Precision Farming

GROUNDNUT
With Jain Technology™
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is believed to be native Tamil Nadu : Spanish Improved, S-206, DH 3-30, KRG-1,
of Brazil from where it was introduced into to India via DH-8, ICGS-11 (Bunch- Spanish); S-230 (Spreading).
Chinese Pacific islands. Karnataka : ICGS-11, TMV-2, TMV-5, TMV-7, POL-1,
Groundnut, in general, has a short-statured plant, with the TMV-9, POL-2, TMV-12, CO-1, CO-2 (Bunch- Spanish);
main axis being upright (15 to 40 cm long) but the major TMV-11 (Bunch-Valencia); TMV-6, TMV-8, TMV-10
part of the plant consists of the primary branches. Second- (Semi Spreading); TMV-1, TMV-3, TMV-4 (Spreading).
ary and tertiary branches are found in the semi-spreading Maharastra : AK 12-24, SB XI, JL 24, TG 17, ICGS-
and spreading (Virginia) types, giving them a prostrate 11 (Bunch - Spanish); Kopergaon (Bunch-Valencia); TG
stature. 1 (Vikram), Kopergaon 1, UF 70-103 (Semi Spreading);
About 7.5 million hectares is under ground nut annually Karad, 11- Apr (Spreading), HD 11.
in India and the production is about 6 million tonnes. 70% Orissa : Kisan, Jawan (Bunch - Spanish).
of the area and 75% of the production are concentrated in
Madhya Pradesh : Jyoti, ICGS-11 (Bunch - Spanish);
the four states of Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and
Gangapuri (Bunch- Valencia).
Karnataka.
Gujarat : J 11, GAUG 1, GAUG 2, GG 2 (Bunch -
Soil Spanish); GAUG 10, GG 11, TMV-3, TMV-4 (Spreading),
• Medium soils with very good drainage and loam soils Ah 334.
are preferable. Heavy deep black cotton soils (clay) to be Rajasthan:RSB 87s (Semi Spreading); RS 1 (Spreading).
avoided. Uttar Pradesh : T 28, T 64, Kaushal (G 201) (Semi
• Lack of proper drainage adversely affects root growth Spreading); Chandra, Chitra (MA 10) (Spreading)
ultimately affecting the crop. Bihar : BG l (Semi Spreading).
• In the absence of adequate oxygen in the root zone, Haryana: MH 1 (Bunch - Spanish); MH 2 (Bunch- Va-
beneficial soil bacteria, especially the nitrogen - fixers lencia)
become ineffective and uptake of nitrogen by roots is
hampered. Punjab: SG 84(Bunch - Spanish); C 501, M 145, M 197
(Semi Spreading); PG 1, M 13, M 37, M 335 (Spreading),
• The pegs can penetrate the soil easily and pods can be Punjab-1
harvested from such soils with minimum losses
Source: NRCG, Junagadh.
• Adequate supply of calcium mineral in the soil is very
essential for the production of groundnut pods . Seed rate
• Heavy and fine - textured soils with stiff clay cause • Generally spreading and bunch varieties requires 90-120
difficulties in groundnut harvesting . kg/ha in Kharif, in rainfed situation.
• Where groundnuts must be grown on heavier - textured • In Rabi, in irrigated conditions spreading varieties
soils, runner varieties of groundnut are more suitable require 140-150 kg/ha.
than the Virginia types. Seed Treatment
• High yields are obtained on soils with moderate
• Treat the seed with Mancozeb or Thiram 3 g/kg of the
acidic reaction (soil pH 6.0 to 6.4), alkaline soils
seed.
being undesirable. Yellowing of groundnut leaves and
blackening of parts of pods occur when the pH was 7.5 • Chlorpyriphose @ 250 ml / 45 kg of seed to prevent the
- 8.5. Soils having pH less than 5.0 are also not suitable seed damage from soil insects at initial stages.
for groundnut cultivation. Seed Inoculation
• Application of gypsum alleviates soil salinity by • For incoculation 100 kg kernels of groundnut 800
improving leaching of salts below the root zone. ml jaggery (5% solution) and 200 g carrier based
Climate Bradyrhizobium culture (like NC- 92, IGR-6, IGR-40,
TAL-1000 & TNAU - 14) is required. Seed are evenly
• Groundnut is grown in the Tropical and SubTropical
spread over cement surface or polythene sheet and poured
countries lying between 45° North and 35° South and up
this slurry and gently smeared on the kernel surface. The
to an altitude of 1000 meters and receiving a minimum
treated seeds are then soon immediately.
rainfall of 500 mm and a maximum of 1250 mm.
• The groundnut crop however, can not stand frost for long
and severe drought or water stagnation.
Varieties
Some of the recommended varieties are:
Andhra Pradesh : ICGS-11 (Bunch - Spanish); Kadiri
2, Kadiri 3, TMV-10, TG 1 (vikram) (Semi Spreading);
Kadiri 71-1 (Spreading) TMV-2, JL-24, POLACHI, GG-
20, Gangapuri & Narayani.
Season and Sowing time • Pre-emergence application of Alachlor @ 1-2 kg a.i./
• Groundnut is raised mostly as a rainfed Kharif crop, ha plus one hand – weeding, 30 days after sowing,
being sown from May to June. effectively control weeds in groundnut.
• As an irrigated crop it is grown between January and Irrigation of Groundnut
March and between May and July. • Groundnut is very sensitive to salinity of soil and
Land Preparation irrigation water quality.
• Optimum plant population of groundnut can be • The irrigation water for groundnut should have EC less
established with a seed bed having good tilth. than 4.0 mmhos/cm .
• After the harvest of the previous crop, soil is prepared by • Vigorous flowering is the period of greatest sensitivity to
ploughing and harrowing several times before sowing of moisture stress which is 6-8 weeks after seeding.
groundnut. • The pegs cannot enter the soil if the soil surface is hard
• Ploughing may be carried out after the receipt of pre- due to prolonged dry-spell.
monsoon rains in May. The land is ploughed 2 to 3 • Flowering, peg penetration and early pod formation are
times or more, followed by working with blade - harrow the moisture sensitive phases of groundnut growth.
twice. Sprinkler Irrigation
• A soil preparation depth of 15 - 20 cm is generally • Sprinkler irrigation is generally adopted for groundnut
considered for groundnut cultivation. considering the crop height and the nature of fruiting.
Plant Spacing • The costs are also low for sprinkler compared to drip.
• In rainfed condition, for the bunch varieties 30 x 10 cm We recommend Rainport Minisprinkler and Rainport
• For the spreading varieties 30 x 15 cm 5022-U Impact Sprinkler system for Groundnut.
• In Rabi, in irrigated conditions, for the bunch varieties • The irrigation quantum (mm) is decided after studying
25 x 10 cm the soil texture and its infiltration capacity .
• For the spreading varieties 30 x 10 cm • Application rate per irrigation should be equivalent to the
infiltration rate of the soil of each location approximately
These plant spacings are easily accommodated on 1.2 this would be 15-20 mm at a time for the soil types
m wide broad beds with 30 cm furrows on either side mentioned above.
of the bed. Four rows of groundnut at 30 cm spacing is
recommended per bed. Benefits of drip or sprinkler irrigation for
groundnut
Earthing up
• Increases yield upto 100%
• Before flowering.
• Reduces water used for irrigation up to 55%
• Interculture after sowing before flowering.
• Allows uniform high percentage of germination.
Crop Rotation • Drip is suitable for any type of seed bed- flat, ridges and
• Groundnut in general should be rotated with cereals like furrows and rise bed.
maize, wheat, bajra, jowar or minor millets and tobacco. • Helps in early planting which is a pre-requisite for IPM
Some of the crop rotation is given below: • Allows for a Summer crop (pest free environment)
Rainfed (monocropping 2 years) : • Early and uniform maturity
Groundnut - Sorghum; Groundnut - Millet; Groundnut - • Allows the user to control vegetative growth by precision
Tobacco. irrigation and fertigation and increase flowering and nut
Residual mositure (Double cropping in 1 year) : formation.
Groundnut - Bengal gram; Groundnut-Safflower; Ground- • Controls weed growth as water is applied only to the root
nut- Sesame. zone in case of drip.
Irrigated (Double or Triple Cropping in 1 year) : • Creates opportunity for high value rotation crops.
Groundnut-Maize; Groundnut-Wheat; Groundnut - Onion. Irrigation through Rainport Mini Sprinkler
Weed control
Nozzle Colour Spacing Discharge 1kg/cm2
• Spray Basalin (fluchloralin @ 1.5 l/ha in 500 ml water as White 3x3 m 110 lph
a presowing at last ploughing.
Yellow 4.5 x 4.5 m 180 lph
 Rainport Mini Sprinkler Layout Groundnut Irrigation through Rainport 5022-U.
(520 lph at 2.5 kg/cm2 pressure & spacing 10x10m)

m 3o
r 4.5 r4
3o .5
m

m 10
10 m

10
m m
10
Groundnut Irrigation through Rainport Mini Sprin-
kler (spacing 3 or 4.5 m) June planting
June Planting Month Water requirement Irrigation duration
Irrigation duration mm/day L/ha/day Minutes/day
Water requirement
(Min./day)
Month June 0.91-1.07 9100-10700 18-21
Nozzle Colour
mm / day L/ha/day July 1.97-2.50 19700-25000 38-48
White Yellow
August 3.07-4.18 30700-41800 59-80
June 0.91-1.07 9100-10700 7-9 10-12
September 5.17-5.84 51700-58400 99-112
July 1.97-2.50 19700-25000 16-20 22-28
October 2.30-3.03 23000-30300 44-58
August 3.07-4.18 30700-41800 25-34 35-47
September 5.17-5.84 51700-58400 42-48 58-66 October planting
October 2.30-3.03 23000-30300 19-25 26-34 Month Water requirement Irrigation duration
mm/day L/ha/day Minutes/day
October Planting
Irrigation duration October 0.82-0.98 8200-9800 16-19
Water requirement
(Min./day) November 2.10-2.44 21000-24400 40-47
Month Nozzle Colour
mm / day L/ha/day December 2.90-3.65 29000-36500 56-70
White Yellow
January 4.59-5.21 45900-52100 88-100
October 0.82-0.98 8200-9800 7-8 9-11
February 2.30-3.30 23000-33000 44-63
November 2.10-2.44 21000-24400 17-20 24-27
January planting
December 2.90-3.65 29000-36500 24-30 33-41
Month Water requirement Irrigation duration
January 4.59-5.21 45900-52100 38-43 52-59
mm/day L/ha/day Minutes/day
February 2.30-3.30 23000-33000 19-27 26-37
January 0.7-0.85 7000-8500 13-16
January Planting
February 2.0-2.5 20000-25000 38-48
Irrigation duration
Water requirement March 4.8-5.2 48000-52000 92-100
(Min./day)
Month Nozzle Colour April 6.5-7.3 65000-73000 125-140
mm / day L/ha/day
White Yellow May 3.4-3.8 34000-38000 65-73
January 0.7-0.85 7000-8500 6-7 8-10
Drip irrigation
February 2.0-2.5 20000-25000 16-20 23-28
Inline or tape is suitable for groundnut with 12mm or 16
March 4.8-5.2 48000-52000 39-43 54-59 mm lateral and drippers (4 lph) placed at 40 cm (sandy
loam) 60 cm (clayey soils). One drip line on each bed
April 6.5-7.3 65000-73000 53-60 73-82
(1.2m wide) is enough for adequate irrigation. The layout
May 3.4-3.8 34000-38000 28-31 38-43 of drip irrigation is shown below.
 Drip Layout Fertilizer Management
• Add 3 t FYM/acre to be applied at final ploughing
30cm J-Turbo Inline Drip/Chapin Tape
• An average crop of groundnut removes about 112 kg
N, 27 kg P2O5 and 34 kg K2O from 1 ha of land. It is
15cm

capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen by the root nodule

bacteria.
Groundnut Plant
• But a starter dose of N in small quantities has to be
applied for early growth and vigour.
• A minimum of 50 Kg P2O5 /ha is required or as per soil
test data.
• Recommendation for irrigated groundnut for Andhra
Pradesh is 30: 60: 45 (NPK).
1.20m • Nitrogen is recommended in two equal split doses,
i.e. half of the nitrogen at the time of sowing and the
Groundnut irrigation through drip Irrigation - Inline remaining half 35-40 days after sowing preferably after
or tape (Lateral to lateral - 40 or 60 cm and discharge- weeding. The common sources of N used for groundnut
4 lph) are given below:
1. Ammonium Sulphate (20% N)
June Panting
2. Urea (46% N)
Irrigation duration
Water requirement 3. Calcium ammonium nitrate (26% N)
(Min./day)
Month • Furrow placement is the best method of phosphorus
Dripper Spacing
mm / day L/ha/day application in the soil as it minimizes the fixation of P2O5
40 cm 60 cm with soil colloids.
June 0.91-1.07 9100-10700 7-9 11-13 • SSP is the preferred source of phosphorus. It contains
16% P2O5 besides Ca (19.5%) and sulphur (12.5%). Soil
July 1.97-2.50 19700-25000 16-20 24-30
application is recommended.
August 3.07-4.18 30700-41800 25-33 37-50 • As for Potassium the two sources are given below:
September 5.17-5.84 51700-58400 41-47 62-70 1. Potassium chloride-muriate of potash (KC1-60% K2O).
2. Potassium sulfate (K2SO4-50% K2O)
October 2.30-3.30 23000-30300 18-24 28-36
Fertigation
October planting
50 % of N and all the K can be fertigated through drip
Irrigation duration system
Water requirement
(Min./day)
Month Rate of
Dripper Spacing Period Quantity of fertilizer
mm / day L/ha/day fertigation
40 cm 60 cm 35-65 days 15 N (75 kg Ammo-
18.8 kg /week
October 0.82-0.98 8200-9800 7-8 10-12 after sowing nium Sulphate)
November 2.10-2.44 21000-24400 17-20 25-29 or (32 kg Urea) 8kg/week
December 2.90-3.65 29000-36500 23-29 35-44 or (57.5 kg CAN) 14 kg/week
January 4.59-5.21 45900-52100 37-42 55-63 Special requirement of Calcium and Sulphur
February 2.30-3.30 23000-33000 18-26 28-40 • These two nutrients are taken up from the pod zone by
the pegs and developing pods.
January Planting
• Groundnut has the unique characteristic of uptake of Ca
Irrigation dura- and S by the developing pegs and pods.
Water requirement tion
• The major function of calcium in groundnut is the
(Min./day)
Month improvement in the quality of the nuts as evidenced by
mm / Dripper Spacing thin strong shell besides well - filled pods.
L/ha/day
day 40 cm 60 cm • Sulphur is directly involved in the biosynthesis of oil and
January 0.7-0.85 7000-8500 6-7 8-10 is usually deficient in the groundnut soils.
• Gypsum (24% Ca, 18.6% S) is the cheapest source for
February 2.0-2.5 20000-25000 16-20 24-30 Calcium and Sulpher elements.
March 4.8-5.2 48000-52000 38-42 58-62 • Higher quantities of gypsum than necessary are applied
April 6.5-7.3 65000-73000 52-58 78-88 at early flowering stage to ensure adequate calcium
May supply in the pod zone.
3.4-3.8 34000-38000 27-30 41-46
• Application of gypsum - 500 kg/ha at pod formation in trapping the pests in them, other plants with strong
stage. aroma, such as fennel and garlic, help in repelling the
• Well - powdered gypsum (30 mesh) should be applied on pests.
soil surface when the crop is in peak flowering stage. • The pests can be managed well by judiciously following
the mixed-cropping groundnut (marigold or sorghum) ,
Micronutrients
alley cropping (marigold, softwood trees like sesbanea)
• Apply 50kg Zinc sulphate/ha at last ploughing. and border cropping (marigold, Castor) with suitable
• Application of 10 kg / ha borax to the seed bed. crop varieties.
• Spraying of 0.5 - 1.0% FeSO4 + 0.1% citric acid has been • The light traps are mostly used for monitoring the pest
found to correct iron the deficiency. movements in the fields.
• Application of 1 kg/ha Ammonium Molybdate to correct • Use NPV for caterpillar Control.
Molybdenum deficiency. Apply it along with basal ap- Effective practices pest & Disease control.
plication of Phosphorus.
• Deep Summer ploughing
Yield • Bon firing against Red Hairy Caterpillar
Kernels yield and oil content of groundnut varies with • Seed treatment with chlorpyriphos 6 ml/kg of seed +
variety, soil type, climate, sowing season and managment mancozeb 3 g/kg of seed
pratices. In general, it was notice that application of impact
• Groundnut + pigeon pea intercropping in 11 : 1 ratio
sprinkler for irrigation give 20-30 per cent additional
yield. • Growing Bajra (pearl millet) as guard crop
• Removal of alternate weed hosts for virus.
Insect and disease control
• Pheromone trap- 10/ha
Integrated pest and disease management is recommended.
• Application of HNPV 250 LE/ha
IPM for insect control
• Spray : Carbendazim 0.05% and mancozeb 0.2% at 70
• The cultural practices, starting from selecting the disease- Days after sowing.
free and robust planting material.
Diseases of Groundnut and their Control
• Right sowing time.
• Deep tilling to weeding out unwanted vegetation and IPM for Disease control
soil-borne pests and pathogens • The cultural practices, starting from selecting the disease-
• Crop hygiene, keeping clean field and practicing hygiene free and robust planting material.
by workers will contribute significantly in controlling • Right sowing time.
crop pests. • Deep tilling to weeding out unwanted vegetation and
• The pest surveillance and monitoring exercises based soil-borne pests and pathogens
on frequent visits to the fields and sweeping with insect • Crop hygiene, keeping clean field and practicing hygiene
nets, by workers will contribute significantly in controlling
• Observing the movement of the pests using pheromone crop pests.
traps, light traps and sticky traps, and deciding on a • Promote early maturing groundnut varieties with
spraying schedule with botanical insecticides (neem- resistance to groundnut rosette virus, or to the aphid
based products). vector.
• The need-based application of safe botanical insecticides • As a control of tikka disease intercropping with sorghum
not only cuts the costs, but also helps in reducing the (7:1) ratio is recommended.
pollutant load in the environment. • Follow rotation with chickpea or Sorghum or Millet.
• The use of biological agents to manage the pests is • Apply Trichoderma viride at the rate of 2kg in 50 kg
another important aspect of IPM. Spiders and preying FYM to the soil before sowing.
mantises can be effectively used in managing pests.
• Friendly birds are good custodians of crops, and they Chemical control of insects
help manage the number of serious insect pests within Leafminer
the thresholds. By providing suitable perches the birds Carbaryl 2ml/l water Fenitrothion 400 ml in 400 litres of
could be encouraged to visit the crop fields. water/ha. Monocrotophos 1.6 ml/l water
• By growing ‘’antenna’’ crops such as corn (maize) White grubs
and sorghum (jowar or `cholam’) have also helped in
Seed treatment with Chlorpyriphos 12.5 ml/kg of seed.
attracting the birds to crop fields as bio-control agents.
Soil application of Quinalphos 1.5 kg/ha.
• Castor and sunflower planted around the field of
groundnut acts as insect traps. Jassid
• Groundnut should not follow Soybean. Plant Jassid resistant Variety Gimar - 1
• By raising companion crops along the main crops the Dimethoate 2ml/l water
pest could be managed well. While, the trap crops help Monocrotophos 1.6 ml/l water
Aphid Stem rot / Sclerotium wilt
Plant aphid resistant variety - 1CGV-87160 Dry seed treatment with Carbendazim/thiram/Captan @
Dimethoate 2ml/l water, Monocrotophos 1.6 ml/l water 2-3 g.
Thrips Soil application of a mixture of fungicide viz., terrachlor +
terrazole @ 20 kg/ha + 40 kg/ha at pegging stage.
Dimethoate 2ml/l water.
Dry wilt or Dry root rot
Monocrotophos 1.6 ml/l water.
Seed treatment with Captafol 0.2%.
Apply a mixture of 1l neem oil 1 kg surf in 200 l water at
20 days after sowing. Drenching with Brassicol 75% WP (0.5%) @ 1 l/m2 or
soil application @ 25 kg/ha in two split, 12.5 kg/ha before
Red hairy caterpillar
sowing and the other 12.5 kg/ha 15 days after.
Carbaryl or Parathion @ 25-30 kg/ha Dichlorovos 2ml/l
Bud necrosis
water. Quinalphos 1l mixed with Jaggery 1 kg plus rice bran
placed around the field prevents entry of of this insect. Thrips transmitted
Tobacco caterpillar Control vectors (thrips) with Dimethoate @ 400 ml/ha or
Methyl demeton @ 360 ml/ha community basis.
Plant tobacco capler piller resistant Variety - Kadiri-3,
BG-2 Use bud necrosis resistant variety - ‘ICGS- 11’, ‘ICGS-
44’.
Quinolphos 1ml/l water Carbaryl 2ml/lwater Endosulfan
4ml/l water. Peanut mottle
Over irrigation should not be done. Aphid transmitted, seed-borne also
Gram caterpillar (0.1 to 3.5%) As above
Quinolphos 1ml/l water Carbaryl 2ml/lwater Endosulfan Peanut clump
4ml/l water. Soil application of Nemagon and Temik one week before
Over irrigation should not be done. planting.
Managment of Diseases Dos
Early and late leaf spots • Ensure good drainage in the field.
Spray application of Carbendazim (Bavistin) 0.5g/l water • Adopt Rainport Mini-Sprinkler irrigation or Impact
plus Mancozeb 2g/l water at 2-3 weeks interval, from 4-5 sprinkler system or Drip irriation Systems for irrigation.
weeks after planting. • Compulsorily apply organic manure as per
Rust recommendation
Plant rust resistant varieties - ICG FDRS-10, ICGV-86590, • Select high yielding, disease and pest tolerant variety
R-8808, R-9201, ICGV-92093, ICGV-92092. suitable for each location
Spray application of Tridemorph 7g/l water at 14-21 days • Strictly follow the irrigation schedule given by the
interval 3-4 times after initiation of the infection. engineer.
Collar rot • Compulsorily weed/ inter-cultivate, timely operation
helps in crop growth.
Seed treatment with Captan 80% WP @ 3g/kg seed or
Thiram 75% WP @ 3-5 g/kg seed or Carbendazim 2 g/ • Follow fertigation schedule as given by the engineer.
kg seed. • Apply micronutrient as and when needed.
Do not sow deep. • Follow disease and pest control measures timely and
effectively. Spray in the evening or early morning only.
Don’ts - Irrigation rate is estimated based on the
• Don’t over irrigate the crop at anytime. Evapotranspiration of the location and therefore it is
enough.
• For fertigation don’t mix solid fertilizers and dissolve
them together. Prepare individual solutions and mix them 2. Whether surface application of water will cause root
before application. accumulation near the surface and thereby affect the
pod formation.
• Don’t spray the crop under hot sunlight.
- The absorptive roots of groundnut are located near
• Don’t use the fertigation unit for bulky organic manure the surface and get directed by moisture and nutrient
and fertilizers that are not soluble in water. availability. Pod formation is not connected with the
• Don’t add solid fertilizer from the fertilizer bag directly method of irrigation.
to the fertilizer tank. Prepare solution only in plastic 3. Can I prefer Sprinkler method of irrigation for
buckets. Don’t use metal container. Groundnut?
• Don’t stir the solution with naked unprotected hand. Use - Yes. Rainport system is most suitable for groundnut in
wooden spoon or stick. terms of cost, and operation ease.
• Don’t heat the fertilizer solution to increase solubility. 4. Can I take an intercrop with irrigation?
Frequently asked questions (FAQ’s) - Yes. As per the practice existing in the area. In case of
1. Whether the meare quantity of water supplied through Drip adoption use separate drip lines for the intercrop.
irrigation system is enough?

Crop yields depend on climate, soil and management and therefore can’t be guaranteed by the company.

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out of incorrect or faulty or mis-use of the products.

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