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SQL Functions Cheat Sheet

This document is a cheat sheet for SQL functions, providing brief descriptions and examples for various functions such as ROUND(), CAST(), LIKE, and JOINs. It covers essential SQL operations including pattern matching, filtering, grouping, conditional logic, and advanced analytical functions. Each section includes syntax and practical examples to illustrate usage.

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34 views3 pages

SQL Functions Cheat Sheet

This document is a cheat sheet for SQL functions, providing brief descriptions and examples for various functions such as ROUND(), CAST(), LIKE, and JOINs. It covers essential SQL operations including pattern matching, filtering, grouping, conditional logic, and advanced analytical functions. Each section includes syntax and practical examples to illustrate usage.

Uploaded by

burnwalvipul
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL Functions Cheat Sheet

1. **ROUND()** - Round numbers to specified decimal places:

- ROUND(value, decimal_places)

- Rounds to the nearest whole number or decimal place.

Example: ROUND(123.4567, 2) = 123.46

ROUND(9876, -3) = 10000 (round to nearest thousand)

2. **CAST() / FORMAT()** - Convert numbers or strings, or format them:

- CAST(value AS DECIMAL(10, 2)) - Convert to decimal with 2 places.

- FORMAT(value, 2) - Show value with 2 decimal places (works in MySQL).

Example: CAST(1000 AS DECIMAL(10, 2)) = 1000.00

3. **LIKE and %** - Pattern matching in text columns:

- LIKE 'pattern%' - Match anything starting with "pattern".

Example: WHERE name LIKE 'United%' finds 'United States', 'United Kingdom'.

4. **IN and NOT IN** - Filter using multiple values:

- WHERE column IN ('val1', 'val2', 'val3') - Matches any value in the list.

Example: WHERE name IN ('India', 'USA')

5. **IS NULL / IS NOT NULL** - Handle missing data:

- WHERE column IS NULL or WHERE column IS NOT NULL

Example: WHERE gdp IS NULL finds countries with no GDP.


6. **GROUP BY & HAVING** - Group and filter aggregated data:

- GROUP BY column to group data.

- HAVING filters groups, like WHERE but for aggregated data.

Example: SELECT continent, SUM(population) FROM world GROUP BY continent HAVING

SUM(population) > 500000000

7. **CASE WHEN** - Conditional logic inside a query:

- CASE WHEN condition THEN result ELSE default END

Example: SELECT name, CASE WHEN population > 1000000000 THEN 'Large' ELSE 'Small'

END AS size FROM world

8. **Joins (LEFT JOIN, INNER JOIN)** - Combine data from multiple tables:

- LEFT JOIN: Keep all records from the left table.

- INNER JOIN: Only include records with matching values in both tables.

Example: SELECT students.name, marks.score FROM students LEFT JOIN marks ON

students.id = marks.student_id

9. **Subqueries** - A query inside another query to filter results or perform calculations.

Example: SELECT name FROM world WHERE population > (SELECT AVG(population) FROM

world)

10. **Window Functions** (e.g., `ROW_NUMBER()`, `RANK()`, `LEAD()`) - Advanced analytical

functions to perform calculations across rows related to the current row.

Example: SELECT name, population, RANK() OVER (ORDER BY population DESC) AS rank

FROM world
11. **LEFT()** - Extract a specified number of characters from the left side of a string:

Example: SELECT LEFT(name, 1) FROM world (gives the first character of each country)

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