Objects and Classes, Inheritance and Polymorphism
2.1. Defining classes and objects
2.2. Attributes (properties) and behaviors (methods)
2.3. Instantiating objects from classes
2.4. Accessing and manipulating object state and behavior
4.2. Method overriding and method overloading
4.3. Abstract classes and interfaces
4.4. Polymorphic behavior and dynamic dispatch
Lab 1
Classes and objects.
1. i) Create a class called Book with the following attributes:
-title (String)
-author (String)
-pages (int)
ii) Add a method displayDetails() that prints out the book’s information.
Iii) Then, create two Book objects and call the method for each.
iv) Add comments to your code.
i) creating a class called Book
public class Book {
// The following are attributes
String title;
String author;
int pages;
ii) Add a method displayDetails() that prints out the book’s information
// Constructor
public Book(String title, String author, int pages) {
this.title = title;
this.author = author;
this.pages = pages;
}
// Method to display book details
public void displayDetails() {
System.out.println("Title: " + title);
System.out.println("Author: " + author);
System.out.println("Pages: " + pages);
System.out.println("----------------------");
}}
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create two Book objects
Book book1 = new Book("The Programmerz", "Wayne Ghost",
200);
Book book2 = new Book("OOP", "Makanaka Dube", 158);
// Display details of two books
book1.displayDetails(); // call the method for book1
book2.displayDetails();// call the method for book2
}
}
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Lab 2
Attributes and Behaviors
Design a class Calculator with:
i) An attribute result initialized to 0
ii) Methods add(int a), subtract(int a), and multiply(int a) that update result
iii) A method getResult() that returns the current result
iv) Write a main method that demonstrates using this calculator.
v) Display the output
public class Calculator {
// i) Attribute initialized to 0
private int result = 0;
// ii) Methods to update result
public void add(int a) {
result += a;
}
public void subtract(int a) {
result -= a;
}
public void multiply(int a) {
result *= a;
}
// iii) Method to return current result using getResult()
public int getResult() {
return result;
}}
//iv) Main method
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create a Calculator object
Calculator calc = new Calculator();
// Perform operations
calc.add(5); // result = 5
calc.subtract(2); // result = 3
calc.multiply(4); // result = 12
// Display final answer
System.out.println("Final Answer: " + calc.getResult());
}
}
Output
Final Answer: 12
Write
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Lab 3
Instantiating Objects
Create a class Dog with attributes name and breed, and a method bark() that prints
"Woof! My name is [name]". Instantiate three dogs with the following names ["
Chicco", "Cocco", "Scooby"] and the following breeds ["Jack Russell",German
Shepherd","Chihuahua"] and call bark() on each. Display the output.
public class Dog {
// Attributes
String name;
String breed;
// Constructor
public Dog(String name, String breed) {
this.name = name;
this.breed = breed;
// Method to bark
public void bark() {
System.out.println("Woof! My name is " + name);
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Instantiate three Dog objects
Dog dog1 = new Dog("Chicco", "Jack Russell");
Dog dog2 = new Dog("Cocco", "German Shepherd");
Dog dog3 = new Dog("Scooby", "Chihuahua");
// Call bark() on each
dog1.bark();
dog2.bark();
dog3.bark();
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Lab 4
Inheritance
Create a base class Vehicle with attributes make and model, and a method
startEngine() that prints "Engine started".
Then create a subclass Car that adds an attribute numDoors and overrides
startEngine() to print "Car engine started".
Instantiate both a Vehicle and a Car, and call startEngine() on each.
//Vehicle and Car Classes
// Base class
class Vehicle {
String make;
String model;
// Constructor
public Vehicle(String make, String model) {
this.make = make;
this.model = model;
// Method to start engine
public void startEngine() {
System.out.println("Engine started");
}
// Subclass
class Car extends Vehicle {
int numDoors;
// Constructor
public Car(String make, String model, int numDoors) {
super(make, model); // Call Vehicle constructor
this.numDoors = numDoors;
// Overridden method
@Override
public void startEngine() {
System.out.println("Car engine started");
//Main Method to Test Inheritance
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Instantiate Vehicle
Vehicle vehicle = new Vehicle("Toyota", "Aqua");
vehicle.startEngine(); // Output: Engine started
// Instantiate Car
Car car = new Car("Honda", "Fit", 4);
car.startEngine(); // Output: Car engine started
Lab 5
Polymorphism
Create a superclass Shape with a method draw() that prints "Drawing a shape".
Create subclasses Circle, Square, and Triangle that override draw() with their own
messages.
Write a method that takes a Shape object and calls draw()—then pass in different
shapes to demonstrate polymorphism.
// Superclass
class Shape {
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Drawing a shape");
// Subclass: Circle
class Circle extends Shape {
@Override
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Drawing a circle");
// Subclass: Square
class Square extends Shape {
@Override
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Drawing a square");
// Subclass: Triangle
class Triangle extends Shape {
@Override
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Drawing a triangle");
public class Main {
// Method that accepts any Shape and calls draw()
public static void renderShape(Shape shape) {
shape.draw();
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create different shapes
Shape circle = new Circle();
Shape square = new Square();
Shape triangle = new Triangle();
// Demonstrate polymorphism
renderShape(circle);
renderShape(square);
renderShape(triangle);
