TRANSFORMERS

A transformer is a device used in the power transmission of electric energy. The transmission current is
AC. It is commonly used to increase or decrease the supply voltage without a change in the frequency of
AC between circuits.

Working principle – The transformer works on tthe basic principles of electromagnetic induction and
mutual induction.

Construction – a transformer
er consists of a rectangular soft iron core made of laminated sheets well
insulated from one another. Two coils P1P2 (primary) and S1S2 (secondary) are wound on the same coil
but are well insulated from thee core. The source of alternating emf is connected to the primary coil and a
load resistance R is connected to the secondary coil.

Theory and Working – let the alternating emf supplied by the aacc source connected to the primary be V
= VO sinωt. The alternating current through the primary induces an alternating magnetic flux in the
iron core. Because the iron core extends through the secondary winding, the induced magnetic flux also
extends through the turns of secondary. This induces an emf in the secondary winding. According
Accordin to
Faraday’s law the emf induced per turn is same for both primary and secondary

𝑑𝜑 𝑉 𝑉
𝑉 = = =
𝑑𝑡 𝑁 𝑁

Here, 𝑉 = 𝑒𝑚𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦,, 𝑉 = 𝑒𝑚𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦, 𝑁 = 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙
and 𝑁 = 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦

𝑉 𝑁
=
𝑉 𝑁

Assuming no energy is lost along

Input power = output power

𝑉 𝐼𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼
 𝑉 𝐼𝑃
=
𝑉 𝐼𝑆
In general

𝑉 𝑁 𝐼
= = =𝑘
𝑉 𝑁 𝐼

Here k is called the transformation ratio.

If 𝑁 > 𝑁 => 𝑉 > 𝑉 the transformer is called step up transformer

If 𝑁 < 𝑁 => 𝑉 < 𝑉 the transformer is called step down transformer.

Efficiency of a transformer

The efficiency of a transformer is defined as

Energy losses in transformers:

1. Eddy current loss – eddy current in the iron core of transformer facilitates the loss of energy in
the form of heat. It can be reduced
educed by decreasing the thickness
ess of the lamination.
lamination
2. Flux leakage – total flux linked with primary coil do not completely papasses
sses through the
secondary.
3. Copper loss – due to heating energy loss takes place in the primary and the secondary coils.
4. Hysteresis loss – the energy wasted in magnet
magnetising
ng and demagnetising the iron core over every
cycle.

AC GENERATOR

An ac generator is a device which produces alternating current from mechanical energy.

Principle – ac generator is based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.

1. Armature – abcd is a rectangular armature coil. It consists of a large number of turns of insulated
copper wire wound over a laminated soft iron core. The coil can be rotated about the central axis.
2. Field magnets – N and S are the pole pieces of a strong electromagnet in which the armature coil
is rotated. Axis of rotation is perpendicular to the magnetic field lines.
3. Slip rings – R1 and R2 are two hollow magnetic rings, to which ends of armature are connected.
These rings rotate with the rotation of the coil.
4. Brushes – B1 and B2 are two flexible metal plates or carbon rods. They are fixed and are kept in
light contact with R1 and R2 respectively. The purpose of the brushes is to pass on current from
armature coil to the external load resistance.

Theory and Working

As the armature coil is rotated in the magnetic field, angle ϴ between the field and normal to the coil
changes continuously. Therefore the flux linked with the coil changes and an emf is induced in the coil.
Let N be the number turns in the coil, A be the area of the coil, B be the strength of the magnetic field
and ϴ be the angle which the area vector makes with the magnetic field.

Magnetic flux linked with the coil in this position will be

𝜑 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡

Where ω is the angular velocity of the coil.

As the coil rotates the the magnetic flux associated with the coil changes and the emf is induced given as

𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝑁𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡
𝑒= − = − = 𝑁𝐴𝐵𝜔 sin 𝜔𝑡 _____________(1)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
The induce emf will be maximum when sin 𝜔𝑡 = 1

𝑒 = sin 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑒

Putting in eq1

𝑒 = 𝑒 sin 𝜔𝑡

If R is the load resistance then