Class 12
Economics Project Guidelines (Term –I ) – 2025-26
Syllabus Areas for Project Focus
Guidelines for Teachers & Students
Teacher’s Role:
Help each student select a relevant topic aligned with current affairs or syllabus.
Guide in data collection methods and referencing authentic sources.
Conduct regular discussions to monitor progress.
Ensure adherence to plagiarism-free, original work.
Organize viva-voce and evaluate with consistency.
Suggested Project Topics
Section A: Introductory Macroeconomics
1. National Income and Related Aggregates
Comparative Study of Nominal vs Real GDP in India (2010–2024)
Sectoral Contributions to India’s GDP: Primary, Secondary & Tertiary
Circular Flow of Income: A Case Study Using India’s National Accounts
Estimating Personal Income in a Local Area Using Hypothetical Models
The Role of GDP Deflator in Measuring Inflation and Welfare
2. Money and Banking
Monetary Policy in Action: RBI’s Role in Inflation Control
Money Creation Process in India: A Simplified Illustration with Recent Data
Digital India and Changing Patterns of Money Supply
Trends in Repo Rate, CRR & SLR: A 10-Year Policy Review
Comparative Study of Monetary Tools Used by RBI and Federal Reserve (USA)
3. Determination of Income and Employment
Multiplier Effect in India’s Post-COVID Fiscal Stimulus
Consumption and Saving Pattern Survey in a Local Community
How Investment Leads to Employment: A Local Industry Case Study
Unemployment in India: Cyclical vs Structural (with NSSO Data)
Role of Aggregate Demand in Recession and Recovery Phases in India
4. Government Budget and the Economy
Analysis of Union Budget 2024–25: Education, Health & Infrastructure Allocation
Understanding Budget Deficit: Causes and Consequences for India
Revenue vs Capital Expenditure Trends in Last 5 Budgets
Welfare Schemes vs Defence Spending: A Budgetary Comparison
How Fiscal Policy Was Used During COVID-19: An Indian Perspective
5. Balance of Payments
India’s Current Account Trends: Deficit or Surplus? (2013–2024)
Effect of Global Oil Prices on India’s Trade Balance
Comparing Fixed, Flexible and Managed Exchange Rates: With Global Examples
Currency Depreciation: How It Affects Imports and Exports in India
India’s Foreign Exchange Reserves: Trend Analysis and Implications
Section B: Indian Economic Development
6. Development Experience (1947–90) and Economic Reforms since 1991
Planned Development: An Analysis of India’s Five-Year Plans
New Economic Policy 1991: LPG Reforms and Their Impact
Privatisation in India: Successes and Challenges
Comparative Study of Indian Economy Pre- and Post-1991
Demonetisation and GST: Structural Reforms or Disruptions?
7. Current Challenges Facing Indian Economy
Unemployment in India: Formal vs Informal Sector Dynamics
Human Capital Formation in India: Trends in Education & Health Investment
Rural Development through Cooperatives: Case Study of a Local Society
Organic Farming vs Conventional Farming: Which is Sustainable?
India’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Where Do We Stand?
8. Development Experience of India – A Comparison with Neighbours
India and China: Sectoral Growth Comparison (1990–2024)
India and Pakistan: Population Growth and Human Development Indicators
India vs Neighbouring Economies: Life Expectancy, Literacy, and GDP
Comparative Analysis of Foreign Trade Policies: India vs China
Development Models: India’s Mixed Economy vs China’s State-Driven Model
(Any other relevant topic)
Marking Scheme (As per CBSE)
Component Marks
Relevance of the topic 3
Knowledge content/research 6
Presentation technique 3
Viva-voce (oral explanation) 8
Total 20
