CHAPTER 19: ARITHMETIC

19 ARITHMETIC

ARITHMETIC

➢ FUNDAMENTALS
In this chapter, we shall study comparing quantities like ratio and proportion, profit
and loss, discount simple interest, distance speed and time.

➢ RATIO AND PROPORTION

Ratio is a method of comparing two quantities of the same kind by division.
When two ratios are equal, they are said to be in proportion.
If two ratios are to be equal or are in proportion, their product of means should be
equal to the product of extremes.
Example: If a: b: c: d then the statement ad = be, holds good.
If a: b and b: c are in proportion such that b2 = Ac than b is called the mean
proportional of a: b and b: c Multiplying or dividing terms of the ratio by the same
number gives equivalent ratios.
Elementary Questions
1. If 5 : 6 = a : 18, then a = ?
Solution:
5 𝑎
− = 5 × 18 = 𝑎 × 6
6 18
5 × 15
⇒𝑎= = 15
6
2. 3725 can also be written as,
147
(a)
99
149
(b)
101
148
(c)
100
152
(d)
97

Solution:
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37 37×4 148
= =
25 25×4 100

➢ PERCENTAGE
• Another way of comparing quantities is percentage. The word percent means per
hundred. Thus 12% means 12 parts out of 100 parts

• Fractions can be converted into percentages and vice= versa.

Example:
25 = 25 × 100
25
Decimals can be converted into percentages and vice-versa.
Example:
(i) 0.36 = 0.36 × 100
(ii) 43

➢ SIMPLE INTERNET
When we deposit money in banks, bank give interest on money. Interest may be simple
interest (called S.I.)
A = Amount
B = Principle
R = Rate
T = Time
P × R ×T
S. I . =
100

(Simple Interest) S.I. = A − P

➢ PERCENT
'Percent' means 'for every hundred'.

Symbol for percentage is %.

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Conversions

❖ Percentage to decimals:

To convert a percentage to a decimal, divide the number by 100.

68
e.g., 68% =
100

= 0.68

❖ Decimal to percentage:

To convert a decimal to a percentage, multiply the number by 100%.

e.g.,

0.59 = 0.59 × 100

❖ Percentage to fraction:

To convert a percentage to a fraction, write the number with denominator 100 and
reduce the fraction to its lowest terms.

45
e.g., 45% = = 920
100

❖ Fraction to percentage:

To convert a fraction to a percentage, multiply one fraction with 100%

e.g.,

920 = 920 × 100

❖ Finding the percent of a quantity:

To find the percent of a quantity, multiply them and simplify.

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e.g., 30% Rs 100

30
× Rs 100 = Rs 30
100

❖ Average:

Average = The sum of quantitiesThe number of quantities.

❖ Ratio:

(a) The comparison of two quantities of the same kind by division gives their ratio.

(b) The two quantities compared are written with a : (colon) between them.

e.g., a; b read as 'a is to b'.

(c) Ratio of two numbers can be thought of as a fraction and all the rules for operations
with fractions can be used.

(d) Double, triple, four times, etc., can be expressed in ratio as 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, etc.

(e) A ratio can be expressed as a fraction.

e.g., 2: 5 is the same as 25.

(f) In a ratio a: b, the first term 'a' is called the antecedent and the second term 'b' is
called the consequent. The order of terms of a ratio is important i.e., 1:4 is not the
same ratio as 4:1.

(g) To find the ratio of two like quantities, they should be changed into the same unit
of measurement.

(h) While writing a ratio, co-prime numbers are generally used, that is, the ratio is often
expressed in the lowest terms by cancelling the common factors from both the
numbers.

(i) A ratio does not have any unit of measurement.

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❖ Speed, Distance and Time:

Speed = DistanceTime

Average = Total distance covered Total time taken

Distance = Speed × Time

Distance
Time =
Speed

❖ Simple Interest:

PTR
I=
100

where |= Interest, P = Principal, T = Time, R = Rate per annum

Amount (A) = P + |

⇒ I = A -P and also P = A -|

❖ Profit and Loss:

(i) The price of an article is called its cost price denoted as C.R

(ii) The price at which an article is sold is called its selling price denoted as S.R

(iii) If the selling price is greater than the cost price, there is a gain/profit, which is
equal to the difference of selling price and cost price.

∴ If S.P. > C.R, gain = S.R − C.R

a) S.R = Gain + C.R

b) C.R = S.R − Gain

(iv) If S.R < C.R there is a loss, which is equal to the difference of cost price and sell
in price.
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∴ If S.R < C.R, loss = C.R − S.R

C.R = Loss + S.P

a) S.R = C.R − Loss

❖ Percentage profit and percentage loss:

Profit or loss is incurred on the cost price.

Profit loss
So, percentage profit = × 100 and percentage loss = × 100
C.P. C.P.

Questions:
1. The equality of two ratio is called_________.

(a) Ratio

(b) percentage

(c) Proportion

(d) Triangle

2. Express the ratio 45 : 108 in its simplest form.

(a) 5 : 12

(b) 3 : 12

(c) 4 : 5

D) 6 : 7

3. If 6 pens cost Rs. 96. What will be the cost of 15 such pens?

(a) Rs. 200

(b) Rs. 210

(c) Rs. 240

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(d) Rs. 250

4. Find a number whose 4% is 72

(a) 1200

(b) 1500

(c) 1600

(d) 1800

5. Find the loss or Gain percent if C.P. = Rs. 500 and S.P. = Rs. 565

(a) 13%

(b) 15%

(c) 17%

(d) 18%

6. Divide 108 in two parts in the ratio 4 : 5

(a) 48 and 60

(b) 12 and 50

(c) 20 and 50

(d) 60 and 70

7. A sum of Rs. 4000 is lent for 5 years at the rate of 15 % simple interest per annum. Find
the interest

(a) Rs. 3000

(b) Rs. 4000

(c) Rs. 5000

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(d) Rs. 6000

12 () 9
8. Fill in the following blanks = =
20 5 ()

(a) 12, 13

(b) 3, 15

(c) 15, 4

(d) 16, 17

9. Ratio of the number of male and female workers in a factory is 5 : 3. If there are 115 male
workers, determine the number of female workers in the factory.

(a) 69

(b) 63

(c) 61

(d) 64

10. On selling a fan for Rs. 810, Sunil gains 8%. For how much did he purchase it?

(a) Rs. 720

(b) Rs. 730

(c) Rs. 750

(d) Rs. 800

11. If 36 men can finish a piece of work in 25 days, how many days will 15 men take to do it?

(a) 60

(b) 70

(c) 80
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(d) 90

12. A man covers a certain distances by car, driving at a speed of 70 km/hr and he returns
back to the starting point riding on a scooter at 55 km/hr. Find his average speed for the
whole journey.

(a) 61.0 km

(b) 61.6 km

(c) 67.4 km

(d) 69.7 km

13. In an examination, one requires 40% marks to pass. Rahul gets 185 marks and fails by 15
marks. What is the maximum marks?

(a) 500

(b) 600

(c) 700

(d) 800

14. 25 workers earn Rs. 300 per day. What will be the earnings of 20 workers per day at the
same rate?

(a) Rs. 230

(b) Rs. 200

(c) Rs. 160

(d) Rs. 240

15. The selling price of 10 article is the same as the cost price of 11 articles, Find gain percent.

(a) 15%

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(b) 5%

(c) 10%

(d) 20%

Answer:

1. (c)
2. (a)
Solution:
45 ÷ 9 5
=
108 ÷ 9 12
3. (c)

Solution:

96
Cost of 6 pens= Rs. 96 Cost of 1 pen = = Rs. 16
6

∴ Cost of 15 pens = 16 × 15 = Rs. 240

4. (d)
Solution:
4 72 × 100
x×4x× = 72 x = = 1800
100 4
5. (a)
Solution:
From the given data, we can say that S.P>C.P.
∴ There is a gain
Gain = S.P − C.P
= Rs. 565 – Rs. 500 = Rs. 65
C. P 65
Gain percentage = × 100 = × 100 = 13%
Profit 500
6. (a)
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Solution:
4
Sum = (4 + 5) = 9 ∴ First part × 108 = 60
9

5
Second Part = × 108 = 60
9

7. (a)
Solution:
P = Rs. 4000,R = 15
PRT 4000 × 15 × 5
∴ I = = Rs. ( )
100 100
= Rs (40 × 15 × 5) = 3000
8. (b)

Solution:

12 3 9
= =
20 5 15

9. (a)
Solution:
115
Let male = 5x and female = 3x ∴ 5x = 115 x = = 23
5

Hence No. of female workers = 3x = 3 × 23 = 69

10. (c)
Solution:

SP = Rs. 810, gain % = 8% CP of the fan

100 100
={ × SP } = { × 810} = Rs. 750
100 + Gain 100 + 8

11. (a)
Solution:

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36 men can finish the work in 25 days. 1 men can finish the work in (25 × 36) days.
25×36
(Less men, more days) 15 men can finish it in days = 60 days. Hence, the
15

required number of days = 60.

12. (b)
Solution:
2×70× 55
Average speed = + 55km/hr =61.6km/hr
70

13. (a)

Solution:

Let maximum marks bex. Pass marks = 185 + 15 = 200

40
⇒ × x = 200
100
100
⇒ x = 200 × = 500 The value of x comes out to be 500.
40

Hence, total marks of the exam is 500.

14. (d)

Solution:

Per day earning of 25 workers = Rs. 300

∴ Per day earing of 1 worker

300
= ∴ Per day earning of 20 workers
25
300
=( × 20) = Rs. 240
25

15. (c)
Solution:
Let Cost price of each article be Rs.x We have S.P of 10 article = C.P. of 11 article =
Rs.11x ∴ Gain = 11x − 10x = x Gain

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