FLARE - FIRE LEVEL ALERT AND RESPONSE
ENGINE
A PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
C205
E
NALOG ELECTRONICS LAB
A
ubmitted By:
S
Hardik Kohli (23/EC/082)
Ekkam Puri (23/EC/076)
Under the supervision of
Dr. Rajeshwari Pandey
Department of Electronics and Communications
Delhi Technological University
(Formerly Delhi College of Engineering)
Bawana Road, Delhi-110042
elhi Technological University
D
(Formerly Delhi College of Engineering)
Bawana Road, Delhi-110042
Candidate’s Declaration
We, Hardik Kohli (23/EC/082) and Ekkam Puri (23/EC/076), 2nd yearstudentsofB.Tech.
ElectronicsandCommunicationEngineering,herebydeclarethattheprojecttitled“F
LARE-
Fire Level Alert and Response Engine” which is submitted by us to the Department of
ElectronicsandCommunicationEngineering,DelhiTechnologicalUniversity,Delhiinpartial
fulfillment of the requirement for the final viva of the subject Analog Electronics is our
originalworkandhasnotbeencopiedwithoutpropercitation.Thisworkhasnotpreviously
formed the basis for the award of any Degree,DiplomaAssociateship,Fellowshiporother
similar title or recognition.
Date: 3/12/2024
Ekkam, Hardik
Electronics and Communications
Delhi Technological University
(Formerly Delhi College of Engineering)
Bawana Road, Delhi-110042
Certificate
I hereby certify that the Project Dissertation titled “F
LARE - Fire Level Alert and
Response Engine” which is submitted by [Hardik Kohli and Ekkam Puri], Roll Nos.
23/EC/082 and 23/EC/076, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Delhi Technological University, Delhi in partial fulfillment of the requirement forthefinal
viva of the subject Analog Electronics, is a record of the project work carried out by the
students under my supervision. To the best of my knowledge, this work has not been
submitted in part or full for any Degree or Diploma to this University or elsewhere.
Date: 3/12/2024
Dr. Rajeshwari Pandey
Electronics and Communications
Delhi Technological University
(Formerly Delhi College of Engineering)
Bawana Road, Delhi-110042
Acknowledgement
We would like to express our profound gratitude to Dr. Rajeshwari Pandey Ma’am, of
ElectronicsandCommunicationdepartment,andfortheircontributionstothecompletionof
my project titled “FLARE - Fire Level Alert and Response Engine”. I would like to
express my special thanks to our mentor Mr. forhistimeandefforts,he
providedthroughoutthesemester.Hisusefuladviceandsuggestionswerereallyhelpfultous
during the project’s completion. We would like to acknowledge that this project was
completed entirely by us and not by someone else.
Date:3/12/2024
Dr. Rajeshwari Pandey
Abstract
This project presents the design and implementation of a FLARE. The system utilizes a
thermistor as a heat sensor to detect temperature changes beyond a threshold. When the
temperature exceeds 80°C, the thermistor’s resistancedecreases,activatinganNE555timer
IC to sound an alarm via a loudspeaker. The circuit employs simple, readily available
componentsandcanbeconstructedonageneral-purposePCB.Thisdeviceisidealforhome
security and fire safety applications.
Contents
1. Cover Page
2. Candidate’s Declaration
3. Certificate
4. Acknowledgment
5. Abstract
6. Contents
7. List of Symbols, Abbreviations, and Nomenclature
8. Chapters (Introduction, Design, Results, Discussion)
9. Figures
10.Appendices
11.References
List of Symbols, Abbreviations, and Nomenclature
● TH1: Thermistor (Temperature-sensitive resistor)
● NE555: Timer Integrated Circuit
● R: Resistor (in ohms)
● C: Capacitor (in farads)
● SPKR: Speaker
8.1 Introduction
he fire alarm system described in this project utilizes anNTC thermistoras the primary
T
heat sensor. The circuit is designed to detect temperature beyond a specific threshold (80°C)
and produce an audible alarm. It leverages the NE555 timer IC in astable mode, along with
discrete transistors, resistors, and capacitors, to create a reliable and cost-effective design.
The circuit is divided into three main sections:
1. Sensing Section: Thermistor-based heat detection.
2. Signal Processing Section: NE555 timer operation.
3. Output Section: Audible alarm generation.
8.2 Sensing Section
hermistor (TH1 - 8k NTC):
T
The thermistor is a temperature-sensitive resistor with anegative temperature coefficient
(NTC). Its resistance decreases as the temperature increases. At room temperature, the
thermistor has a resistance of approximately8 kΩ, but as the temperature approaches or
exceeds80°C, the resistance drops significantly toa few ohms.
Working:
● A
t normal temperatures, the high resistance of the thermistor ensures that the base
current of transistorQ1(BC548) is negligible, keepingthe transistor OFF.
● W
hen the temperature exceeds 80°C, the thermistor’s resistance drops, allowing
sufficient current to flow into the base of Q1, turning it ON. This triggers the signal
processing section.
Advantages of Thermistor:
● High sensitivity to temperature changes.
● Small and inexpensive.
● Provides a rapid response to changes in heat.
8.3 Signal Processing Section
his section involves transistors Q1 (BC548) and Q2 (BC558) and the NE555 timer IC
T
configured inastable mode.
1. Transistor Q1 (BC548):
o Q1 is an NPN transistor used as aswitch.
o W
hen the thermistor detects heat and provides a low-resistance path, the base
of Q1 is biased, causing it to conduct.
o The collector of Q1 is connected to the base of Q2, activating it.
2. Transistor Q2 (BC558):
o Q2 is a PNP transistor that serves as thecontrollerfor the NE555 timer.
o W
hen Q1 is ON, Q2 supplies a positive voltage to thereset pin (Pin 4)of the
NE555 timer, enabling it to operate.
3. NE555 Timer IC in Astable Mode:
o T
he NE555 is configured as anastable multivibratorto produce a continuous
square wave signal.
o The frequency of the square wave depends on:
▪ Resistors R6(47 kΩ), R7(2.2 kΩ).
▪ Capacitor C2(0.04 µF).
8.4 Output Section
1. Transistor Q3 (SL80B):
o Q
3 is an NPN power transistor used as acurrent amplifierto drive the
loudspeaker.
o T
he square wave output from the NE555 is fed to the base of Q3. This allows
sufficient current to flow through the loudspeaker (SPKR).
2. Loudspeaker (SPKR - 1W, 8Ω):
o The speaker converts the electrical square wave signals into sound waves.
o T
he frequency of the sound is determined by the NE555 timer’s oscillation
frequency.
3. LED Indicator (D1 - Red LED):
o The red LED indicates that the circuit is powered and operational.
8.5 Circuit Protection and Stabilization
1. Capacitors:
o C
1 (8 µF): Stabilizes the base voltage of Q1 to prevent false triggering due to
minor fluctuations in thermistor resistance.
o C2( 0.04 µF): Sets the timing of the NE555 oscillator.
o C3 (0.01 µF): Filters noise from the power supply.
2. Diodes:
o D
2(1N4001): Prevents backflow of current from the capacitor C1Sand
ensures that the thermistor circuit operates reliably.
3. Resistors:
o R
5R(560 Ω): Ensures that the NE555 remains OFF when the thermistor is not
heated.
o R6,R7: Timing resistors for the NE555 timer.
o Other resistors are used for biasing transistors and current-limiting purposes.
8.6 Power Supply
The circuit operates on a6V-12V DC power supply:
● A regulated power supply ensures stable voltage levels for proper operation.
● T
he power supply is critical to maintain consistent performance of the NE555 timer
and transistors.
8.7 Working Of Circuit
1. Normal Temperature Condition
t room temperature or normal operating conditions (approximately 25°C), the circuit
A
remains inactive because of the following reasons:
Thermistor’s Behavior:
● T
he thermistor used in the circuit is a Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC)
thermistor, which means its resistance is inversely proportional to temperature.
● A
t normal temperatures, the thermistor's resistance is relatively high (approximately 8
kΩ). This high resistance acts as a barrier to the current flow.
Effect on Q1 (BC548):
● T
ransistor Q1 is an NPN transistor whose operation is controlled by the current at its
base. For Q1 to conduct, it needs sufficient voltage across its base-emitter junction.
● H
owever, due to the high resistance of the thermistor, the current reaching the base of
Q1 is negligible. As a result:
o The base-emitter junction of Q1 does not receive enough forward bias.
o Q1 remains OFF (non-conducting state).
Impact on the Rest of the Circuit:
● Since Q1 is OFF, there is no current flow through its collector.
● T
he collector of Q1 is connected to the base of Q2 (BC558, a PNP transistor). With
no current from Q1, Q2 also remains OFF.
● T
he reset pin (Pin 4) of the NE555 timer is connected to the collector of Q2. When Q2
is OFF, the NE555 remains in a reset state and does not generate any output signal.
● C
onsequently, the loudspeaker remains silent, and the LED (D1) simply indicates that
the circuit is powered on.
At this stage, the circuit is passive and consumes minimal power, ensuring efficiency.
2. High-Temperature Condition (>80°C)
hen the temperature rises significantly (above 80°C), the circuit transitions from an inactive
W
to an active state. This behavior is triggered by the thermistor’s reduced resistance.
Thermistor’s Behavior at High Temperature:
● A
s the temperature increases, the resistance of the thermistor decreases drastically
(from 8 kΩ to a few ohms).
● T
his change allows a larger current to flow through the thermistor, creating a
low-resistance path for the current to reach the base of Q1.
Effect on Q1 (BC548):
● T
he increased current flow through the thermistor provides sufficient forward bias to
the base-emitter junction of Q1.
● This forward bias activates Q1, switching it ON (conducting state).
● O
nce Q1 is ON, it allows current to flow through its collector-emitter path, enabling
the rest of the circuit to function.
Activation of Q2 (BC558):
● T
he collector of Q1 is directly connected to the base of Q2. When Q1 is ON, it
provides a positive voltage to the base of Q2.
● T
his positive voltage turns Q2 ON (conducting state), allowing it to supply current to
the reset pin (Pin 4) of the NE555 timer IC.
NE555 Timer Operation:
● W
ith the reset pin now active (connected to a HIGH voltage through Q2), the NE555
timer is enabled and begins oscillating in astable mode.
● T
he astable mode generates a continuous square wave signal at an audio frequency,
determined by the external resistors R6,R7R and capacitor C2.
● The output signal (square wave) is available at Pin 3 of the NE555 IC.
3. Audible Alarm Generation
he square wave output from the NE555 timer drives the output section of the circuit, where
T
the sound is generated:
Amplification by Q3 (SL80B):
● T
he square wave signal from the NE555 is fed to the base of Q3 through a
current-limiting resistor R8.
● Q
3, being a high-power NPN transistor, amplifies the current of the square wave
signal to a level sufficient to drive the loudspeaker.
Loudspeaker Operation:
● T
he amplified square wave signal is applied to the loudspeaker. The alternating HIGH
and LOW voltage levels of the square wave create a diaphragm motion in the speaker,
producing an audible sound.
● T
he frequency of the sound corresponds to the oscillation frequency of the NE555
timer, which is typically in the range of 1–3 kHz (easily perceivable by human ears).
Alarm Characteristics:
● The sound is loud and continuous, drawing attention to the fire hazard.
● T
he system remains in this state until the thermistor cools down, restoring normal
conditions.
4. Automatic Reset
nce the heat source is removed or the temperature drops below the threshold (approximately
O
80°C), the circuit automatically resets itself, stopping the alarm.
Thermistor’s Behavior During Cooling:
● A
s the temperature decreases, the resistance of the thermistor increases back to its
normal value (8 kΩ or higher).
● T
he high resistance prevents sufficient current from flowing to the base of Q1, turning
it OFF.
Effect on Q1 and Q2:
● When Q1 turns OFF, no current flows to the base of Q2, switching Q2 OFF as well.
● W
ith Q2 OFF, the reset pin (Pin 4) of the NE555 timer is no longer active, causing the
timer to stop oscillating. The output at Pin 3 becomes LOW, cutting off the square
wave signal to the loudspeaker.
System Returns to Standby Mode:
● T
he loudspeaker ceases to produce sound, and the circuit returns to its original
standby state, ready to detect any future rise in temperature.
Summary of the Working Process
1. Normal Temperature (Standby Mode):
o Thermistor’s high resistance prevents Q1 from conducting.
o Q1 and Q2 remain OFF, keeping the NE555 timer in a reset state.
o The loudspeaker remains silent.
2. High Temperature (Active Mode):
o Thermistor’s resistance drops significantly, turning Q1 ON.
o Q1 activates Q2, enabling the NE555 timer to oscillate.
o T
he NE555 timer produces a square wave signal, which is amplified and fed to
the loudspeaker to generate a loud alarm.
3. Cooling Down (Automatic Reset):
o Thermistor’s resistance increases as the temperature drops.
o Q1 and Q2 turn OFF, resetting the NE555 timer.
o The alarm stops, and the circuit returns to standby mode.
Figures
a. Resistances (470R, 2.2K, 33K, 47K)
b. Electrolytic Capacitor (8uF)
c. Ceramic Capacitor (0.01uF)
d. BC547 NPN Transistor
e. BC557 PNP Transistor
f. NE555P Timer IC
g. Red Light Emitting Diode
h. 1N4007 Diode
i. Buzzer
j. 9V Battery
k. Schematic Circuit Diagram
l. Pin Description of NE 555
m. Circuit Implementation Of FLARE
References
1. “ Fire Alarm Using Thermistor Circuit Diagram”,Learning Electronics. [Online]. Available:
https://www.learningelectronics.net/circuits/fire-alarm-using-thermistor.html.
2. “BC557 Datasheet, Equivalent, Cross Reference Search. Transistor Catalog”, [Online].
Available:https://alltransistors.com/transistor.php?transistor=23434.
3. “BC547 Transistor Pinout Datasheet, Transistor Catalog”, 2-Jan-2019. [Online]. Available:
https://components101.com/transistors/bc547-transistor-pinout-datasheet.
4. E. Bureau, “555 Timer IC Pin Diagram, Circuit, Working, Datasheet, Modes”, 18-June-2024.
[Online]. Available:
https://www.electronicsforu.com/technology-trends/learn-electronics/555-timer-working-spec
ifications.
