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PROJECT REPORT

Pharmaceutical nanotechnology
Project Report submitted to
PROJECT WORK SUBMITTTED TO RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI
VISWIYALAYA BHOPAL (M.P.)

IN PARTIAL FULFIMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF PHARMACY

SUBMITTED SUBMITTED BY
Mr. Umesh Chaursiya Kranti yadav

(Asst. Professor) B. Pharma (8th Sem.)

Enrollment No. -0606PY211050

 DAKSH INSTITUDE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE
Introduction:-

Nano technology is a revolutionary field that deals with the design,

synthesis, and application of materials and devices at the nanometer
scale. It involves working with particles and structures that are
incredibly small, typically measuring between 1-100 nanometers. At
this scale, materials exhibit unique properties that differ significantly
from their bulk counterparts, enabling innovative applications across
various fields.

In essence, nano technology is about harnessing the power of the tiny

to create materials, devices, and systems with unprecedented
capabilities. Its potential applications span medicine, electronics,
energy, and more, promising to transform industries and improve lives.
HISTORY OF NENOTECHNOLOGY
The father of Nanotechnology is Heinrich Rohrer. He was born on 6th June
1933 and died on 16th May 2013 in Switzerland. He is an employer in IBM and
he got a Nobel prize in Physics. Some of the nanoparticles manufacturer
companies are Adnano Technologies Private Limited in Majjigenahalli,
Advanced Nanotech Lab in Maharashtra, Auto Fiber craft in Jharkhand, etc.
The term has two parts Nano and Technology. The word Nano means a very
small in size and everyone knows what a millimeter is if we cut down a
millimeter into thousand equal parts one part of them is called a micrometer.
If we cut the micrometer further down into thousand equal parts one part of
them is called nanometer. Technology is a strategy or process developed by
science for the betterment of our life. A brief explanation of nanotechnology
applications is discussed below.

HISTORY OF PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLPGY:-

 Nanomedicine, the application of nanotechnology to medicine, has a history
that spans several decades. While the core concept of manipulating matter at
the atomic level, as introduced by Feynman in 1959, dates back to the mid-
20th century. The development of nanomedicine, however, truly took off in the
1990s with research focusing on applications in medicine, medical technology,
and pharmacology.
Key Milestones:
 1959:
Richard Feynman's groundbreaking speech, "There's Plenty of Room at the
Bottom," laid the theoretical foundation for nanotechnology.
 1974:
Norio Taniguchi coined the term "nanotechnology" in Japan, specifically in
relation to semiconductor processes.
 1980s:
The invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 allowed
scientists to visualize and manipulate individual atoms, further advancing
nanotechnology.
 1980s-1990s:
Researchers explored the potential of nanometer-sized particles for medical
applications, particularly in drug delivery and diagnostics.
 1990s:
Nanomedicine began to emerge as a distinct field of study, with research
focusing on various applications, including drug delivery, diagnostics, and
tissue regeneration.
 2000s-Present:
Nanomedicine has seen rapid growth, with increasing research and
development in areas like targeted drug delivery, cancer therapy, gene
therapy, and regenerative medicine.

TYPE OF NENOTECHNOLOGY

Nanotechnology can be broadly categorized into carbon-based, metal-

based, dendrimer, and nanocomposite nanomaterials. These categories
are based on the types of materials used and their unique properties at
the nanoscale

1. Carbon-based nanomaterials: These are made primarily of

carbon and include structures like carbon nanotubes, fullerene, and
graphene. Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical and have exceptional
strength and conductivity, making them useful in various applications.
Graphene, a single-layer sheet of carbon atoms, is also being explored
for its unique properties.

2. Metal-based nanomaterials: These include nanoparticles of

metals like gold, silver, and platinum, as well as metal oxides. Examples
include quantum dots, which are semiconductor nanocrystals with
unique optical properties. Metal nanoparticles are used in electronics,
medicine, and catalysis.

3. Dendrimers: These are highly branched, synthetic polymer

molecules with a nanoscale size and shape. They are used in various
applications, including drug delivery, sensing, and material science.

4. Nanocomposites: These are materials made by combining two or

more different nanomaterials. By combining different nanoparticles,
you can achieve new and improved properties.

In addition to these main categories, nanomaterials can also be

classified by their dimensionality (0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D). For example, a
nanoparticle is 0D, while a nanowire is 1D and a thin film is 2D.

Nano Technology in Pharmacy:-

Drug Delivery Systems:-
Nanotechnology has revolutionized drug delivery systems by enabling
targeted and controlled release of therapeutics. These systems improve
efficacy, reduce side effects, and enhance patient compliance.

Nanotechnology enhances drug delivery by using engineered

nanoparticles to target specific sites and control drug release,
minimizing side effects and improving drug efficacy. These
nanoparticles can encapsulate drugs or biomolecules, improving their
bioavailability, stability, and solubility. This approach allows for
controlled drug release, targeted delivery to diseased cells, and
reduced side effects.
Here's a more detailed look:

1. Improved Drug Efficacy and Targeting:

Targeted Delivery:

Nanoparticles can be designed to target specific cells or tissues,

ensuring the drug reaches the affected area while minimizing harm to
healthy tissues.

Controlled Release:

Nanoparticles can be programmed to release drugs at specific times or

in response to stimuli, optimizing drug efficacy and minimizing side
effects.

Enhanced Bioavailability:

By encapsulating drugs in nanoparticles, their solubility and stability can

be improved, leading to better absorption and bioavailability.

2. Reduced Side Effects:

Specific Targeting:

By targeting diseased cells, nanoparticles can reduce the need for high
drug concentrations, minimizing the risk of systemic side effects.

Controlled Release:

Controlled release ensures a sustained drug concentration, reducing

fluctuations and potential toxicity.

Reduced Toxicity:
Nanoparticles can protect drugs from enzymatic degradation and other
environmental factors, reducing their overall toxicity.

3. Types of Nanoparticles Used in Drug Delivery:

Liposomes:

These are spherical vesicles composed of lipid bilayers that can

encapsulate drugs and other molecules.

Dendrimers:

Highly branched synthetic polymers with a unique structure that allows

for efficient drug encapsulation and controlled release.

Polymeric Nanoparticles:

These are made from synthetic or natural polymers and can be

designed to deliver drugs to specific locations in the body.

Inorganic Nanoparticles:

Include materials like silica or iron oxide nanoparticles, which can be

used for drug delivery and imaging.

4. Applications:

Cancer Therapy:

Nanoparticles can be used to deliver drugs directly to cancer cells,

improving treatment efficacy and reducing side effects.

Neurodegenerative Diseases:

Targeted drug delivery to the brain can improve the treatment of

neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's disease.
 Infectious Diseases:

Nanoparticles can be used to deliver drugs to specific tissues affected

by infections, improving treatment

Nanotechnology targeted therapy

Nanotechnology targeted therapy refers to using nanoscale materials and
systems to deliver therapies to specific cells or tissues, like those in tumors,
with greater precision and efficiency. This approach aims to enhance
treatment effectiveness while minimizing harm to healthy tissues.

 Nanocarriers:
Nanoparticles are engineered to encapsulate drugs or other therapeutic
agents and then deliver them to the target cells.
 Targeting:
Nanoparticles are designed to recognize and bind to specific markers on the
surface of target cells, allowing them to be internalized and release the
therapeutic agent within the cell.
 Controlled Release:
 Nanocarriers can be engineered to release their cargo in a controlled
manner, either in response to specific stimuli or at a specific location within
the body.

 Improved Efficacy and Reduced Toxicity:

By targeting specific cells, nanotechnology can enhance the effectiveness of
therapies and reduce side effects associated with conventional treatments
like chemotherapy.
Examples of Nanotechnology in Targeted Therapy:
 Drug Delivery:
Nanoparticles can be loaded with chemotherapy drugs, gene therapies, or
immunotherapies and delivered directly to tumors.
 Radiotherapy Enhancement:
Nanoparticles can be used to concentrate radiation within tumors, improving
the effectiveness of radiotherapy while minimizing damage to surrounding
tissues.
 Immunotherapy:
Nanoparticles can be used to deliver immunostimulatory agents to tumor
cells, activating the immune system to fight cancer.
 Theragnostics:
Nanoparticles can be designed to both detect and treat cancer, integrating
diagnostics and therapy.
Benefits of Nanotechnology Targeted Therapy:
 Increased Precision:
Nanotechnology allows for the precise delivery of therapies to specific target
cells, reducing off-target effects.
 Enhanced Efficacy:
By concentrating therapeutic agents at the tumor site, nanotechnology can
improve the effectiveness of treatments.
 Reduced Toxicity:
By minimizing exposure of healthy tissues to therapeutic agents,
nanotechnology can reduce side effects.
 Potential for Personalized Medicine:
Nanotechnology can be used to tailor therapies to the specific molecular
profile of individual tumors.
 Challenges:
 Clinical Translation:
Despite promising results in preclinical studies, translating nanotechnology-
based therapies to clinical practice can be challenging.
 Particle Clearance:
The body's immune system can recognize and clear nanoparticles, hindering
their ability to reach the target.
 Drug Release Control:
Precise control of drug release within cells and tissues is still a significant
challenge.
 Long-Term Safety:
The long-term safety and toxicity of nanoparticles need to be thoroughly
evaluated.

Improve bioavailability
Pharmaceutical nanotechnology utilizes nanoscale materials to enhance drug
bioavailability, meaning the extent and rate at which a drug is absorbed into
the bloodstream. This is achieved by improving drug solubility, dissolution,
and targeting, leading to increased therapeutic efficacy.
Here's how nanotechnology improves bioavailability:

1. Enhancing Solubility and Dissolution:

 Reducing the size of drug particles to the sub-micron range (nanocrystals)
increases their surface area, accelerating dissolution and improving absorption.
 Solid Dispersions:
 Dispersing drugs within a polymer matrix can alter their crystalline structure,
making them more soluble and enhancing absorption.

 Self-Nano-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS):

These formulations form stable nanoemulsions upon gentle agitation,
increasing drug dissolution and permeability across biological membranes.
2. Targeted Delivery:
 Nanocarriers:
Nanoparticles can be designed to target specific tissues or cells, delivering
drugs to the desired location and minimizing off-target effects.
 Surface Modification:
Nanoparticles can be modified with targeting ligands to enhance their affinity
for specific receptors, further improving delivery to the target site.
3. Improving Stability and Protection:
 Encapsulation:
Nanocarriers can protect drugs from degradation in the harsh environment of
the gastrointestinal tract or from enzymatic breakdown in the body.
 Controlled Release:
Nanotechnology allows for the development of controlled-release drug
delivery systems, ensuring sustained drug release and improved
bioavailability.
Examples of Nanotechnology Applications:
 Polymeric Nanoparticles:
Used for oral delivery of drugs, enhancing their bioavailability upon
ingestion.
 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs):
Effective for delivering poorly soluble drugs and increasing their
bioavailability.
 Liposomes:
Enclose drugs within a lipid bilayer, protecting them and facilitating their
transport into cells.
 Nanocrystals:
Increase the surface area of drugs, leading to faster dissolution and
absorption.
Benefits of Improved Bioavailability:
 Reduced Dosage Requirements:
Higher bioavailability means that lower doses of a drug can be used to
achieve the desired therapeutic effect.
 Improved Therapeutic Efficacy:
Increased drug concentration at the target site leads to better treatment
outcomes.
 Reduced Side Effects:
Targeted delivery minimizes drug exposure to unintended tissues, potentially
reducing side effects.
 Increased Patient Compliance:
Improved bioavailability can lead to fewer and smaller doses, potentially
improving patient adherence to treatment.
By leveraging the power of nanotechnology, researchers and pharmaceutical
companies are developing innovative strategies to improve drug
bioavailability, ultimately leading to more effective and safer treatments

Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment

Nanoparticles are emerging as a promising approach in cancer

treatment, offering improved drug delivery, targeted therapy, and
enhanced therapeutic outcomes. They can encapsulate and deliver
drugs directly to cancer cells, minimizing side effects and maximizing
drug effectiveness. Additionally, nanoparticles can be used for
photothermal therapy, where light energy is converted into heat to
selectively destroy cancer cells.
Enhanced Drug Delivery:

Nanoparticles can be designed to carry and release drugs specifically at

the tumor site, bypassing healthy tissues and reducing systemic toxicity.
This targeted delivery enhances the effectiveness of chemotherapy and
other treatments.

Targeted Therapy:

Nanoparticles can be modified to target specific molecules or receptors

on cancer cells, allowing for more precise and selective treatment. This
targeted approach can minimize harm to healthy cells and tissues.

Photothermal Therapy:

Certain nanoparticles, like gold nanoparticles, can be activated by light

to generate heat, which can selectively destroy cancer cells. This
method can be particularly effective for localized tumors.

Improved Immunotherapy:
Nanoparticles can be used to boost the immune system's response to
cancer by enhancing antigen presentation and T-cell activation. They
can also induce tumor cell death, releasing neo-antigens that further
stimulate the immune system.

Theragnostics:

Nanoparticles can be used for both diagnosis and treatment. They can
be used as contrast agents for medical imaging, allowing for better
visualization of tumors. They can also be used to deliver drugs and
monitor treatment response.

Examples of Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment:

Gold Nanoparticles: Used in photothermal therapy, where they convert

light energy into heat to destroy cancer cells.

Silver Nanoparticles: Show promise in drug delivery and may have

intrinsic antibacterial and anticancer properties.

Polymeric Nanoparticles: Used for encapsulating and delivering

chemotherapy drugs.

Liposomes: Used to deliver drugs, with the ability to target specific

cancer cells.

Carbon Nanotubes: Used in various applications, including drug delivery

and photothermal therapy.

Quantum Dots: Used for imaging and drug delivery.

Application of pharmaceutical nanotechnology

If poor adhesion and absorption are added throughout the entire rest of the body, a
dose sufficient to be effective against the sick area of the body is likely to produce
noticeably detrimental consequences. The medications now in use rely on a very
minor variation in adhesion or absorption specificity. Pharmaceutical
nanotechnology has also been centered on the following applications [28].

Fig. 4: Polymeric micelles

Engineering tissue

Nanotechnology has the potential to help in tissue regeneration or repair. Growth

hormones and scaffolding made of the proper nanomaterials are used in "tissue
engineering" to artificially boost cell proliferation. Tissue engineering has the
potential to replace contemporary conventional treatments like organ transplants
and implanted gadgets. Nano-and micro-technologies can be integrated with
biomaterials to generate tissue-engineered scaffolding that can support and regulate
cell behavior [29].

Chemical diagnostics

By merging nanoparticles with other nanotechnology-based materials, this new

issue might be resolved and technologies developed that enable diagnostics at the
level of individual molecules and cells. QD particles serve as contrast agents in
bioimaging and provide a great deal more resolution than existing fluorescent dyes.
Cadmium selenide (CdSe), cadmium telluride (CdTe), indium phosphide (InP),
and indium arsenide are the most widely utilised QDs. (InAs) [30, 31].

Efficient delivery of drugs

Using nanoparticles to deliver medications has several advantages, including

enhancing the therapeutic efficacy and pharmacological characteristics of the
medicine. Although nanoparticles improve poorly water-soluble drug solubility,
change pharmacokinetics, lengthen the half-life of drugs by lowering
immunogenicity, increase drug precision for the target cell or tissue (thus reducing
side effects), improve bioavailability, reduce drug metabolism, allow for a more
controlled release of therapeutic compounds, and facilitate the simultaneous
delivery of two or more medications for combination treatment [32, 33].

In curing cancer

Colloidal drug delivery methods, including liposomes, micelles, and nanoparticles,

have received substantial investigation for use in the treatment of cancer. Drug-
delivery systems are more effective because of their small size, decreased drug
toxicity, time-controlled drug release, changed pharmacokinetics, and altered
biological dispersion of the medicine [34].

Implants and artificial organs

Another area where developments in nanotechnology might be efficiently applied

is the creation of artificial cells, tissues, and organs. In-depth study is being done
on artificial cells, particularly those that carry out metabolic functions, with the
goal of replacing damaged or dysfunctional cells and organs.

Pharmaceutical drug discovery

Nanotechnology assists in the identification and validation of targets by identifying

the protein on the interface or one was. Medicine distribution will be enhanced by
nanotechnology through miniaturization, mechanization, imitation, and test
reliability. Single-walled carbon nanotubes are good in identifying pathogen
surface proteins. Quantum dots are used to monitor the movement of individual
glycine receptors in the neuronal membrane of live cells for times ranging from
milliseconds to hours. Gold nanoparticles and nano-bodies, which are the smallest,
most accessible antigen-antibody fragments produced by ablynx, are two
nanomaterial’s that are often used in diagnostics [35, 36].

Aspects of pharmacological nanotechnology in the future

Pharmaceutical companies are struggling. As more "blockbuster" drug patents

expire, top pharmaceutical corporations search for innovative, competitive
business methods. A number of drugs might lose their patent protection by 2011,
which could result in lost pharmaceutical revenues of $70-$80 billion. The vast
majority of new medications are unable to get the market because of their subpar
ADMET profiles. Recently, a number of nanotechnologies have been used
successfully to treat medications with limited water solubility. Many
pharmaceutical firms are reevaluating abandoned drugs that were "difficult" to
make due to their solubility qualities by using nanotechnology [37].

Medical diagnostics, proper and efficient drug distribution, and the production of
artificial cells are among the medical specialties where nano-size compounds have
found practical uses. According to Freitas, nanomedicine, or the application of
nanotechnology in medicine, includes three connected and gradually more
effective molecular approaches. Similar gadgets loaded with certain "weapons"
might be used to clear obstructions in the circulatory system or find and destroy
cancer cells. Bacteria and viruses that have already largely acquired their
motorization and genetic information transmission capabilities might also be
modified to function as nano-robots [38-44].

Advantages of Nanomedicine
Some of the main advantages of nanomedicines are discussed below:

Disease diagnosis
Nanoscale sensors have enabled accurate disease diagnosis at a quicker pace.
Advancements in imaging, such as such as computed tomography (CT) scans magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI), and nanosensors have immensely helped detect biomarkers
even at a very low level. These developments have helped early diagnosis of many
diseases and has subsequently improved treatment prognosis.8

Targeted Therapy and Drug Delivery

One of the main advantages of nanomedicine could be its ability to deliver drugs at the
targeted site.4 For instance, a nanoscale drug delivery system can specifically target
cancer cells, preventing healthy cells from being eliminated. This process leads to
lowering of side effects and increasing efficacy. Furthermore, the use of nano-based
drug delivery systems has significantly improved the drug’s solubility, stability, and
bioavailability.

Nanoparticles could be designed to target specific cells or tissues, such as cells with
malignant growth, and deliver drugs upon reaching the targeted sites.9 The unique size
of nanoparticles and nanodevices and their ability to interact with biological systems at a
cellular and molecular level enables the formulation of targeted therapy.

Another advantage of nanomedicines is their ability to bypass biological barriers, such

as the blood-brain barrier, and deliver drugs to the targeted site.10 At a cellular level,
nanorobots can be used to deliver drugs or perform surgical procedures at sites that are
difficult to access through conventional methods.

Personalized Medicine
As discussed before, nanomedicine has the potential to tailor treatments to a patient’s
requirements. Essentially, it offers the possibility of patient-centered treatment. The
targeted treatment approach could help minimize damage to healthy cells, maximize the
drug's efficacy, and lower the overall drug’s toxicity.11

Regenerative Medicine
Nanomedicines can not only induce the generation of new tissues but also repair
damaged cells. Nanofibers can help construct scaffolds required for tissue engineering,
and nanocarriers can deliver growth factors and other essential molecules that enable
tissue repair.12

Safety and Efficacy

Nanomedicine offers new opportunities to improve the efficacy and safety of
conventional therapeutics. Particularly, drugs with low bioavailability could be efficiently
targeted to specific regions, thereby improving therapeutic outcomes. The large surface-
to-area ratio of nanomaterials could also reduce drug dosage to achieve effective
results.9

Disadvantages of Nanomedicine

Despite having many advantages, there are some risks associated with nanomedicine
applications. Some of the main disadvantages or risks associated with the use of
nanomedicines are discussed below:

Toxicity
Most research on nanomedicine has focused on precise drug delivery; however, it is
essential to understand the safety, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of nanomaterials.
Scientists face tremendous challenges in validating every nanotherapeutic agent.

At present, researchers and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are struggling
to develop guidelines for assessing the safety profiles and immunogenicity of
nanotherapeutics. Establishing such guidelines is extremely important because of the
risks involved in nanomedicine developing unexpected toxic effects due to the elevated
reactivity of nanoparticles compared to bulk counterparts.13
Many studies have shown that nanotherapeutic agents can trigger hypersensitivity
reactions because of the activation of the immune complement system. The toxic
reaction of nanoparticles could be due to the induction of oxidative stress through
forming free radicals. A high concentration of free radicals causes damage to DNA,
protein, lipids, and other biological components.14

Regulatory Challenges
Newly formulated nanomedicines undergo strict regulatory approval phases before they
can be used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes in humans. These regulatory
policies can slow down the development and implementation of new nanomedicines.15

Development Cost
The high manufacturing cost of nanoparticles could limit their availability.

Limited Information
More research is required for comprehensive elucidation of the interactions between
nanoparticles and the human body. These studies must focus on the potential risks and
benefits of nanomedicines.

Future Perspectives
Nanomedicines have tremendous potential to combat many long-standing issues of
medical research, including poor drug solubility and lack of targeted efficiency. It holds
significant promise as a non-invasive tool for tumor detection, diagnostic imaging, and
drug delivery because of its optical, magnetic, and structural properties.

In the future, scientists must develop a universally accepted definition of

nanomedicines. Furthermore, complete regulatory guidelines for the development,
characterization, and assessment of nanomedicine must be formulated.

Challenges of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology

Pharmaceutical nanotechnology faces several challenges that need to be addressed:

1. Toxicity and Safety

Ensuring the safety and biocompatibility of nanoparticles is crucial.

2. Scalability and Reproducibility

Scaling up nanoparticle production while maintaining reproducibility is a

challenge.

3. Targeting Specificity

Ensuring nanoparticles target specific cells or tissues without affecting healthy

cells.

4. Regulatory Framework

Establishing clear regulatory guidelines for nanoparticle-based products.

5. Characterization and Analysis

Characterizing and analyzing nanoparticles' physical and chemical properties.

6. Stability and Shelf-Life

Ensuring nanoparticles remain stable and effective over time.

7. Cost and Accessibility

Making nanoparticle-based products affordable and accessible.

8. Public Perception and Acceptance

Addressing concerns and educating the public about nanotechnology.

9. Environmental Impact

Assessing and mitigating the environmental impact of nanoparticles.

10. Interdisciplinary Collaboration

Collaboration between experts from various fields (pharmacy, materials science,
biology, etc.) is essential.

Addressing these challenges will help unlock the full potential of pharmaceutical
nanotechnology.

CONCLUSION

Nowadays, nanotechnology is regarded as the underlying technology of the

twenty-first century. These days, better composite materials, materials with
increased catalytic activity, materials with increased hardness and abrasion
resistance, and a variety of consumer goods (like cosmetics and sun protection)
that enhance people's beings are all produced using nanostructured materials and
nanotechnology techniques. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology offers enormous
promise for producing intelligent tissue-engineered materials and delivering
bioactives and diagnostics in both space and time. It offers new opportunities,
tools, and a wider range of applications through its nano-engineered tools, which
are projected to have a substantial influence on a variety of disease, diagnosis,
prognosis, and disease treatment.

Pharmaceutical nanotechnology offers opportunities to improve materials, medical

devices and support the development of new technologies in areas where more
established and conventional technologies may be nearing their limits. It provides
businesses fresh hope in light of the financial losses inflicted on by off-patent
pharmaceuticals by providing new patented technologies. Modern nanotechnology
will soon be available to us, greatly advancing illness detection, diagnosis,
treatment, and preventative measures. Nanorobots and smart medicine are two
examples.

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