004 Analyzing solving load flow output results

Được chép bởi TurboScribe.ai. Nâng cấp lên Không giới hạn để xóa thông báo này.
(0:00 - 0:22)
Hello and welcome everyone, very happy that we're all together again. In this tutorial we
will continue illustrating the load flow analysis on the ETAP software. Now the next step we
need to do is to analyze the different parameters that we have got from the load flow
analysis as some results.

(0:23 - 1:31)
You can notice that there are some components that are red colored like those capels and
like those plus pars and this is a property of the ETAP software as when it colors a specific
element with the red color it gives us a hint that this component is having a critical alert or
this component is designed out of the standards to be an overloaded element or an under
loaded element. So the red components need to be redesigned as its designing process or
its designing parameters are out of the nominal range and this is what's called the critical
alert. So once we see a red element in the load flow analysis we know that this element is
having a critical alert which means that it must be redesigned to set its designing
parameters in the required range.

(1:31 - 26:40)
On the other hand if the component is in the purple color it means that its designing
parameters are not in the nominal values exactly or they are not the most suitable designing
values but at this time it's in the accepted range or it's in the allowed designing range and
this is what's called the marginal alert. So the marginal alerted components which is the
purple components are not necessary to be redesigned while the critical alerted
components which are the red components are necessary to be redesigned. And to express
all of the alerts we have in this design to be a marginal alert or a critical alert we can easily
press on this alert tab here or this alert view tab.

You can see this table poops up for us here we can drag it up so this table expresses all of
the alerted components the critical alerted components on this upper table and the
marginal alerted components on this lower table. And you can notice that all of the alerts
we have are of the critical alerts and we have no marginal alerts so we can drag this
marginal alert table down as here we will focus on the critical alerts for example it tells us
that cable one is an overloaded cable so we can drag down a little bit and drag down and
also we can zoom out in the design or in the one line view by ctrl and scrolling backward.
And here if we focused on this first cable which is this cable number one we can find that it
tells us that it's of the type cable and its alert is an overloading alert so this cable one is an
overloaded cable which means that it carries actually an actual current that is larger than
the design current that this cable can withstand so this cable must carry a maximum ampere
of 775 ampere but actually its operating current or the actual current passing through it that
those two loads absorb is 920 ampere which means that this cable is an overloaded cable
with a percentage of 118 percent so it's an overloaded with an extension current
percentage of 18 percent higher than the maximum current that it can withstand so this
percentage value is the division process of this operating current which is the actual current
over the design current that the cable can withstand as a maximum value or it's the rated
current that this cable is designed to withstand times 100 so 920 over 775 times 100 will
give us this operating percentage of 118 percent also the same idea for this second cable
here this second cable which is cable number three you can see it's an overloaded with a
percentage of 164 percent which means that the rating current that this third cable or this
second cable can withstand as a maximum value is 766 ampere but it operates actually at a
current of 1259 ampere so the division process of this operating value over this rating value
times 100 will give us this percentage of 164 percent and the same idea also is applied to
this cable number five as it's an overloaded with a percentage of 122 percent and we can
have a full report having all of the details related to the load flow analysis when we press on
this report manager tab and here it asks us if we need just to view the report not to save it
or if we need to save the report as a pdf or if we need to save it as a microsoft word or if we
need to save it as a rec text file or as a microsoft excel file if we need to save it as an excel
sheet and so on also if we press on this input tab we can select just some parameters to
express their technical data on the report and by the same way if we press on this results
tab we can select some output results that we need to express in the report and by the
same way if we press on the summary tab we can express just some points of the summary
not to express all of the points but if we need to express all of the summary points all of the
results points all of the input points we press on this complete tab as by this complete
option we are expressing all of the inputs and all of the points related to the load flow
report and now let's save it as a pdf then we press on ok here the report is generating so it's
loading now and that's it here the report has been generated successfully here this is the
initial study case that we have generated the load flow study case also we close this tab and
zoom in a little bit and go down you can see it tells us that this load flow analysis is
calculated at the design mood or at the design case of the loads and at the design case of
the power grid and there is no load diversity factor as we have not selected it or we have
not specified it and it tells us that we have just one swing pass and we have three branches
and we have no voltage control pass and we have six loot passes so we have a total seven
pass pars one swing pass bar for the medium voltage grid and six loop pass bars for the
different pass bars we have after the transformer and at the loads levels now if we go down
here we find that the method of solution for applying the load flow analysis is the adaptive
newton-raphson method and we have a maximum number of iterations of 99 and the
precision of solution is at a very higher level so the precision value is very low which means
that we are very precise here it's 0.0001 and those are some information about our project
also those are some data related to the tolerance values of the different components we
have and we can go down and here the input data for the different passes we have here the
rated voltage the initial voltage value the value of the power consumed by the different
passes so we can go down also here we have one generation pass and the rest of the passes
we have are some load passes also we go down we can find that those are the data related
to the different cables we have the library of the cable the cable size the number of parallel
cables the temperature or the designing temperature of the cable also let's go down as you
see those are the different information related to the three transformers that we have
selected those are the technical data that we have entered for the different transformers
also we can go down here we find that those are some information related to the branch
connections for example transformer one is connecting from pass one to pass two so its
entering point is pass one and its ending point is pass two also transformer three is
connecting from pass one to pass six and cable one is connecting from pass two to pass
seven and so on now we can drag down and here those are the information related to the
load flow analysis as those are the information that we have discussed visually on the single
line diagram we have here each pass we have and the different ratings for it the kilovolt
ampere the voltage angle the generation of the megawatt and the megawatt and also the
load and as pass one is connected to the source or the medium voltage power grid so it has
no load they are zero while for the passes connected to the loads they are having a load or
they are having a power in megawatt and in megavolt ampere active so for the load passes
like pass seven it has no generation or its generation is zero as it doesn't generate any
power while for pass one as it's connected to the medium voltage power grid so it has a
generation value and it has zero load or its load power is zero but here for pass seven it has
no generation and it has a load as it's connected to a load that consumes the power also the
different power factors appears here for the different load passes and by the same way we
can go down here for the direct connected loads or for the passes that are connected to the
direct connected loads which are pass 7 pass 9 and pass 11 as those are the three passes
that are connected to the loads directly we can revise them from the one line view as you
see pass 7 pass 9 pass 11 they are those three passes that are connected directly to the
loads and here are the different power values for them and the different current values and
the different power factors for each of them now we go down also those are some data
related to the branch load summary so for the different branches those are the data related
to them and we go down here we have the branch losses summary report so we have cable
one cable three and cable five transformer one transformer two transformer three and we
have the losses of them in kilowatt and in kilovar and we have also the voltage drop across
each of them for example cable one is having a voltage drop of 0.04 percent and cable three
is having a voltage drop of 0.14 as we said before and transformer one is having a larger
voltage drop of 6.95 which is larger than the maximum allowable value or the maximum
standard value of five percent and also transformer two is having a very larger voltage drop
value of 7.53 and so on now we go down and here this is the most important table we have
which is having the alerts so this is the alert summary report so if we go down we can access
the critical alerts report here this is the report for the different elements that are having
critical alerts as we said before cable one cable three and cable five are overloaded as cable
one is overloaded with 118 percent and cable three is overloaded with 146 percent and so
on now we go down to the marginal alerts here we have no marginal alerts so there is no
table for the marginal alerts and this is a summary for the total generation loading and
demand now let's go back to the etap software and at this point we need to solve the
problem of the overloading condition of the different cables and this is done by increasing
the cable cross-sectional area to be able to withstand the actual current that is absorbed
actually by the electrical loads so we can access the cable designing data for example cable
one by double click on it and here instead of using two parallel cables with a cross-sectional
area of 240 millimeters square we can increase the number of parallel cables to p3 instead
of 2 as when increasing the cross-sectional area of the cable we are increasing the allowed
current to flow through it so we press on ok then we run the load flow analysis again very
good you can see the cable color has been converted from red to the normal black color
which means that this critical alert has been solved so the cable now is able to carry the full
current passing through it and we can ensure also by detecting the critical alerts you can see
cable one has been removed from the critical alerts table and now we repeat the same idea
with the rest of the two cables exactly as they appear to be overloaded as we said before so
we can access the second cable designing data and here instead of using two parallel cables
that have a cross-sectional area of 240 millimeters square we can use the 300 millimeter
square cable and we can use three parallel cables then okay then run the load flow analysis
again very good you can see the second cable has been removed from the critical alerts as
its color now is purple not red which means that it's at the marginal alert case so as we said
before the marginal alerts are some accepted alerts as they are within the accepted or the
marginal designing range also we can check here we have just cable 5 at the critical alerts
table while we will have cable 2 at the marginal alerts here when we drag this table up you
can see we have cable 3 at the marginal alerts and as we said before the marginal alerts are
some accepted alerts so the cable now operates at a current or at an operation current of
99 percent which means that it carries actually a current of 1285 ampere while it should
carry a rated current of 1271 ampere now we go to the last cable we have here a double
click on it and at this case instead of using two parallel cables where each of them is rated or
it has a cross-sectional area of 185 millimeters square we can use three parallel cables and
we press on ok then we run the load flow analysis again very good you can see the cable
color has been converted from red to black which means that it has no alerts or no marginal
or no critical alerts and also we ensure that from the critical alerts table all of the cables
have been removed from the critical alerts table all right now the second type of alerts we
have is related to the voltage levels on the different passbars you can see all of those
passbars are red here all of those six passbars are colored with red and this means that their
voltage levels decrease exceeds five percent and this is as a result of the voltage drop across
the different components we have for example the voltage level at the medium voltage grid
passbar is 100 percent while after this first transformer the voltage level has been decreased
to p93 percent which means that we have a voltage drop across this first transformer of
about seven percent so seven percent exceeds the allowable designing range of five percent
hence when the voltage drop is higher than five percent this means that we are out of the
maximum allowable voltage and there will be a critical under voltage case at the system
which results in a problem in the power network as the power network will not work
efficiently or there may be some damage of the power components of the system when
they are working at the under voltage condition and to solve this problem of the higher
voltage drop we can use one of two methods the first one is to increase the overall power
factor of the system and we say that increasing the power factor will reduce the voltage
drop because the voltage drop equals the current times the impedance of the system so
when we are reducing the current the voltage drop will be reduced and if we need to reduce
the current drawn from the total network this can be done by improving the power factor as
when we increase the power factor we are reducing the total consumed reactive power q
but as the current equals the complex power over the impedance or it equals the active
power p plus jq over the impedance so the current is directly proportional to the reactive
power q or it's directly proportional to the q value so when decreasing the power factor we
are decreasing the q value hence we are decreasing the current value and as a final result
we are decreasing the voltage drop as the voltage drop is proportional to the current
directly and the current is proportional to the reactive power value and increasing the
power factor will decrease the q value or the reactive power value so this is the first solution
by adding a capacitor bank and the second solution we have to decrease the voltage drop is
to adjust the transformer tap setting as we learned from the previous tutorials if we
decrease the number of turnings of the primary windings by setting the tap percentage on a
negative value at this case we are reducing the primary winding turns which results in
decreasing the voltage drop across the primary windings which results finally in increasing
the voltage across the secondary winding of the transformer which reduces the voltage drop
finally as the number of turnings of the secondary windings are constant so let's do that
here by opening the first transformer designing data then we go to the tap window and we
set the tap at a fixed percentage of minus four percent for example minus four percent here
by setting it with a minus four percent we are canceling a number of turns of the primary
windings of the transformer then we press on ok and we run the load flow analysis again
very good you can see the voltage drop at the secondary side of the first transformer at
postpartum number two and postpartum number seven has been decreased as the voltage
level at postpartum number two now equals 97.26 and the voltage level at postpartum
number seven equals 97.23 so the voltage drop at both of them now is less than five
percent and this appears also in the two postparts we have as their color has been changed
from the red color to the purple color which means that the alert related to those two
postparts now is a marginal alert not a critical alert so we managed to increase the voltage
level at the two postparts by reducing the voltage drop across the transformer and across
this cable to be less than five percent and we can ensure that also at the critical alerts so
post number seven and post number two has been removed from the critical alerts table
and they have been added to the marginal alerts table you can see this is post number two
and this is post number seven and they are at an under voltage condition but with a less
value than five percent so we are at an accepted design in case now also we can repeat the
same step exactly for those two transformers or for the rest of the postparts we have here
we access the second transformer then the tap window and set the tap to p minus four
percent and okay and the tap of the third transformer to p minus four percent and okay
then we run the load flow analysis very good you can see the voltage drop at the second
transformer has been reduced to p less than five percent as the voltage level at postpart
number four is 96.8 percent and the voltage level at postpart number nine is 96.76 percent
so there is no critical alerts now or we have cleared the critical alerts table and the same
idea also for postpart number six and postpart number 11 as we are converted now from
the red color to the black color which means that we are not having even the marginal alerts
so there is no alerts for those two postparts here as the voltage level is less than two
percent so what's remaining for us now is the marginal alerts which are some accepted
alerts as we said before now we drag this tab down so by this power flow analysis we
managed to solve the different designing parameters problems like the overloading and the
under voltage conditions more than great so that's about this tutorial that's the key right
now thank you for watching and see you next tutorials
Được chép bởi TurboScribe.ai. Nâng cấp lên Không giới hạn để xóa thông báo này.