P525/1
CHEMISTRY
Paper 2
April./May. 2025 S.6
2 ½ hours.
THE CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
HOLIDAY TEST- 2025
CHEMISTRY
Paper 2
2 hours 30 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS:
Answer five questions including three questions from section A and any two
from section B.
Write the answers in the answer booklet(s) provided.
Begin each question on a fresh page.
Mathematical tables and graph papers are provided.
Non-programmable scientific calculators may be used.
Use equations where necessary to illustrate your answers.
Where necessary, use the following;
[H=1 ; C=12 ; O=16 ; Na=23 ; Cl=35.5 ].
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SECTION A : ( 60 MARKS)
Answer three questions from this section
1. (a) (i) Define the term partition coefficient. (02 marks)
(ii) State the conditions under which the law is valid. (02 marks)
(b) Describe an experiment to find the partition coefficient of butane
dioic acid(succinic acid) between ethoxyethane and water. (07 marks)
(c) Cobalt(II) ions form a complex with ammonia. The table below
shows the results for the partition of ammonia between 0.1M
cobalt(II) sulphate solution and trichloromethane.
[ ] 0.72 0.94 1.19 1.43 1.70 1.92
[ ] 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.11
(i) Use the information in the table above to determine the formula
of the complex. (06 marks)
(ii) State what is observed and write equation(s) for the reaction
that took place between cobalt(II) sulphate and excess ammonia
solution. (03 marks)
2. (a) A compound Q contains 60.0% carbon, 13.3 % hydrogen and the
rest being oxygen. Calculate the simplest formula of Q.
(02 marks)
(b) when 0.698g of Q was dissolved in 100g of a solvent, there was
0.19 oC depression in freezing point of the solution. ( Kf of the solvent
= 1.630C)
Calculate;
(i) The molecular formula of Q. ( 2 ½ marks)
(ii) The molecular formula of Q. (1 ½ marks)
(c) Write the names and structural formulae of all possible isomers of
Q. (03 marks)
(d) When Q was reacted with iodine in aqueous sodium hydroxide, a
yellow precipitate was formed.
(i) Identify Q ( ½ mark)
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(ii) Write equation for the reaction between Q and iodine in
aqueous sodium hydroxide. (01 mark)
(iii) State what would be observed when Q is reacted with
acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution and name the
major organic product. (1 ½ marks)
(e) When Q was heated with excess concentrated sulphuric acid, a gas
W which turned the purple solution of acidified manganate(VII) to
colourless was evolved. Write equation for the reaction between:
(i) Q and sulphuric acid and suggest a mechanism for the
reaction. (03 marks)
(ii) W and acidified manganate(VII) ions and name the product.
(1 ½ marks)
(f) Suggest a plausible mechanism for the reaction between W and
hydrogen iodide. (03 marks)
3. (a) (i) State two important oxidation states exhibited by carbon,
silicon, tin and lead. (01 mark)
(ii) Describe how the stability of the oxidation states varies
from carbon to lead. Use the oxides to illustrate your
answer. (04 marks)
(b) State what would be observed and write equation for the
reaction when the tetrachlorides of carbon, silicon, tin and lead
are reacted with water. (04 marks)
(c) (i) Write equation to show how lead(II) chloride can be prepared.
(02 marks)
(ii) State the type of bond which exists in the chlorides of lead.
(02 marks)
(iii) State two physical properties which show that lead(II)
chloride exhibits the type of bond you have stated in (c)(ii)
above. (02 marks)
(d) State what would be observed and write equation for the reaction
when;
(i) lead(II) acetate is added to potassium iodide solution.
(02 marks)
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(ii) iron(III) chloride solution is added to lead(II) acetate
solution and the mixture boiled. (03 marks)
4. (a) Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion. Illustrate your
answer using methane. (02 marks)
(b) Describe an experiment to determine enthalpy of combustion of
carbon. ( Diagram not required) (05 marks)
(c) The standard enthalpies of combustion of some straight chain
alkanes and alcohols are shown in the table below.
Number of carbon atoms
Enthalpy of combustion of
alkanes
Enthalpy of combustion of
alcohols
(i) On the same axes, plot graphs of enthalpies of combustion of
both alkanes and alcohols against the number of carbon atoms.
(03 marks)
(ii) Use the graph to determine the enthalpy of combustion of
hexane. (01 mark)
(iii) Explain the shape of the graph. (04 marks)
(d) The standard enthalpies of combustion of carbon and hydrogen are
and respectively. The standard
enthalpies of atomization of carbon and hydrogen are
and respectively. Calculate the standard
enthalpy of;
(i) formation of hexane. (03 marks)
(ii) atomization of hexane. (02 marks)
SECTION B : (40 MARKS)
Answer any two questions from this section
5. Some of the elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table are sodium,
aluminium, silicon, phosphorus and chlorine.
(a) Write the formulae of the oxide(s) of each of the elements
given above. (04 marks)
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(b) Describe the reaction(s) of the oxide(s) of sodium, aluminium
and phosphorus with water. In each case, comment on the pH of
the resultant solution. (5 ½ marks)
(c) Write equation;
(i) for the reaction between the oxides of aluminium and
silicon with aqueous sodium hydroxide. (02 marks)
(ii) to show how the anhydrous chlorides of silicon and
aluminium can be prepared. In each case, state the
condition(s) for the reaction(s). (04 marks)
(d) Aluminium chloride was dissolved in water and to the resultant
solution was added concentrated potassium hydrogencarbonate
solution. State what was observed and explain your answer.
(4 ½ marks)
6. Explain the following observations
(a) When excess aqueous ammonia was added to zinc nitrate solution, a
white precipitate was formed which dissolved to form a colourless
solution (04 marks)
(b) When a hot mixture of concentrated phosphoric(V) acid and
cyclohexanol was cooled and the resultant solution added to
bromine in tetra chloromethane, the reddish brown solution turned
colourless. (04 marks)
(c) The melting point of group(II) elements decreases from beryllium
to barium. (04 marks)
(d) The molar mass of sodium chloride determined by a method of
depression of freezing point of water was found to be 29.25.
(04 marks)
(e) 2-iodo-2-methylpropane undergoes a unimolecular reaction when
heated with sodium hydroxide solution whereas 1-iodobutane
undergoes a bimolecular reaction. (04 marks)
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7. For each of the following pairs of compounds;
(a) and
(b) and
(c) and
(d) and
Name one reagent which;
(a) when reacted with each member of the pair will show a similar
observation. (08 marks)
(b) can be used to distinguish between the members of each pair.
(12 marks)
(In each case, state what would be observed when each
member of the pair is reacted with the reagent you have
named.)
8. Steam distillation is one of the methods used in purification of
substances below their boiling points.
(a) (i) State three requirements for purifying a substance by
steam distillation. (1 ½ marks)
(ii) Explain the principle of purifying a substance by steam
distillation (03 marks)
(b) Cyclohexane distils on steam distillation at 98 and standard
atmospheric pressure of 760 mmHg. Calculate the percentage
of cyclohexane in the distillate. (The vapour pressure of water
at 98 is 655mmHg.) (03 marks)
(c) Nitric acid and water form a non-ideal solution that deviates
from Raoult’s law. The table below shows the composition of
nitric acid in liquid and vapour phases at different
temperatures.
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Temperature
Percentage Liquid
composition of vapour
nitric acid
(i) Plot a well labeled boiling point- composition diagram for the
nitric acid-water system. (The boiling points of pure nitric acid
and water are 86 and 100 respectively). (05 marks)
(ii) Explain why the mixture of nitric acid and water shows the type
of deviation in the diagram in (i) above. (04 marks)
(iii) Describe what happens when a liquid mixture containing 40% of
nitric acid is fractionally distilled. (3 ½ marks)
END
