at mid depth, d = 80-3*3 = 71mm
d 71
= = 23.67 8 727 (=66.24) …………class 4
tw 3
The section does fall in the class 4 and thus the elastic section modulus is used
without reduction for determining the design capacities.

B) Design capacities
9m0 = material safety factor
=1.1
i) Elastic moment capacity
W * FY 8.78 * 275 * 10 3
My, Rd = el = = 2.195KN.m
9 mo 1.1
Wel * FY 13.06 * 275 *10 3
Mx, Rd = = = 3.265KN.m
9 mo 1.1

Mekelle University, faculty of science and technology department of civil eng’g

 A design of (G+4) low cost building and its cost estimation (by using ribbed slab)

ii) Shear capacity: the design plastic shear resistance is given by

Av * Fy
Vpl, Rd =
3 * 9 mo
Where Av is shear area and for RHS it is given by
A*h 6.61 * 7.4
Av = = = 4.53cm2
b&h 3.4 & 7.4
Then Vpl, Rd =
:4.53 * 10 < 4 ; * 275 * 10 6
=65.39KN
1 .2 * 3
C) Loading
i) Dead load, GK1(purlin) = 50.91N/m
,GK2 (roofing) = 130*1.3 =169N/m
Total load,GK = 219.91N/m
ii) Live load
qK = 0.25*13 = 0.325KN/m
QK = 1KN/m ……..located at the center

iii) Net wind load

QK2 = (-827.28-307.824)*1.3 = -1.476KN/m (suction)
QK2 = (92.35-(-192.39))*1.3 = 0.37KN/m (pressure)

D) Analysis
y

5 = 12.60

Case 1: total design load

X-axis, Pdx = 1.1*(219.91*sin5) +1.35*(325* sin5)
= 148.478
Point load, Pdx2 = 1.35*1* sin5 = 1.35*1* sin12.60 = 294N
Y-axis, Pdy =1.1*(219.91*cos5) +1.35*(325*cos5+370)
=1163.76N/m
And point load, Pdy2 = 1.35*cos12.60
=1317.5N

y 1317.5N x 294N
1163.76N/m 148.478N/m

z z

2.5m 2.5m

Mekelle University, faculty of science and technology department of civil eng’g

 A design of (G+4) low cost building and its cost estimation (by using ribbed slab)

Design bending moments and shear forces at the critical sections are:
l2 l
My,sd = Pdx * & Px *
8 4
2
2.5 2.5
= 148.478 * & 294 * = 0.2997KN.m8 My,Rd (=2.195KN.m) …ok!
8 4
2.5 2 2.5
Mx,sd = 1163.76 * & 1317.5 *
8 4
=1.732KN.m 8 Mx, Rd = 3.265KN.m………ok!!
1163.76 * 2.5 1317.5
Vsd,max = & = 2.11KN 8 Vpl,Rd = 65.39KN …ok!
2 2
Check for combined action of shear and moment
Vsd max 2.11
= = 0.0323 8 0.5 = no moment reduction
V plRD 65.39
> Check for combined effect
M x , sd M y , sd
& 8 1.0
M x , RD M y , RD
1.732 0.2997
= & = 0.667 8 1.0 ……ok!!
3.265 2.195
> Check for deflection
According to table 5.1 of EBCS-3, 1995 allowable deflection for roofs
generally is
L 2500
Smax = = =12.5mm
200 200
L 2500
And ?z = = = 10.0mm
250 250
The actual deflection obtained using unfactored load is

?x =
:5; * ,* Wx * l 4 & Px * l 3 )'
384 *+ E * I y 48 * E * I y '(
= [(5/384)*(0.12*2.54) + (0.22*2.53) /48] * 1/ (210*106*17.56*10-8)
=3.60mm
Similar, the other components is
?y = [(5/384)*(0.902*2.54) + (0.976*2.53) /48] * 1/(210*106*52.25*10-8)
= 7.44mm
Hence, the overall deflection or vertical deflection
?= :? x
2
&?y
2
; = 8.26mm 8 10mm
Therefore, the section is safe from deflection.

Case 2: Total design load

X-axis: Pdx = 0.9(219.91*sin12.60) = 43.175N/m
Y-axis: Pdy = 0.9(219.91*cos12.60) +1.6*(1476) = -2168.45N/m

Mekelle University, faculty of science and technology department of civil eng’g

 A design of (G+4) low cost building and its cost estimation (by using ribbed slab)

x y
43.175N/m -2168.45N/m

z z

2.5m 2.5m
The design moment and shear are
43.175 * 2.5 2
My,sd = =0.034KN.m 8 My,Rd (=2.195KN.m)
8
2168.45 * 2.5 2
Mx,sd = = 1.69KN.m 8 Mx,Rd (=3.265KN.m)
2
2168.45 * 2.5
Vsd,max = = 2.71KN 8 Vpl,Rd (=65.39KN)
2
Check for shear effect on bending
Vsd 2.71
= = 0.041 8 0.5 …..Ok!!
V pl , Rd 65.39
Therefore no reduction in the design moments is required.
> Check for combined effect
M x , sd M y , sd
& < 1.0
M x , RD M y , RD
=1.69/3.265 +0.034/2.195
=0.533 8 1.0 ……..ok!!
> Check for deflection
From the above computation, allowable deflections are:
?Max =12.5mm and ?2 =10mm
But the actual deflection (vertical) is given as:
? =?y*cos5 -?x*sin5 where 5 =12.60
Where ?x = (5/384)*[(0.048*2.54)/ (210*106*17.56*10-8)]
= 0.662mm
?y = (5/384)*[(1.261*2.54)/ (210*106*52.25*10-8)]
= 5.845mm
After all
? = 5.845*cos12.60 - 0.662*sin12.60
= 5.56mm 8 10mm
Therefore our section is safe for deflection.

STRESS ANALYSIS OF TRUSS

A) As a sample analysis and design of truss 1 is given. To determine the self

weight of the truss we choose RT-64 section as a preliminary section for the truss
members. Properties and resistance capacities of the section are as follows:

Mekelle University, faculty of science and technology department of civil eng’g

 A design of (G+4) low cost building and its cost estimation (by using ribbed slab)

i) Dimension and properties y

Nominal sizes, 60mm by 40mm
Wall thickness, t =3mm
Self weight, W = 41.59N/m
A = 5.41cm2 = 541mm2 x
Ix =25.38cm4 Iy = 13.44cm4
3
Sx =8.46cm Sy =6.72cm3
Ry =2.17cm Rx =1.58cm
ii) Section capacity in tension
For section in axial tension, the design plastic resistance as per
EBCS-3, 1995(4.4) is:
A * Fy
Npl,Rd=
9 ml
Where A - cross sectional area and is equal to 541mm2
Fy = yield stress of the material =275Mpa
9m1 = material safety factor =1.1
Npl,Rd =541*275/1.1 = 135.25KN
iii) Section capacity in compression
Classification for Fe 430 steel
235
7= = 0.92
275
Internal flange : C=b -3t = 40 -3*3 = 31mm
C 31
= =10.33 8 267 (= 23.92) …class 1
tf 3
For web where whole section is subjected to compression:
d 54
= =18 8 397 (=35.88) …..Class 1
tw 3
Then the design compression resistance of the cross section is
A * Fy
Ncomb,Rd =
9 mo
Where 9m0 = material partial safety factor for class 1,2 or 3 cross
section
9m0 =1.1
Ncomb,Rd = 541*275/1.1

Loading
! Dead load
Total length of the truss members = 29.50m
-self weight of the truss ,GK1 =41.59N/m *29.50m =1.226KN
-self weight of the ceiling ,GK2 = (7.60*2.5*0.008*)*8 KN =1.216KN
Total load ,GK = 2.442KN
Since we have 7 panel joints
= 1.226/7 = 0.175KN
And = 1.216/7 = 0.174KN

Mekelle University, faculty of science and technology department of civil eng’g

 A design of (G+4) low cost building and its cost estimation (by using ribbed slab)

0.175KN
0.175KN
0.175KN
0.175KN
0.175KN
1.7m 0.175KN
0.175KN
7.6m
0.174K 0.174KN 0.174KN 0.174KN 0.174KN 0.174KN 0.174KN

Similarly for the 5.85m span the weight of the truss and the ceiling can be
sketched.

DESIGN OF TRUSS

In order to get the maximum design actions, we take three different

combinations:
Case 1 - Dead load +Live load (concentrated)
Case 2 - Dead load + Live load (distributed)
Case 3 - Dead load + wind load

Analysis

Case-1 P=0.98KN
0.268KN/m =W

2.5m

M = P*l/4 + W*l2/8
=0.98*2.5/4 + 0.268*2.52/8
= 0.822KN.m

Case-2 0.317KN/m = W1

0.268KN/m = W2

2.5m

l2 l2
M = W1 * & W2 *
8 8
= (0.317+0.268)*2.52/8
=0.457KN/m

Mekelle University, faculty of science and technology department of civil eng’g

 A design of (G+4) low cost building and its cost estimation (by using ribbed slab)

Case-3
-0.913KN/m

2.5m

2
l
M=W* = (0.913*2.52)/8
8
=0.713KN.m
From the above three cases, case 1 is the critical case which gives maximum
moment, Mmax = 0.822KN.m

Determination of reaction of purlins

Case-1 DL + LL (concentrated)
0.98KN
0.268KN/m

2.5m

R = 0.825KN, but the reaction on a given truss at panel points is equal to 2R,
however at the heel is equal to R.

0.825m
1.65m
1.65m
1.65m
1.65m
1.7m 1.65m
0.825m

5.85m

0.825KN
1.65KN
1.65KN
1.65KN
1.65KN
1.7m 1.65KN
0.825KN

1.7m 5.69m

Mekelle University, faculty of science and technology department of civil eng’g