Lecture 10
OSI & TCP/IP Model
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What We will Learn
1. Network Protocol Overview
2. Network Protocol Functions
3. Network Protocol Interaction
4. Protocol Suites
5. OSI Ref Model
6. TCP/IP Ref Model
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Network Protocol Overview
Protocol Type Description
Network protocols define a common set of rules.
Network enable two or more devices to communicate over
Protocols have their own: Communications one or more networks
Function
Network Security secure data to provide authentication, data
Format integrity, and data encryption
Rules Routing enable routers to exchange route information,
compare path information, and select best path
Service Discovery used for the automatic detection of devices or
services
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Network Protocol Functions
There must be a common protocol works between devices
Function Description
Addressing Identifies sender and receiver
Reliability Provides guaranteed delivery
Flow Control Ensures data flows at an efficient rate
Sequencing Uniquely labels each transmitted segment
of data
Error Detection Determines if data became corrupted
during transmission
Application Interface Process-to-process communications
between network applications
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Protocol Interaction
Networks require the use of several protocols.
Protocol Function
Each protocol has its own function and format. Hypertext Transfer Protocol ▪ Governs the way a web server and a web client
(HTTP) interact
▪ Defines content and format
Transmission Control ▪ Manages the individual conversations
Protocol (TCP) ▪ Provides guaranteed delivery
▪ Manages flow control
Internet Protocol (IP) Delivers messages globally from the sender to the receiver
Ethernet Delivers messages from one NIC to another NIC on the
same Ethernet Local Area Network (LAN)
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Network Protocol Suites
Protocol suite:
▰A group of inter-related protocols necessary to perform a
communication function
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Evolution of Protocol Suites
1. TCP/IP- The most common protocol suite and
maintained by the Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF)
2. Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocols-
Developed by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) and the International
Telecommunications Union (ITU)
3. AppleTalk- Proprietary suite release by Apple Inc.
4. Novell NetWare- Proprietary suite developed by
Novell Inc.
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TCP/IP Protocol Example
TCP/IP is the protocol suite used by the internet
and includes many protocols.
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OSI Reference Model
OSI Model Layer Description
Contains protocols used for process-to-process
7 - Application
communications.
Provides for common representation of the data
6 - Presentation
transferred between application layer services.
Provides services to the presentation layer and to
5 - Session
manage data exchange.
Defines services to segment, transfer, and reassemble
4 - Transport
the data for individual communications.
Provides services to exchange the individual pieces of
3 - Network
data over the network.
Describes methods for exchanging data frames over a
2 - Data Link
common media.
Describes the means to activate, maintain, and de-
1 - Physical
activate physical connections.
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TCP/IP Reference Model
TCP/IP Model Layer Description
Represents data to the user, plus encoding and
Application
dialog control.
Supports communication between various
Transport
devices across diverse networks.
Internet Determines the best path through the network.
Controls the hardware devices and media that
Network Access
make up the network.
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The Benefits of Using a Layered Model
▰Complex concepts such as how a network
operates can be difficult to explain and understand.
For this reason, a layered model is used.
▰Two layered models describe network
operations:
▰Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference
Model
▰TCP/IP Reference Model
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TCP/IP Reference Model
▰The OSI model divides the network access layer
and the application layer of the TCP/IP model into
multiple layers.
▰The TCP/IP protocol suite does not specify which
protocols to use when transmitting over a physical
medium.
▰OSI Layers 1 and 2 discuss the necessary
procedures to access the media and the physical
means to send data over a network.
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Lecture 8:
OSI Reference Model & IEEE Standards
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Organization of standards
ISO International Standards Organization
OSI Open System Interconnection
IOS Internetwork Operating System
NXOS Next Generation Operating System
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OSI reference model
To understand the communication. To trouble shoot problems. Two device Communication is
divided into seven layers.
▰Application layer
UPPER LAYER
▰Presentation layer
▰Session layer
▰Transport layer
▰Network layer
LOWER LAYER
▰Data-link layer
▰Physical layer
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Importance of OSI reference model
▰Its an teaching model used to understand communication
▰To address the problem of networks increasing in size & in number, the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) researched many network schemes & recognized that there was a need to create a
network model.
▰To help network builders implement networks that could communicate & work together
▰ISO therefore, released the OSI reference model in 1984
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Layer 1: Physical Layer
7 APPLICATION
6 PRESENTATION
5 SESSION This is the physical media through which the data,
represented as electronic signals, is sent from the source
4 TRANSPORT host to the destination host, e.g. cables, hubs, connectors
etc Move bits between devices
3 NETWORK
2 DATA LINK
1 PHYSICAL Encoding
PDU - Bits 17
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Layer 2: Data link layer
7 APPLICATION • Performs Physical Addressing
• This layer provides reliable transit of
6 PRESENTATION data across a physical link.
• Combines bits into bytes &
5 SESSION bytes into frames
• Access to media using MAC address
4 TRANSPORT • Error detection, not correction
• LLC & MAC
3 NETWORK • Logical Link Control performs Link
establishment
2 DATA LINK • MAC Performs Access method
1 PHYSICAL PDU - Frames
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Layer 3: Network layer
7 APPLICATION •Sometimes referred to as the “Cisco Layer”.
•End to End Delivery
6 PRESENTATION •Provide logical addressing that routers use for path
determination
5 SESSION •Segments are encapsulated
•Internetwork Communication
4 TRANSPORT •Packet forwarding
•Packet Filtering PDU – Packets –
3 NETWORK IP4/IPV6/IPX
•Makes “Best Path Determination”
2 •Fragmentation
DATA LINK
1 PHYSICAL
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Layer 4: Transport Layer
7 APPLICATION •This layer breaks up the data from the sending host & then
reassembles it in the receiver.
6 PRESENTATION •It also is used to insure reliable data transport across the network.
•Can be reliable or unreliable
5 SESSION •Sequencing
•Acknowledgment
4 TRANSPORT •Retransmission
•Flow Control TCP / PDU
UDP - Segments
3 NETWORK •Type of traffic between devices is identified using TCP and UDP
port numbers
2 DATA LINK
1 PHYSICAL
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Layer 5: Session layer
7 APPLICATION
6 PRESENTATION
Uses the time & divides it into devices establishes the
5 SESSION connection b/w connected devices
4 TRANSPORT
3 NETWORK
2 DATA LINK
1 PHYSICAL
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Layer 6: Presentation layer
7 APPLICATION
It receives the data & makes it representable, it sorts out given
6 PRESENTATION data (ASCII, Jpeg, Compression, Encryption)
5 SESSION
4 TRANSPORT
3 NETWORK
2 DATA LINK
1 PHYSICAL
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Layer 7: Application Layer
7 APPLICATION Types of applications :
End User Application: apps like Word , Excel, Power point etc
6 PRESENTATION Networking Application: web browsers, Firefox , chrome etc
In this layer presentable data is transferred to remote
5 SESSION destination using network applications
4 TRANSPORT
3 NETWORK
2 DATA LINK
1 PHYSICAL
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