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 FOREWORD
The well-thought-out approach to Data Interpretation

Welcome to the world of Data Interpretation, a crucial aspect of competitive exams like CAT and Other Management
Entrance Examinations. This book is tailored for aspiring managers, providing a comprehensive guide to navigate
the intricate terrain of Data Interpretation like literally.

Why Data Interpretation is crucial for MBA aspirants? As you embark on this journey, each problem cracked brings
you a step closer to your dream B-school. The skills developed here will not only aid you in acing entrance exams
but also serve as your armour in the B-school, shaping you into an adept professional.

This book covers literally a spectrum of Data Interpretation topics, offering a step-by-step approach to Problem-

between learning concepts and internalizing them through practice questions.

c o m
solving. The material highlights the importance of practice for various Data Interpretation topics striking a balance

to cater to all your preparation needs, not just for CAT but OMETs as well.

rs .
Given the latest CAT patterns, this RSM ensures comprehensive coverage. The study material is literally designed

e
Best wishes on this intellectual adventure. May your Data Interpretation ability shine, leading to success in CAT and
OMET exams.

n k
Together you and we will clear B-school exams with ease and that’s our “the literally promise!”

a
Happy Learning!
Team SuperGrads
p r tr-6H6B3D4E1B
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 S. No Contents Page No.
Chapter 01: Introduction to Data Interpretation
1. Introduction 11
2. Data Table 12
3. Pie Chart 13
4. Bar Chart 13
5. Line Graph 14
6. Percentage 16
7. Test Your Learning 19
8. Answer Key and Explanations 20
9. Averages 23
10. Some Important Formulae 25

11.
12.
Table
Chapter 02: Data Interpretation Based on Table

Tables With Missing Values

c o m 27
28
13.
14.
15.
Skill Drill 01
Skill Drill 02
Skill Drill 03

rs . 30
33
36
16. Answer Key and Explanations Skill Drill

k e
Chapter 03: Data Interpretation Based on Pie
39

17.
18.
19.
Pie Charts
Pie Explosion
Doughnut Type

r an 45
48
49

p
6A1H
20. Skill Drill 01 tr-6H6B3D4E1B 50
21. Skill Drill 02 56
22.

23.
24.
25.
To
Answer Key and Explanations Skill Drill

Bar Diagrams
Chapter 04: Data Interpretation Based on Bar Diagrams

Simple Bar Graph

Stacked (Cumulative) Bar Graph
60

65
65
66
tr-6N6L3R4T 1Q6L1U
26. Percentage Bar Graph 67
27. Cylinder And Stacked Bar Graph 68
28. Floating Bar Graph 69
29. Skill Drill 01 70
6L1U
30. Skill Drill 02 tr-6N6L3R4T1Q 74
31. Skill Drill 03 79
32. Answer Key and Explanations Skill Drill 84
Chapter 05: Data Interpretation Cartesian (Line) Graph
33. Cartesian (Line) Graph 89
34. Stock Graphs 91
35. Skill Drill 01 93
36. Skill Drill 02 98
37. Skill Drill 03 103
38. Answer Key and Explanations Skill Drill 111

©SuperGrads Page 9 of 220

 Chapter 06: Caselet Data Interpretation
39. Caselet Data Interpretation 118
40. Skill Drill 01 121
41. Skill Drill 02 123
42. Skill Drill 03 126
43. Answer Key and Explanations Skill Drill 128
Chapter 07: Mixed Varieties (Other Graphs)
44. Skill Drill 01 135
45. Skill Drill 02 140
46. Skill Drill 03 145
47. Answer Key and Explanations Skill Drill 150
Chapter 08: Mixed Graph (Combinations of Graphs)
48.
49.
50.
Skill Drill 01
Skill Drill 02
Answer Key and Explanations Skill Drill

c o m 155
160
167

51.
52.
Data Sufficiency
Chapter 09: Data Sufficiency

Type I - Five Options Data Sufficiency

rs . 172
174
53.
54.
55.
Test Your Learning
Answer Key and Explanations

k e
Type II – Four Options Data Sufficiency (Direct)
176
177
178
56.
57.
58.
Test Your Learning

r an
Answer Key and Explanations
Type III – Four Options Data Sufficiency (Twister)
181
183
184

p
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tr-6H6B3D4E1B
59. Test Your Learning 187
60.
61.
62.
63.
64. To
Answer Key and Explanations
Type IV – Four Options Data Sufficiency (Guaranteed Answers)
Test Your Learning
Answer Key and Explanations
Type V – Three Statements Data Sufficiency
188
189
192
193
194
tr-6N6L3R 65.
4T 1Q6L Skill Drill 01
1U 197
66. Answer Key and Explanations 199
67. Skill Drill 02 201
68. Answer Key and Explanations 203
69. Skill Drill 03 6L1U 205
tr-6N6L3R4T1Q
70. Answer Key and Explanations 207
71. Skill Drill 04 209
72. Answer Key and Explanations 211
73. Skill Drill 05 213
74. Answer Key and Explanations 215
75. Skill Drill 06 217
76. Answer Key and Explanations 219

©SuperGrads Page 10 of 220

 01 INTRODUCTION TO DATA INTERPRETATION
INTRODUCTION

What do we understand by Data Interpretation (D.I.)?

As the name implies, Data Interpretation is extraction of maximum information, as required by us from the given set of
data or information. In other words, the act of organising and interpreting data to get meaningful information is known
as Data Interpretation.
Data Interpretation (DI) is a significant component of the CAT/MBA exam and plays a crucial role in evaluating a
candidate's analytical and decision-making skills. Data Interpretation section assesses a candidate's ability to extract
valuable insights and make informed decisions based on complex data presentations.
Importance of Data Interpretation in MBA entrance exams:
Data Interpretation in CAT /MBA entrance exams holds immense importance as it reflects the real-world scenarios that

m
future business leaders may face. The section includes various forms of data representation, such as bar graphs, line

o
charts, pie charts, tables, and caselets. CAT /MBA entrance exams aims to identify individuals who can analyze data
effectively, identify trends, and make strategic decisions based on that data.

c
Data Interpretation for CAT in DILR Section
Section Name

rs .
DI Composition
Data Interpretation and Logical Reasoning (DILR)

e
Total DILR Questions 20
Number of sets in Data Interpretation for CAT 2
Type of DI Questions for CAT

n
Total questions Based on Data Interpretation for CAT
Total time to attempt DILR Section

a k Questions are in sets of 5 based on DI problems

10
40 minutes
Marks for Each Correct Answer
Negative Marks for Each Wrong Answer
Difficulty Level of DI Questions

p r +3
tr--1
6H6B3D4E1B
6A1H

Moderate to High

considered as done.
To
Data interpretation questions are tricky, twisting and time-consuming as far as CAT exam is concern. You need to solve
them quickly since one problem is followed by many questions. Even if a few could be answered correctly, the job is

Weightage of D.I. in other MBA entrance exams:

Different forms of presenting data:
Data Interpretation in competitive exams often involves
Generally, D.I.
6L1Uforms a separate section by itself in most of
tr-6N6L3R4T1Q the presentation of data in various forms. Understanding
the MBA Entrance Exams. The number of questions vary
these different forms is crucial for candidates to
from 25 to 40. Thus, we can conclude that a weightage of
effectively interpret and analyze the data. Here are some
approximately 20% is given to D.I.
common forms of presenting data in Data Interpretation:
Key Skills Evaluated:
tr-6N6L 3R4T1Q6L1U Tables: Data can be presented in tabular form with rows
Data Interpretation section evaluates several key skills,
and columns. Tables are widely used for presenting
including:
numerical data, and candidates need to read and interpret
 Data Comprehension: The ability to quickly
the information within the table.
understand and extract relevant information from
different data sets. Bar Graphs: Bar graphs represent data using rectangular
 Mathematical Proficiency: Strong mathematical skills, bars of varying lengths or heights. The length or height of
including calculations, percentages, ratios, and each bar corresponds to the quantity or value being
interpretations of numerical data. represented. Bar graphs are effective for comparing data
 Logical Reasoning: The capability to draw logical between different categories.
inferences and conclusions from the data presented. Line Graphs: Line graphs show data using lines
 Time Management: Efficiently managing time is connecting data points. They are often used to display
essential as the CAT and other MBA entrance exams trends or changes over time, making them suitable for
are known for its stringent time limits. showing growth or decline in values.

©SuperGrads Page 11 of 220

 Pie Charts: Pie charts are circular graphs divided into  Compare values for different categories or entities to
segments, with each segment representing a proportion identify which one is the highest or lowest.
of the whole. They are useful for displaying parts of a  Analyze data trends over time, including identifying
whole and showing the percentage distribution of a patterns, seasonality, and cyclical behavior.
dataset.  Assess the relative performance of different entities
Scatter Plots: Scatter plots display individual data points or products.
on a graph, with one variable on the x-axis and another on  Compare the performance of multiple entities over
the y-axis. They are used to examine relationships and the same time period.
correlations between two variables.  Determine if there is a correlation between two
variables based on the clustering or dispersion of data
Histograms: Histograms are similar to bar graphs but are points.
typically used to display the distribution of continuous  Spot outliers, which are data points significantly
data, such as age groups or income brackets. They consist different from the general trend.

m
of contiguous bars that represent intervals or bins.
DATA TABLE
Stacked Bar Graphs: Stacked bar graphs show multiple
data series within a single bar, with each segment of the
bar representing a different category or subcategory.
o
Tables are commonly used to present numerical data and

c
relationships between different variables. To make

.
deductions from a table, follow these steps:

rs
They are useful for comparing total values and their
composition.  Pay attention to the column and row headers, as they

e
often provide essential information about the data
PERT Charts: PERT charts are typically used to depict the presented.
critical path and timeline of a project, with a focus on
activities and their dependencies.

an
Box-and-Whisker Plots (Box Plots): Box plots are used k
 Look for specific data points, values, or numbers in
the table. These may be figures, percentages, ratios, or
any other quantitative information.

r
to display the distribution of a dataset, showing the

p
median, quartiles, and potential outliers. They provide a
summary of the data's spread and central tendencies.
 Ensure that your deductions are consistent with the
tr-information
6H6B3D4E1B presented in the table. Be careful not to
6A1H
misinterpret or misapply the data.

o
Radar Charts: Radar charts are used to display

T
multivariate data, where each variable is represented as a
spoke on a radial graph. They are suitable for comparing
multiple variables across different categories.
 If a portion of the table or graph is missing, analyze
the existing data to identify any patterns or
relationships. For example, look for consistent
growth or decline trends over time or between
categories.
Textual Data/
6L1UCaselets:Data may also be presented in Following table shows number of T-20 matches played,
tr-6N6L3R4T1Q
textual form through paragraphs, statements, or caselets. runs scored, 50s and 100s by 4 Indian batsmen in a year.
Candidates are expected to extract information and
Matches Runs
answer questions based on this textual data. Player 50s 100s
played scored
3D Diagrams: 3D diagrams can represent data with
6L 1U three Virat 16 900 4 3
6N6L3R4T1Q
variables, typically using a surfacetr-plot. These plots show Rohit 20 840 5 1
how a response variable changes concerning two other Shikhar 25 1050 6 2
variables. Suresh 12 450 4 0
Venn diagrams: Venn diagrams are used to illustrate the Here are some inferences that can be drawn from the table:
relationships between different sets or categories.  Shikhar scored the most runs in the year, with 1050
Composite Data: In some cases, data interpretation runs.
questions may combine multiple forms of data  Shikhar scored the most fifties, with 6.
presentation within a single question. For example, a  Virat scored the most hundreds, with 3.
question might provide a table along with a  Virat has the best average runs per innings, with
corresponding bar graph. 56.25.
 Rohit and Shikhar has the second best average runs
Here are common deductions that can be made from per innings, with 42.
different types of charts:

©SuperGrads Page 12 of 220

 PIE CHART
Number of seats in various engineering branch of Delhi engineering college
Seats in Delhi engineering college = 400

Percentage distribution of seats in various branches

5% 15%
30%

10%

15%
25%

c o m
rs .
Mechanical Civil Electronics Electrical

Here are some inferences that can be drawn from the pie chart:

k e Automobile Computer Science





r an
Automobile engineering is the most popular engineering branch in Delhi engineering college, with 30% of the seats.
Civil engineering is the Second most popular engineering branch, with 25% of the seats.
This data suggests that there is a high demand for Automobile, CSE, EE, and
6ACE
1H graduates in Delhi.

p
tr-6H6B3D4E1B
 The degree represents the mechanical and electrical branches together in the pie chart 100% seats are shown by

BAR CHART
o
360° 40% seats are shown by 360/100 X 40 = 144° (Mechanical + electrical = 30 + 10 = 40)

T
Below bar graph shows the number of people who read newspaper (TOI, ET and TH) from five states:

5500
6L1U
tr-6N6L3R4T1Q 4500

3500

2500 6L1U
tr-6N6L3R4T1Q

1500

500

-500 Z X C V B

TOI ET TH
Here are some inferences that can be drawn from the bar graph:
 The Hindu (TH) is the most popular newspaper in all five states, with 21250 readers.
 State V has the highest number of newspaper readers, with 11350 people reading at least one of the three
newspapers.
 This information can be helpful for businesses that are considering advertising in newspapers.

©SuperGrads Page 13 of 220

 LINE GRAPH
Following line graph represents the sale of books from different stores in three different years.

Sale of books
24000
23000
22000
21000
20000
19000
18000
17000
16000
A B
2021
C
2022
D
2023
E

c o m F


Here are some inferences that can be drawn from the line graph:
The sale of books in Store D has increased steadily over the three years.

rs .



k e
The sale of books in Store E has decreased significantly over the three years.
Store C has the highest sale of books in all three years, with 62900 books.

n
 Store E has the lowest sale of books in all three years, with 55200 books.


a
This data suggests that the market for books is declining.
Preparation Strategies:

p r
Data Interpretation (DI) is an important section of the CAT
(Common Admission Test) exam, and approaching it
down the given facts without conjecture of any secondary
shades
tr-6H6Bof 1B6A1H
the
3D4E facts. It is suggested to stick to that
information and avoid assumptions.

To
effectively is essential for achieving a high score. Here's a
systematic approach to tackle Data Interpretation in CAT:
Understand the Question Format: Begin by
understanding the format of the DI questions you're
dealing with. CAT DI questions can be presented in
Pay attention to words: Words like “all,” “some,” “none,”
“other than,” “only”, or “unless” play a significant role in
determining the facts for the particular passage. Pay
attention to negative prefixes as well as “non-,” “un-,” or
“dis-.” These can be crucial in specifying the basic facts of
tr-various forms,
6N6L3R4T 1Q6L1Uincluding tables, charts, graphs, and text. the paragraph.
Pay attention to the data representation style.
Work on Fundamental Calculations: If the question
Read the Instructions: Carefully read the instructions requires calculations or data transformation, perform
and understand the requirements of each DI set. these calculations accurately. Pay attention to units and
Instructions may specify the numbertr-6Nof
6Lquestions
3R4T1Q6L1Urelated ensure your calculations are error-free. In some cases, you
to a set, or they might guide you on how to use the data. may not need to calculate exact values but can estimate to
arrive at an answer. Estimation can save time in complex
Skim/ Analyze the Data: Before diving into the
calculations.
questions, skim through the data presentation (table,
graph, chart, etc.) to get an overview. Identify the key Use Logical Reasoning: Sometimes, the key to finding
variables, labels, and trends if any. Pay attention to scales, an answer is to figure out the logic behind the given data.
units, and labels on the axes or in the tables. In a few cases, the data/information follows a particular
structure. Once you are able to identify it, you can solve it
Focus on the Questions: Start with the first question in
much easily and in less time.
the set. CAT often presents several questions related to a
single data set. Carefully read the question and Time Management: DI can be time-consuming. Set time
understand what is being asked. Make sure you're clear limits for each question or set and move on if a question is
about the objective. taking too long. You can always come back to it later.
Don’t assume any information: Consider the problem Focus on the relevant parts and ignore extraneous data.
statement for the particular passage/question and note
©SuperGrads Page 14 of 220
 Prioritize Easy Questions: If you encounter a difficult to become more comfortable with various types of
question, don't get stuck. Move on to easier questions in questions.
the same DI set or section. You can return to the
Data Interpretation in CAT can be challenging, but with
challenging questions later.
consistent practice and a systematic approach, you can
Practice Regularly: DI skills improve with practice. improve your performance in this section. Work on your
Regularly solve DI sets and practice previous CAT papers analytical and calculation skills, and focus on
understanding the data and the questions posed.
PERCENTAGE
The term percentage means parts per 100 or “for every hundred”. A fraction whose denominator is 100 is called
percentage and the numerator of the fraction is called the rate percent. Thus, when we say a man made a profit of 20
20
percent we mean to say that he gained Rs.20 for every hundred rupees he invested in the business, i.e., rupees for
100
each Rupee. The abbreviation of percent is p.c. and it is generally denoted by %.
Let’s start with a number X(= 1X)
X increased by 10% would become X + 0.1 X = 1.1 X
X increased by 1% would become X + 0.01 X = 1.01 X

c o m
X increased by 0.1% would become X + 0.001 X = 1.001 X
X decreased by 10% would become X - 0.1 X = 0.9 X
X decreased by 1% would become X - 0.01 X = 0.99 X

rs .
e
X decreased by 0.1% would become X - 0.00 1 X = 0.999 X
X increased by 200% would become X + 2X = 3X
X decreased by 300% would become X - 3X = -2X

n k
Similarly, you can work mentally with any specifically chosen number (say 500) and work out different answers.

a
Complete all entries in the following table.

p r
Increased by 10% 25%
tr-6H6B3D50% 100%
4E1B6A1H 300%

o
Number
50 55

tr-6N6L3R4T1Q
6L1U
T 75
150
500
600
1000
93.75
225
1000

2000
2400

2000 3000
2500 3125
A Percentage can be expressed as a Fraction. 10% can be If A is R% of a given number N, then. N =
𝐴×100
10 1 6L3R4T1Q6L1U 𝑅
expressed as or . To expresstr-a6N
percentage as
100 10
𝑎 If A’s income is X% more than that of B, then B’s income is
a fraction divide it by 100 a % = . X
100 × 100% less than that of A.
To express a fraction as a percent multiply it by 100 100+ x
𝑎 𝑎 If the price of a commodity increased by X%, then
⇒ = [( ) × 100] % reduction in consumption, so as not to increase
𝑏 𝑏
To express percentage as a decimal we remove the symbol expenditure is
100X
%.
100+ X
% and shift the decimal point by two places to the left. For
If A’s income is X% less than that of B, then B’s income is
example, 10% can be expressed as 0.1. × 6.5% = 0.065 etc. X%
× 100
100 + x%
To express decimal as a percentage we shift the decimal
point by two places to the right and write the number If the price of a commodity decreases by X%, then increase
obtained with the symbol % or simply we multiply the in consumption, so as not to decrease expenditure, is.
decimal with 100. 100X
%
100 − x
Similarly, 0.7 = 70%.

©SuperGrads Page 15 of 220

 SAGR (Simple Annual Growth Rate) OR Average Population (or value of machine) n years ago =
percentage rate of change over a period =
𝑃
𝑅 𝑛
(New value−old value) 100 [1− ]
= × % 100
old value n
The percentage error,
CAGR (Compounded Annual Growth Rate) CAGR The Error
1 = × 100%
Final n True Value
= (( ) − 1) × 100% Successive change bi percentage. If a number A is
Initial

Here n = number of years increased successively by X% followed by V%, and then

Let the present population of a town be P and let there be by Z%, then the final value of A will be
X Y Z
an increase of X% per annum. Then A (1 + ) (1 + ) (1 + )
100 100 100
n
Population after n years = P [1 +
X
] In a similar way, at any point or stage, if the value is
100
P decreased by any percentage, then we can replace the
Population n year ago = x n same by a negative sign. The same formula can be used for
[1+ ]
100

m
If the population of a town (or value of a machine) two or more successive changes. The final value of A in
this case will be

o
decreases at R% per annum, then
𝑋 𝑌 𝑍
Population (or value of machine) after n year 𝐴 (1 − ) (1 − ) (1 − ) ….etc.

c
100 100 100

.
R
∴ P [1 − ]

rs
100

PERCENTAGE CALCULATION BY BREAKING DOWN THE VALUES.

1. Calculate 12.5% of 3365.
Ans: Going by the normal method it is a mammoth
task but use the method described above.

k e
= 2963.31
6. Find 7.6% of 383.

n
10% 10%
12.5% of 3365 = 336.5 + 336.5/4 = 336.5 + 84.125 = Ans: 7.6% = 10% - + = 38.3 - 9.575 + 0.383 =
4 100
420.625 is the answer.
2. Find 17.5% of the number (3365).
Ans:17.5% = 2 ×10% -
10%

p r a
= 2 × 336.5
336.5
=
38.683 - 9.575 = 29.108.
7. Find 3D22% of6A8742.
tr-6H6B 4E1B
1H
Ans: 22% 2 × 10% +
10%
× 874.2 +
874.2
= 1748.4 +

o
4 4 5 5
673.0 - 84.125 = 588.875. 174.84 = 1923.24.

3. Find 16.5% of 3365.

15%
10
50.475
tr-6N6L3R
= 336.5 + 168.25 +
= 555.225.
4T1Q6L1U
4. Find 9% of 3365.
T
Ans:16.5% = 15% + 1.5% = 10% + 5% +
504.75
10
= 504.75 +
8. Find 22.25% of 731.
Ans: 22.25% = 2 × 10% +
73.1 +
162.64
73.1
5
+
73.1
40
= 146.2 + 14.62 + 1.82 =
10%
5
+
10%
40
=2×

9. Find 33% of 768.

10%
Ans: 9% = 10% − = 336.5 − 33.65 = Ans: 33% = 3 × 10% + 3% = 3 × 76.8 + 23.04 = 230.4
10
302.85 + 23.04 = 253.44.
6L1U
5. Find 68.5% of 4326. tr-6N6L3R4T1Q 10. Find 6% of 1764.
10% 10% 10% 176.4
10%+ 2 Ans: 6% = + = + 17.64 =
Ans: 68.5% = 7 × 10% − = 7× 2 10 2
10
432.6 + 2163 88.2 + 17.64 = 105.84
432.6 − = 3028.20 − 64.89
10

©SuperGrads Page 16 of 220

 We observe that the knowledge of percent reciprocals is very crucial when it comes to calculating fast. So let us try to
remember all the percent reciprocals from 1/1 to 1/50. You must commit to memory the table given and see the results
for yourself.

Percentage Percentage
Number Reciprocal Number Reciprocal
Reciprocal Reciprocal
X 1/X 100/X X 1/X 100/X
1 1.000 100.000 26 0.038 3.846
2 0.500 50.000 27 0.037 3.704
3 0.333 33.333 28 0.036 3.571
4 0.250 25.000 29 0.034 3.448
5 0.200 20.000 30 0.032 3.226
6 0.167 16.667 31 0.032 3.226
7
8
9
0.143
0.125
0.111
14.286
12.500
11.111
32
33
34

c o m 0.031
0.030
0.029
3.125
3.030
2.941
10
11
12
0.100
0.091
0.083
10.000
9.091
8.333
35
36
37

rs . 0.029
0.028
0.027
2.857
2.778
2.703
13
14
0.077
0.071
7.693
7.143

k e 38
39
0.026
0.026
2.632
2.564

n
15 0.067 6.667 40 0.025 2.500

a
16 0.063 6.250 41 0.024 2.439

r
17 0.059 5.882 42 0.024 2.381
18 0.056 5.556 tr-6H43 0.023 2.326

p
1H
6B3D4E1B6A
19 0.053 5.263 44 0.023 2.273
20
21
22
23
24
To 0.050
0.048
0.045
0.043
0.042
5.000
4.762
4.545
4.348
4.167
45
46
47
48
49
0.022
0.022
0.021
0.021
0.020
2.222
2.174
2.128
2.083
2.041
tr-6N6L3R 25
4T 1Q6L1U 0.040 4.000 50 0.020 2.000

This is the most important tool in approximate calculations.

Also, let us remember that:
11. 2 = 200% (or 100% increase), tr-
3 6N= 300%
6L3R4T(or
1Q6L200%
1U increase), 3.26 = 326% (means 226% increase), fourfold (4 times)
= 400 % of original = 300% increase, 10 times means 1000% means 900% increase, 0.6 means 60% of the original
means 40% decrease, 0.31 times means 31% of the original means 69% decrease etc.
1 3 1 5 1
12. = 50%, = 1 + = 100 + 50 = 150%, = 2 + = 200 + 50 = 250% etc.,
2 2 2 2 2
2 1 4 1 5 2
13. = 1 − = 100 − 33.33 = 66.66%, = 1 + = 100 + 33.33 133.33%, 1 + 100 + 66.66 % =
3 3 3 3 3 3
7 1 8 2 1
166.66%, = 2 + = 200 + 33.33 = 233.33%, = 2 + = 200 + 66.66 = 3 − = 300 -
3 3 3 3 3
33.33 = 266.66% etc.
1 3 5 1 7 3 1
14. = 25%, = 75%, (1 + ) = 125% (= 25 increase), (1 + = 2 − ) = 175%
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
9 1 11
(= 75% increase), (2 + ) = 225% (= 125% increase), = 275% = (175% increase).
4 4 4

©SuperGrads Page 17 of 220

 1 2 3 4 6 7 2
15. = 20%, = 40%, = 60%, = 80%, = 120%, (1 + ) = 140% etc.
5 5 5 5 5 5 5

1 5 7 1 11
16. = 16.66%, = 83.33%, (1 + ) = 116.66%, = 183.33%
6 6 6 6 6

1 2 3 4 3 5 2 6
17. = 14.28%, = 28.56%, = 42.84%, = (1 − ) = 57.14%, = (1 − ) = 71.42%,
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
1 8 1 9 2
= (1 − ) = 85.71%, = (1 + ) = 114.28%, = (1 + ) 128.56% etc.
7 7 7 7 7

1 3 5 7 9 1 11 3 13
18. = 12.5%, = 37.5%, = 62.5%, = 87.5%, = (1 + ) = 112.5%, = (1 + ) = 137.5%,
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
15
= 162.5%, = 187.5% etc.
8

1 2 4 5 7 8 10 11 2
19. = 11.11%, = 22.22%, = 44.44%, = 55.55%, = 77.77%, = 88.88%, = 111.11%, = (1 + ) =
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
122.22% etc.

20.
1
11
= 9.09%,
72.72%,
9
2
11
= 81.81%,
= 18.18%,
10
11
3

= 90.9%,
= 27.27%,
12
= (1 +
4
11
= 36.36%,
1
11
) = 109.09% etc.
5
= 45.45%,
6
11

c o m
= 54.54%,
11
7
= 63.63%,
8
11
=

.
11 11 11 11

rs
1 5 7 11 13 17
21. = 8.33%, = 41.66%, = 58.33%, = 91.66%, = 108.33%, = 141.66% etc.
12 12 12 12 12 12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

e
22. = 7.79%, = 15.38%, = 23.07%, = 30.76%, = 38.46%, = 46.15%, = 53.84%,
13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

k
9 10 11 12 14 1
= 61.53%, = 69.23%, = 77.9%, = 84.61%, = 92.31%, = (1 + ) = 107.69% etc.
13 13 13 13 13 13

23.
1
14
= 7.14%,
= 107.14% etc.
3
14
= 21.42%,
14
5
= 35.71%,

r an 9
14
= 64.28%,
11
14
= 78.57%,
13
14
= 92.86,
15
14
= (1 +
1
14
)

p
1 2 4 7 8 11 6A 1H 13
24. = 6.66%, = 13.33%, = 26.66%, 46.66%, = tr- 6H6B3D4E1B= 73.33%,
53.33%, 86.66%,
15 15 15 15 15 15 15

25.

26.
14
15
1
16
= 93.33%,

= 6.35%,
= 93.75%,
1 2
17
16
3
16
16
15

= (1 +
o
= 106.66%,

T
18.75%,
1
16
5
16
= 31.25%,
17
15

) = 106.25% etc.
3
= 113.33% etc.
7
16
= 43.75%,

4
16
9
= 56.25%,

5
11
16
68.75%,

6
13
16
= 81.25%,

7
15
16

8
tr-27. 3R=
4T1Q6L1U
5.88%, = 11.76%, = 17.64%, = 23.52%, = 29.41%, = 35.29%, = 41.17%, =
6N6L17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
9 10 11 12 13 14
47.05%, = 52.94%, = 58.8°h, = 64.70%, = 71.76%, = 76.47%, = 82.35%,
17 17 17 17 17 17

15 16 18 1
28. = 88.23%, = 94.12%, = (1 + ) = 105.88% 𝑒𝑡𝑐.
17 17 17 17
4T1Q6L 1U
1 5 7tr-6N6L3R 11 13 17 19 1
29. = 5.55%, = 27.77%, = 38.88%, = 61.11%, = 72.22%, = 94.44%, = (1 + )
18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
= 105.55% etc.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
30. = 5.26%, = 10.52%, = 15.79%, = 21.05%, = 26.3𝑙%, = 31.57%, 36.84%,
19 19 19 19 19 19 19
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
31. = 42.1%, = 47.36%, = 52.6%, = 57.89%, = 63.15%, = 68.42%, = 73.68%,
19 19 19 19 19 19 19

15 16 17 18 20 1
32. = 78.95%, = 84.21%, = 89.47%, = 94.73%, = (1 + ) = 105.26% 𝑒𝑡𝑐.
19 19 19 19 19 19

1 3 7 9 11 13 17 19 21 1
33. = 5%, = 15%, = 35%, 45%, = 55%, 65%, = 85%, = 95%, (1 + )
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
= 105% 𝑒𝑡𝑐.

©SuperGrads Page 18 of 220

 TEST YOUR LEARNING
Direction: Simplify the following fractions: (c) 30.3% (d) 31.2%
284 2183
1. 13.
1983 8019
(a) 13.7% (b) 14.3% (a) 26.4% (b) 27.9%
(c) 14.9% (d) 13.1% (c) 27.2% (d) 26.8%
1131 23.8
2. 14.
1067 581
(a) 1.06 (b) 1.08 (a) 4.1% (b) 4.7%
(c) 1.04 (d) 1.02 (c) 4.3% (d) 3.97%
781 1.6 × 1.12
3. 15.
1867 6.63
(a) 42.8% (b) 41.9% (a) 27.63% (b) 27.02%
(c) 41.2%

4.
1234.5
(d) 40.7% (c) 28.11%

16.
1.32× 1.82

c o m
(d) 26.53%

.
15.5 5.72
(a) 80.32 (b) 78.23 (a) 0.42 (b) 0.38

rs
(c) 77.77 (d) 79.6 (c) 0.46 (d) 0.36
4567 6.1× 1.5

e
5. 17.
237 55.4
(a) 19.8 (b) 17.23 (a) 17.5% (b) 17.2%
(c) 19.3

6.
961
253
(d) 18.56

an k
(c) 16.5%

18.
17.88
55.33
(d) 16.1%

(a) 3.71
(c) 3.97
(b) 3.89
(d) 3.79

p r (a) 33.3%
(c)tr-34.5%
6H6B3D4E1B
6A1H
(b) 33.5%
(d) 32.3%

o
7.
1271
19. 35.6% of 928.
2949
(a) 330.3 (b) 327.7
(a) 42.26% (b) 40.35%
(c) 41.38%

8.

tr-(c)
200
1039
(a) 19.25%
3R4T1Q6L1U
6N6L19.36%
T (d) 43.09%

(b) 19.61%
(d) 19.17%
(c) 332.6
20. 83.33% of 833
(a) 643
(c) 658
(d) 326.2

(b) 694
(d) 688
21. 44.44% of 8127 + 58.33% of 2184
359
9. (a) 4946 (b) 4886
582
(a) 64.1% (b) 63.3% (c) 4758 (d) 4608
(c) 61.7% (d) 62.8%3R4T1Q6L1U 22. If 68% of a number is 144, then 85% of the same
tr-6N6L
31 number is —
10.
517
(a) 5.8% (b) 6% 23. If 59% of a number is 75, then 71% of the same
(c) 5.2% (d) 6.2% number is —

202.3
24. If 92% of a number is 124, then 22% of the same
11. number is —
2023
(a) 10.15% (b) 10.45%
25. If 37% of a number is 134, then 87% of the same
(c) 10.25% (d) 10%
number is —
68
12. 26. If 43% of a number is 636, then 57% of the same
224
(a) 30.8% (b) 29.6% number is —

©SuperGrads Page 19 of 220

 ANSWER KEY AND EXPLANATIONS
1. b 2. a 3. b 4. d 5. c 6. d 7. d 8. a 9. c 10. b
11. d 12. c 13. c 14. a 15. b 16. a 17. c 18. d 19. a 20. b
21. b
1 37
22. 68% of (68) % = 85%
4
25. (37% × 2 = 74%) + ( % = 12.33%) = 87%
3
1
⟹ 144 + (144) = 180 Hence, 268 + 45 = 313.
4 1
23. 71% is 12% points more than 59% which is almost one- 26. 57% is 14% points more than 43% and 14% will be
3
of
fifth of 59%. Hence, we add one-fifth of 75 to 75 to get 43%(approx.)
1
90. Hence, 636 + (636) = 848.
1 3
24. 4
of 92% is 23% of the same number which becomes 31.
We need 22%. Hence, a little less than 31.

c o m
rs .
k e
r an
p
6A1H
tr-6H6B3D4E1B

To
6L1U
tr-6N6L3R4T1Q

6L1U
tr-6N6L3R4T1Q

©SuperGrads Page 20 of 220

 1. The production of a firm in 2018 is 1200 MT and in 8. If in an institute the number of students doubles In 4
2022 is 1600 MT. What is years, the CAGR will be:
(a) Growth (b) Growth % (a) 22% (b) less than 18%
(c) SAGR (d) CAGR (c) < 20% (d) 24%
2. The production of a firm in 2018 is 1200 MT and in 9. Which is bigger: 0.004% of 25000 or 25000% of
2021 is 1600 MT. What is the 0.004?
(a) Growth (b) Growth %
10. If A is 37.5% more than B, by what % is B less than A?
(c) SAGR (d) CAGR
11. If price decreases by 25%, by what % should
3. The production of a firm increases by 20%, 25% and
consumption increase so that the expenditure does
50% in 3 successive years over the previous year. If
not increase?
the production is 280 MT in the first year, find the
production at the end of 3 years. 12. If speed increases by 33.33%, what is the percent

m
reduction in the time taken to travel the same
4. The production of a firm decreases by 20% in the first
distance?
year, then decreases 25% in the next year and then
increases by 50% the next year and then increases by
10% in the next year. All percentage change being

c o
13. Two successive discounts of 8 and 10% would be

.
equal to a single discount of .... %?

rs
consecutive (over the previous year). If at the end of
14. X first increased by 5% and then decreased by 8%.
the changes, the value is 990 MT what was the value
The final value is ...% less than X?
initially?
5. If the production of a firm is 800 MT in the year 2002

k e
15. If after 2 successive increases of 10% and 8%, the
price of a commodity is Rs.2376, what was the

n
and 1200 MT in 2006, the value of the production, if it
original price?
follows the same CAGR as before, in the year 2008 and
2010 will become:

p r a
6. If x is increased by 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and
100 % respectively, by what % should we reduce it
16. At 20% growth rate, the population of a town will
become 432000
tr-6H6B3D4E1B
now?
6A1H in 2 years. What is the population

To
each time to restore it to its original value?
7. If x is decreased by 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and
90 % respectively, by what % should we increase it
each time to restore it to its original value?
17. The population of bacteria increases by 20% every 10
minutes. In how much time will it double itself?
18. The price of a product increased by 20% but the
turnover increased by only 12%. What is the % drop
in quantity sales?
6L1U
tr-6N6L3R4T1Q

6L1U
tr-6N6L3R4T1Q

©SuperGrads Page 21 of 220

 The 10 × 10 Funda. Method 4: Using formula
Let us take a very simple question and try to work it out 100𝑟
%, we have
100×25
= 20%
100+𝑟 100+25
by different methods
Method 5: Suppose the length is L and width is B, we have
The length of a rectangle increases by 25%. Find the 𝐴 = 𝐿 × 𝐵 and also 𝐴 = 1.25𝐿 × 𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑤 , so we get 𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑤 =
percent drop in its width for area to remain same. 𝐿×𝐵
= 0.8𝐵
1.25𝐿
Method 1: So, 20% decrease.
5 4
25% increase means . So we have to do means 80%, so Method 6: (10 × 10). In this assume length and breadth
4 5
20 drop. are both 10.
So, we have 10 × 10 = 100
𝑎𝑏 25(−𝑏)
Method 2: a + b + gives 25 + (−b) + = 0 so b 12.5 × B = 100 or B = 8, so 20% drop.
100 100
= 20%. Of all the methods, 10 × 10 method gives you the best and
the fastest results.

m
Concept: The net percentage change when two variables
are increased / decreased by given percentages, say a% One more Example (of 10 × 10 method). The price of petrol
and b% will be
a + b + a × b/100
o
increases by 40% but the final expenditure increases by

c
20% only. By what percent does the consumption
decrease?

.
rs
Like in the example: If price and consumption each are
increased by 20% and 25% respectively, then the total Sol. 10 × 10 = 100

e
increase in expenditure will be 14 × X = 120.
120 60 60 10
So, we get X = .

k
New E = 1.2P × 1.25 C = 1.SPC = 1.5 E = 50% increase. = . So the drop = 10 − ( ) =
14 7 7 7
For the same data given above, applying the formula, we 1
Now = 14.28% Answer.
get the net percentage change in expenditure
= 20 + 25 +
20×25
100
= 20 + 25 + 5 = 50%

r an
In case a given value decreases by any percentage, we will
7
5
7
40% Jump means
and 20% increase means
6
5
so we get
7
5
× X =

p
6 6 1B6A1H 1
, so X 6B=3D4E= (1 − ) = 14.28% drop.
tr-6H
use a negative sign before that. 5 7 7

o
In the same way: If the length of a rectangle is decreased

T
by 40% and the breadth is increased by 30%, then find the
percentage change in the area of the rectangle.
Area of rectangle = length × breadth. Here, both length and
breadth are changed. So, using the formula, net percentage
1.

2.
A quantity X when decreased by 25% becomes 130. If
X is made 182, what is the percentage increase?
Two shopkeepers each have a revenue of Rs.3900. For
the first, the margin is 30% and for the other, the
profit is 30%. Find ‘the difference between their
6N6L3R4T
tr-change 1Q6L1U (−40)(30) actual profits.
in area = -40 + 30 + = −22(-) ve sign
100 3. A milkman mixes 20% by volume of Bisleri to his milk
signifies decrease. Hence the area of the rectangle and then sells the whole at the cost price of milk. If
decreases by 22%. Bisleri costs 20% of the cost of milk, what is the net
The above formula can be used to find6L1U out the profit percent?
following: tr-6N6L3R4T1Q The Concept of Margin:
Percentage effect on expenditure. Expenditure = Price × We have Profit %
Profit SP−CP Profit
Quantity (or Consumption) = × 100 = × 100 and Margin% = ×
CP CP SP
Percentage effect on area of rectangle/square etc. Area = 100 =
SP−CP
× 100.
SP
Length × Breadth
So, profit expressed as a percentage of SP is margin. In
Revenue calculation Revenue = Unit Sale × Price per unit
practical, profit is never calculated with CP as the
Anything that involves product of two quantities.
Base. It is always margin which is calculated with SP
The net percentage change when there are 3 successive as the base. Margin is almost always expressed in
increases of a, b and c % respectively is given by percentage so there is no need for us to write “margin
(a + b + c +
ab+bc+ac
+
abc
)% percent”. “Margin” automatically means “margin
100 10000 percent”.
Method 3: 100 to 125. Now 125 to 100, so we have
25/125 1 5, = 20%. 4. If profit % is 40, find the margin %.
5. If margin % is 30, find the profit %.
©SuperGrads Page 22 of 220
 AVERAGES
The Average or Mean or Arithmetic Mean of a number of Ans: The sum of their ages is 18 × 10 = 180 years.
quantities is equal to their sum divided by their number. It is important to remember that the quantities whose
Average or Mean or AM = average is to be determined should have the same unit.
Sum of n quantities (or numbers) Mean in a Discrete Series
number of quantities (n)
In discrete series the values of the variable are multiplied
If X1, X2, X3 ….. Xn are the given n observations, then their
by the respective frequencies, the products are added
Arithmetic Mean (A.M.) usually denoted by j, is given by
𝑥1 +𝑥2 +𝑥3 +⋯.+𝑥𝑛 ∑𝑥
together and the total is divided by the number of item.
𝑥̅ = = , Where ∑ 𝑥 = Sum of n Symbolically, if f1, f2, f3, ….fn, are the frequency responding
𝑛 𝑛
observations. to the values x1, x2, x3, …. xn then A.M. is given by 𝑥̅ =
𝑓1 𝑥1 + 𝑓2 𝑥2 +𝑓3 𝑥3 …+𝑓𝑛 𝑥𝑛
6. Find the average of 7, 17, 20, 13, 2, 19. 𝑓1 +𝑓2 +𝑓3
Ans: The average of 7, 17, 20, 13, 2, 19 is
7+17+20+13+2+19 78 Average of two or more group taken together

m
= = 13 At times, average of two or more groups is required to be
6 6
The same formula can be modified to obtain the sum found out. In such cases, it is not possible to directly take
of given quantities as
Average x Number of quantities = Sum of quantities

. o
the average of the groups individually and find the new

c
average, but a different approach is required to solve such
questions. The following diagrammatic representation

rs
7. The average age of 10 students of a school is 18 years.
Find the sum of their ages. shall give you a clear view.

k e
r an
p
6A1H
tr-6H6B3D4E1B

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tr-6N6L3R4T1Q

6L1U
tr-6N6L3R4T1Q
8. The average number of runs scored by Tendulkar in the last 10 matches is 42. In the last 15 matches Ganguly scored
runs at an average rate of 57. What is the average of runs scored by both these batsmen?
Ans: Average of the runs scored
42×10+57×15 1275
= = = 51
10+15 25
(The student should note carefully that the correct method of finding the average is by the method given above, and
42 + 57
not as = 49.5. This would be wrong. Why.)
2

Weighted Average
The weighted average of a given number of quantities is the sum total of the products of the values and their
weightages divided by the total weightage.

©SuperGrads Page 23 of 220

 Values Weight 𝐗 𝟏 × 𝐖𝟏

𝐗𝟏 𝐖𝟏 𝐗 𝟏 × 𝐖𝟏
𝐗𝟐 𝐖𝟐 𝐗 𝟐 × 𝐖𝟐
𝐗𝟑 𝐖𝟑 𝐗 𝟑 × 𝐖𝟑
... … ….
… … ….
n n

∑ Wi ∑ Xi W1
𝑖=𝑙 𝑖=𝑙

∑n
𝑖=𝑙 𝑋1 Wi
Weighted Average = ∑n
𝑖=𝑙 Wi

9.

Ans:

c o m
The marks obtained by a student in his final year of graduation are Maths - 59, Physics- 81, Chemistry - 67, English -
74. The weights given to these subjects are 4, 2, 3 and 1 respectively. What is his overall average?

Subjects
Maths
Physics
Marks
59
81
Weight
4
2
S×W

rs
59 × 4 = 236
81 × 2 = 162
.
Chemistry
English
67
74
3
1
4

k e 67 × 3 = 201
74 × 1 = 74
4

Weighted Average =
673
= 67.3.

r an ∑ Wi = 10
𝑖=𝑙
∑ SiW1 = 673
𝑖+1

p
6A1H
10 tr-6H6B3D4E1B
Had the weights not been given, the average in this case would have become (9 + 81 + 67 + 74) ÷ 4 = 70.25.
Geometric Mean

o
The Geometric Mean of ‘n’ numbers is given by the nth root of the product of numbers.

T
𝐺𝑀 of 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , 𝑋3 … . 𝑋𝑛 = 𝑛√𝑥1 × 𝑥2 × 𝑥3 × … .× 𝑥𝑛

10. Find the geometric mean of 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128.

Ans:
The sum of first “n” natural numbers Is given by
𝑛(𝑛+1)
2

73R4T1Q6L1U
The sum of the squares of the first n natural numbers
tr-6N6L√2 × 4 × 8 × 16 × 32 × 64 × 128 𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
7 1 is given by
= √2 × 22 × 23 × 24 × 25 × 26 × 27 = 228/7 = 24 = 6

16 The sum of the cubes of first n natural numbers Is

𝑛(𝑛+1) 2
given by [ ]
Important 2
1Q6L1U The sum of the first “n” odd natural numbers is given
1) If each one of the given numbers is4Tincreased (or
tr-6N6L3R
decreased) by K, their average (A.M) is Increased (or by n2
decreased) by K. The sum of the first “n” even natural numbers is given
2) If each one of the given numbers is multiplied by K, by n(n+1)
their average (A.M) is multiplied by K.
3) If a man (or train or boat or bus) covers some Journey Harmonic Mean
from A to Bat X kmph (or m/sec) and returns back to The harmonic mean of a series of positive values is
A at a uniform speed for V kmph, then the average defined as the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of
speed during the whole journey is
2𝑋𝑌
kmph. their reciprocals.
𝑋+𝑌 Let x1, x2, … xn, (none of them being zero) have the
4) A.M. of any number of numbers is always equal to or
frequencies f1, f2 …fn respectively, then harmonic
greater than their G.M, i.e., A.M ≥ G.M. The equal sign n
mean is given by h = 1 1 1
occurs when all the numbers are same. A M. ≥ G. M. ≥ +
x1 x2
+⋯+
xn
H. M.

©SuperGrads Page 24 of 220

 11. Calculate the H.M of 4, 8 and 16. Here n = 10, (even number), so there are two central
Ans: 𝑛 𝑛
values th and ( + 1)th
n 3 3 3 2 2
H. M = 1 1 1 =1 1 1 = = = n n
th value+( +1)th value
+ + + + .25+.125+.0625 .4375 2 2
x1 x2 x3 4 8 16 ∴ Median =
48 2
= 6.857 10 10
th value+( +1)th value
7 2 2
=
2
Median 5th v alue+6th value
=
When the observations are arranged in ascending or 2
1123+1180
descending order of magnitude, then the middle value is =
2
= 1151.5
called the median of these observations.
Mode
Median is that value of the variate for which there are The mode is defined to be the size of the variable
equal frequencies of greater and smaller values. That is which occurs most frequently or the point of
the total frequency above median is equal to the total maximum frequency or the point of greatest density.
frequency below median.
In other words, median is that value of the variable which
divides a series into two parts so that one-half or more of m
In other words, the mode or modal value of the

o
distribution is that value of the variate for which

c
frequency is maximum.
the items are equal to or less than it.
Computation of Median -

rs .
It is the value of the variable corresponding the
maximum of the ideal curve which gives the closest fit
to the actual distribution.

e
(1) Formula in case of individual series: Let x1, x2, ..., xn be
then values of a variable written in ascending order of 13. Find the mode of the following terms. 0, 1, 6, 7, 2, 3, 7,
magnitude. Then median denoted by Me or M or Md is
given by
Median = Value of the middle item

an k
6, 6, 2, 6, 0, 5, 6, 0.
Ans: Since 6 occurs 5 times and no other item occurs
5 or more than 5 times, hence mode is 6.
(i) When n is odd, then
Median =
𝑛+1
2
th value

p r SOME IMPORTANT

1.
6A1H

Average =
FORMULAE
tr-6H6B3D4E1B
Sum of the observations
.
(ii) When n is even,
Median = {
1 nth
2 2

To n th
value + ( + 1) value}
2

(2) Discrete Series: Let x1, x2, ..., xk be the k observations

in ascending order with corresponding frequencies f1,
2

3.
4.
Number of observations

Capacity utilisation =
Production
Installed capacity

Revenue = No. of items sold x price per unit.

Turnover = Price x quantity (volume).
.

tr-6N6Lf23R
, …f
4Tk1Qf 6L
respectively. Let f1, f2, fk be the less than type
1U
5. Deficit = Demand − Supply.
cumulative frequencies. Then median is the lowest
Total profit
value of the variable for which the cumulative 6. Income per share = .
𝑁+1 Number of shares
frequency (F) exceeds where N is the total
2 Production of crop
frequency. 6L1U 7. Crop yield = .
tr-6N6L3R4T1Q Area under cultivation

12. According to the census of 1981, following are the 18 𝑜

8. In case of pie-chart, 1% = ( ) .
5
population figures in thousands, of 10 cities -2000,
1180, 1785, 1500, 560, 782, 1200, 385, 1123, 222. 9. 1 million = 10 lakh.
Find the median. Distance covered
Ans: To find out the median, the series should be 10. Average Speed = .
Time taken
arranged in either ascending order or in descending
11. Total or gross profit = Sales − expenditure =
order.
(S. P. − C. P) × Volume.
When the population is arranged in ascending order
we get: 222, 385, 560, 782, 1123, 1180, 1200, 1500, 12. Net Profit = Revenue − Expensces.
1785, 2000.
13. Deficiency = Requirement − Availability.
Median = Middle Value.
14. Balance of trade gap = Exports − Import.

©SuperGrads Page 25 of 220

 15. Dividend per share =
Total dividend
. Some more useful tips:
Number of shares

Total income 1. Learn tables up to 30 by heart. Saves time.

16. Per capita income = .
Population
2. Approximate your calculations judiciously. Saves
17. In case of pie chart, 1o = (5⁄18)%. time.

18. 1 billion = 100 crores = 1,000 million. 3. Always look at the options. If they are sufficiently
widely spaced, then you tan make a quick choice.
Important Abbreviations: Saves time.
(1) G.D.P. - Gross Domestic Product.
(2) G.N.P. - Gross National Product. 4. Always set an order of question sets that you have to
(3) N.P. - Net Profit. attempt first, second, third etc. Intelligent Strategy.
(4) C.P.I. - Consumer Price Index. 5. If one question in a set (of 6 to 7 questions) is tough or
(5) C.I. - Compound Interest. involves very large calculations, leave it without a
(6) S.I. - Simple Interest.
(7) S.P. - Selling Price.
(8) C.P. - Cost Price. 6.
m
second thought. A void blunder.

o
Learn reciprocals of numbers, equivalent percentages

c
of fractions etc. to speed up your calculations. Saves
(9) G.P.M. - Gross Profit Margin.
(10) N.P.M. - Net Profit Margin. time.

rs .
Remember common approximations like

e
1
π ≈ 3.14, π2 ≈ 10,√2 ≈ 1.4, √3 ≈ 1.73 and ≈ 0.32
π

an k
p r tr-6H6B3D4E1B
6A1H

To
6L1U
tr-6N6L3R4T1Q

6L1U
tr-6N6L3R4T1Q

©SuperGrads Page 26 of 220