Computer Science (Paper-II)

1. Introduction to Microprocessor and organization of 8085 microprocessor

➢ Evolution of Microprocessor
After the invention of integrated circuit(IC) semiconductor technology has
undergone so many changes. IC means more than one chip fabricated or integrated on a
single chip, It may consists of transistors, diodes, resistors on a single chip.

- Small scale integration

In this technology more than one but less than 100 logic gate chips was integrated
on single chip.

- Medium scale integration

In this technology more than 100 but less than 1000 logic gate chips was integrated
on single chip.

- Large scale integration

In this technology more than 1000 but less than 10000 logic gate chips was
integrated on single chip.

- Very large scale or Super large scale integration

In this technology it became possible to integrate more than 10000 logic gate chips
on single chip.

➢ Generations of Microprocessor
1. First generation
In 1971, Intel introduced first microprocessor in the market was Intel-4004. It was
first 4-bit microprocessor developed by scientist Federico Faggin.
In 1972 Intel introduced the 8008 first 8-bit microprocessor in the market.
Eg:- Intel-4040, Toshiba’s T-3472

2. Second generation
In 1976, Intl introduced 8085 microprocessor. It was 8-bit microprocessor.
Development of microprocessor has been in the direction towards a complete
microcomputer system with CPU, ROM, RAM, Clock, I/O ports, all in single package.
Eg:- Intel 8048, Motorola MC-6801

3. Third generation
In 1978, Intel introduced 8086 microprocessor now called as APX-86. It was first
16-bit microprocessor developed by scientists Stephen Mors and Druce Revenal. it
can perform all the functions of minicomputer.
Eg:- Intel-8086, 8088, Zylog Z-8000
 4. Fourth generation
In 1981, Intel introduced 80386 microprocessor. It was first 32-bit microprocessor.
It can address a 4GB physical memory.
Eg:- M-68020, HP-32, iAPX-432

➢ Microprocessor
Microprocessor is a multipurpose programmable logic device that reads binary data
from storage device i.e. memory accept that data as input process as per the instructions
and provide result as output.

Fig: Microprocessor

- It is divided into three parts

1. ALU
2. Register
3. Control unit

1. ALU
- It is Arithmetic and Logic unit .
- It is used to perform arithmetic and logic operations, arithmetic operations are
addition, subtraction etc and logical operations are AND, OR, NOT etc.

2. Register
- It is temporary memory.
- It stores data temporarily at the time of execution of program.

3. Control Unit
- It provides timing and control signals to the operations.
- It is use to control flow of data between microprocessor, memory and peripherals.

➢ Microprocessor with microprocessor based system

- There are three parts of microprocessor based system that works with
microprocessor.
1. Memory
2. Peripherals
3. System Bus
 1. Memory
- Memory is a storage device. It stores data and instructions in binary form.
- Microprocessor reads data and instructions from memory for performing operation.
- It also used to store result.

2. Peripherals
- Peripherals means Input and Output devices.
- Input devices that are Keyboard, Mouse etc. which transfer data from outside of the
computer to the inside of the computer or microprocessor.
- Output devices that are Printer, Monitor etc. which transfer data from inside of the
computer or microprocessor to the outside of the computer.

3. System Bus
- System bus is bunch of wires used to transfer data from one place to another place.
- It is called communication path between microprocessor, memory and peripherals.

Fig: Microprocessor with microprocessor based system

➢ Block diagram of ALU

- ALU is Arithmetic and Logic Unit
- It is used to perform arithmetic and logic operations.
- It is 8 bit unit
- It consists of:
• Adder
It is used to perform arithmetic operations.
• Shifter
It is used to perform logical operations.
• Status register
It is used to show the status of program. It set or reset according to the accumulator.
• Temporary register
It is used to stores data temporarily at the time of execution of program.
• Accumulator
It is used to store result of program i.e. ALU operation.
• System bus
It is used to transfer data from one place to another place.
 Fig: Block diagram of ALU

➢ Functions of CPU
- To fetch, decode, and execute program instructions in the proper order.
- Transfer data to and from memory and to and from I/O section
- Read and write data into memory so bidirectional bus is required.
- Provide timing and control signals for the entire system.
- Responds to external interrupts
- All processing and data flow is done in the system with microprocessor chip.

➢ Block diagram of Generic Microprocessor

Fig: Block diagram of Generic Microprocessor

 It consists of:
1. ALU
2. Registers:
I. Instruction register
II. Temporary register
III. Accumulator
IV. Status register
V. Data/Address register
VI. Stack pointer
VII. Program counter
3. Instruction decoder
4. Timing and control section
5. Buses and control lines
I. Control bus
II. Data bus
III. Address bus
6. Buffer and Latches
7. Input control
8. Output control
9. Interrupt control
10. Power supply and Frequency signals

1. ALU
- ALU is Arithmetic and Logic Unit.
- It is used to perform arithmetic and logic operations.
- It is 8 bit unit.

2. Registers
I. Instruction register
- It is 8 bit register.
- It stores the first byte of instruction.

II. Temporary register

- It is 8 bit register
- It stores data temporarily at the time of execution of program.

III. Accumulator
- It is 8 bit register
- It is used to store result of program i.e. ALU operation.
 IV. Status register
- It is 8 bit register
- It shows the status of program.
- It is group of flip flop and it is also called as flag register
- There are two flags in generic microprocessor zero flag and carry flag
- Zero flag set when result of ALU operation is zero.
- Carry flag set when result of ALU operation is more than 8-bit.

V. Data/Address register
- It is 16 bit register.
- It is used to store data as well as address.
- It has two 8-bit registers that are H (high order byte) and L (low order byte).
- H and L registers can store 8- bit data separately but in pair they can store
16-bit data.

VI. Stack pointer(SP)

- It is 16 bit register.
- It stores the address of top block of memory called stack.
- When data pushed SP decremented and When data Poped SP incremented.

VII. Program Counter(PC)

- It is 16 bit register.
- It stores the address of next executable instruction.
- The contents of program counter can be modified by transfer instructions.

3. Instruction decoder
- It interprets the contents of instruction register.

4. Timing and control section

- It receives signals from decoder to determine the nature of executable instructions.
- It is used to provide timing and control signals to all parts of microprocessor to co-
ordinate execution of instruction.

5. Buses and control lines

• Bus
- Bus is bunch of wires used to transfer data from one place to another place.
- It is called communication path between microprocessor, memory and
peripherals.

I. Control bus
- It provides control signals.
- It is used to control flow of program execution.
 II. Data bus
- It is group of eight lines from D0 to D7.
- It is 8-bit bus.
- It transfers data in bidirectional between microprocessor, memory and
peripherals.
- The eight lines can carry 8-bit data ranging from 00 (0000 0000) to FF (1111
1111) i.e. 28.
- The microprocessor having 8-bit data bus is called 8-bit microprocessor.

III. Address bus

- It is group of sixteen lines from A0 to A15.
- It is 16-bit bus.
- The bits flow in unidirectional from microprocessor to memory and
peripherals.
- It is used to identify a peripheral or memory location.
- The sixteen lines can carry 16-bit address and can address 216 =65536 i.e.
64K memory.

6. Buffer and Latches

- Latch is a flip flop which stores single bit data to avoid unintentional changes.
- By enabling buffer we can write on latch.
- Buffer small amount of memory area.

7. Input control
Reset and INTR pins are input control pins are used to control input of the
microprocessor
• Reset
- When reset pin is activated program counter is reset means program
execution starts from zero memory location also all internal operations stop
temporarily.
• INTR
- When INTR pin is activated then microprocessor stop current execution of
instruction and asked to execute some other instructions.
- The microprocessor resumes its operations after completion of other
instructions called service routine.

8. Output control
Read, Write and Clock pins are control output pins are used to control outputs of the
microprocessor
• Read(RD)
- It is used to read data present on data bus by enabling input buffer.
 • Write(WR)
- It is used to write data into memory or I/O section by enabling output buffer.

• Clock
- Clock is component of microprocessor or CPU.
- It generates clock signal for internal use.
- This signal is also made available at output on clock line
- It is used to synchronize the flow of signal.

9. Interrupt control
INTR pin is interrupt control pin is used to control interrupts of microprocessor i.e.
It enables and disables interrupts with their priorities.
• INTR
- When INTR pin is activated then microprocessor stop current execution of
instruction and asked to execute some other instructions.
- The microprocessor resumes its operations after completion of other
instructions called service routine.

10. Power supply and Frequency signals

- Vcc (Voltage Common Collector) : +5V Power supply (higher volt)
- Vss (Voltage Source Supply) : It is zero or ground
- X1 and X2 (Crystal Frequency) : A Clock or crystal frequency 6 MHz is connected to
these two pins but internally 6 MHz frequency is divided by two and the system
operate at 3 MHz clock frequency.
- CLK (OUT) : This is clock output pin used as clock for other devices those are
connected with microprocessor.

➢ Machine Cycle
The clock circuit generates two non-overlapping signals phase i.e. phase 1 (Ø1) and
phase 2 (Ø2). The clock signals are divided into T-states i.e. T1, T2 - - - etc. The collection of
T-states called as machine cycle and The collection of machine cycle is called instruction
cycle.

Fig: Clock Timing Wave Forms

Eg:- ADD instruction
This instruction adds the contents of accumulator to the content of memory and
sum leaves in accumulator.

Fig: Instruction Cycle (ADD instruction)

ADD instruction divide into three machine cycle i.e. M1, M2, and M3. The M1 takes four T-
states, M2 takes three T-states and M3 takes two t-states.
In first machine cycle microprocessor decodes ADD instruction.
In second machine cycle microprocessor reads next byte of memory.
In third machine cycle microprocessor performs addition.

➢ Pin diagram of 8085 Microprocessor

Fig: Pin diagram of 8085 microprocessor

It consists of:
1. Address bus
2. Multiplexed address/data bus
3. Control and status signals
4. Externally initiated signals
5. Serial input and output signals
6. Power supply and Frequency signals

1. Address bus
- It is group of eight lines from A8 to A15
- It is 8-bit bus.
- The bit flows in unidirectional from microprocessor to memory and peripherals.
- It is called higher order address bus

2. Multiplexed address/data bus

- It is group of eight lines from AD0 to AD7
- It is 8-bit bus.
- It works as unidirectional as well as bidirectional.
- In the first part of instruction fetching these bus work as lower order address bus
and in the later part of instruction fetching these bus work as data bus.
- 8085 microprocessor uses special signal i.e. ALE (Address latch enable) for
separating address bits at the time of multiplexed address/data bus
- If signal ALE is high then bits on AD0 to AD7 are address bits else they are the data
bits.

3. Control and status signals

I. ALE
- It is Address Latch Enable signal.
- It is special signal.
- It is used to separate address bits at the time of multiplexed address/data bus
(AD0 to AD7 )
- If it is high then bits on AD0 to AD7 are address bits else they are the data bits.

II. RD
- It is Read signal.
- It is output control pin means it is control signal.
- It indicates that selected I/O device or memory is to be read and data are
available on data bus.
- It is active low pin.

III. WR
- It is Write signal.
 - It is output control pin means it is control signal.
- It indicates that the data on data bus are to be written into selected I/O
device or memory.
- It is also active low pin.

IV. IO/M
- It is Input output/memory signal.
- It is status signal.
- It is used to differentiate between I/O section and memory.
- If it is high then it indicates I/O operations and if it is low then memory
operation.

V. S0 and S1
- These are also status signals.
- If S1 is high then read operation.
- If S0 is high then write operation.

IO/ M S0 S1 Machine cycle status

0 0 1 Memory read
0 1 0 Memory write
1 0 1 I/O read
1 1 0 I/O write
0 1 1 Fetching of data
1 1 1 Interrupt acknowledged
1 0 0 Halt
* × × Hold
* × × Reset
* means three state condition
x -means unused
Fig: Machine Cycle Status according to status signal conditions.

4. Externally initiated signals

I. Ready
- If this pin is high then microprocessor ready to work but if it is low then
microprocessor enters into waiting state.
- It is also used to synchronize slower peripherals with microprocessor that’s
why It is also called as synchronization pin.
 II. Hold
- If this pin is high then microprocessor leaves controls of buses and allows the
other external devices to use them it means microprocessor stops till this pin
becomes low.
III. HLDA
- It is Hold acknowledge pin.
- It is used to accept request of hold.

IV. Reset in
- It is active low pin.
- It is used to reset microprocessor.
- If this pin is activated then microprocessor start from zero memory location
also program counter set to zero.

V. Reset out
- It is used to indicate that microprocessor still in reset condition and it reset
other devices those are connected with microprocessor.

VI. INTA
- It is interrupting acknowledged pin.
- It is used to accept request of interrupt signals.

5. Serial input and output signals

I. SID
- It is Serial input data pin.
- It is used to give single bit serial input to the bit-7 of accumulator.

B7 B0
‘1’ SID 1

Accumulator
RIM
Fig: Serial input for 8085 microprocessor
II. SOD
- It is Serial output data pin.
- It is used to take single bit serial output from bit-7 of accumulator.
B7 B0 ‘ ‘1’
SOD
1

Accumulator
SIM
Fig: Serial output for 8085 microprocessor
6. Power supply and Frequency signals
- Vcc (Voltage Common Collector) : +5V Power supply (higher volt)
- Vss (Voltage Source Supply) : It is zero or ground
- X1 and X2 (Crystal Frequency) : A Clock or crystal frequency 6 MHz is connected to
these two pins but internally 6 MHz frequency is divided by two and the system
operate at 3 MHz clock frequency.
- CLK (OUT) : This is clock output pin used as clock for other devices those are
connected with microprocessor.

➢ Block diagram of 8085 Microprocessor

Fig: Block diagram of 8085 microprocessor

It consists of:
1. ALU
2. Flag register
3. Register array
4. Interrupts
1. ALU
- ALU is Arithmetic and Logic Unit.
- It is used to perform arithmetic and logic operations.
- It is 8 bit unit.

2. Flag register
- It shows the status of program so it is also called as status register. It set or
reset according to accumulator
- There are 5 flags in 8085 microprocessor
B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0
S Z AC P CY
Fig: Flag Register Array Diagram
I. Sign flag(S)
- It is present in bit 7.
- It is used to indicate sign of number/result.
- If it is high then number is negative, and if it is low then number is positive.

II. Zero flag

- It is present in bit 6.
- When result of ALU operation is zero then it is set to 1 otherwise it reset to
0(zero).
- It can be modified by using the result in accumulator as well as result in
other registers.

III. Auxiliary carry flag

- When carry is generated by lower bit and it is transfer to higher bit then it
called Auxiliary carry.
- In 8085 microprocessor when carry is generated by bit 3 and it is transferred
to bit 4 then auxiliary carry flag is set is set to 1 otherwise it reset to 0(zero).
- It is used only internally for BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) operations.

IV. Parity flag

- It is present in bit 2.
- This flag is used to check the number weather number is even or odd.
- If it is high then number is even and if it is low then number is odd.

V. Carry flag
- It is present in bit 0(zero).
- When result of ALU operation generates carry then carry flag is set to 1
otherwise it reset to 0(zero).
- Carry flag also serves as a borrow flag for subtraction.
 3. Register Array/ Registers of 8085/ Programming model of 8085

F (8) A (8)
W (8) Z (8)
B (8) C (8)
D (8) E (8)
H (8) L (8)
PC (16)
SP (16)
Fig: Register array of 8085 microprocessor

• Flag register (F)

- It is 8 bit register.
- It shows the status of program and set or reset according to accumulator.
• Accumulator (A)
- It is 8 bit register.
- It stores result of ALU operations
• W and Z registers
- These are 8 bit registers.
- These are temporary registers stores data temporarily at the time of
program execution.
• B, C, D, E, H, L registers
- These are 8 bit registers.
- These are general purpose registers or user registers.
- These can be used in pair also BC, DE, and HL pair can store 16-bit data.
• Programs counter (PC)
- It is 16 bit register.
- It stores address of next executable instruction.
• Stack Pointer (SP)
- It is 16 bit register.
- It stores address of top most element of the memory.

4. Interrupts
Signals which are used to stop current program execution to do some other program
called as interrupts.
- There are two types of interrupts
I. Software interrupts
II. Hardware interrupts
 I. Software interrupts
- An interrupt which is generated by program or by executing an instruction called as
software interrupt.
- These are used to make system calls i.e. request operating system to perform an I/O
operation or to run a new program.

II. Hardware interrupts

- An interrupt which is generated by external devices called as hardware interrupt.
Eg:- Pressing key of keyboard, Printer, etc.

• Apart from these two types of interrupts there are another three types of interrupts
that are:

I. Maskable interrupts
II. Non maskable interrupts
III. Vector interrupts

I. Maskable interrupts
- An interrupt which can solve by software called as maskable interrupt.

II. Non maskable

- An interrupt which cannot solve by software called as maskable interrupt.

III. Vector interrupts

- An interrupt which branch program control from one memory location to the
another memory location called as vector interrupt.

• Interrupts of 8085 microprocessor

Memory Non
Name Priority Software Hardware Maskable Vector
Address Maskable
TRAP 1 24H No Yes No Yes Yes
RST 7.5 2 3CH Yes No Yes No Yes
RST 6.5 3 34H Yes No Yes No Yes
RST 5.5 4 2CH Yes No Yes No Yes
Depends on
INTR 5 Yes No Yes No No
instruction