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Statistics

Statistics is a mathematical field focused on the collection and analysis of numerical data, widely applied in various disciplines. Central tendency measures, such as mean, median, and mode, summarize data with a single representative value, with the mean being particularly useful for further analysis. The document explains methods for calculating the mean for both ungrouped and grouped data, highlighting the efficiency of the Assumed Mean Method for simplifying calculations.

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Riya Kuila
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16 views2 pages

Statistics

Statistics is a mathematical field focused on the collection and analysis of numerical data, widely applied in various disciplines. Central tendency measures, such as mean, median, and mode, summarize data with a single representative value, with the mean being particularly useful for further analysis. The document explains methods for calculating the mean for both ungrouped and grouped data, highlighting the efficiency of the Assumed Mean Method for simplifying calculations.

Uploaded by

Riya Kuila
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

STATISTICS

Introduction to Statistics
- Statistics is the branch of mathematics that deals with the collection, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of numerical
data.
- It is widely used in economics, business, social sciences, education, and research.
- Examples: marks of students, daily wages of workers, rainfall data, population surveys.
Measurement of Central Tendency
- A central tendency is a single value that represents the entire data.
- It shows where most data points cluster.
- Common measures: Mean, Median, Mode.
Why called central tendency?
Because it reflects the “centre” or average position of the data distribution.
Catch line: “Central tendency gives one number that tells the story of many.”
Mean for Ungrouped Data
Why Mean is a Measure of Central Tendency
- It represents the balancing point of data.
- It considers all values of the dataset.
- It is simple and widely applicable.
- Useful for further statistical analysis (variance, standard deviation)
Catch line: “Mean is the point where data finds balance.”

For n observations x1, x2, ..., xn:


Mean = (x1 + x2 + ... + xn) / n

Mean for Grouped Data


When data is presented in class intervals with frequencies, we calculate mean using midpoints of the classes.

1. Direct Method (D.M)

Formula:

Where,
xi = class midpoint
fi = frequency

Example (Data from NCERT):


Why is the Assumed Mean Method Helpful?
- When class midpoints (xi) are large, direct multiplication fi*xi becomes lengthy.
- By choosing an assumed mean (A) close to the actual mean, the deviations (di = xi – A) become small numbers.
- This simplifies calculations of Σ fi di.
- The final result is the same as the Direct Method, but with much easier arithmetic.
Catch line: “Assumed mean reduces big numbers into small, easy steps without changing the answer.”
Summary
1. Statistics helps to interpret large data.
2. Central tendency represents data by a single value.
3. Ungrouped data: Mean = sum of observations ÷ number of observations.
4. Grouped data:
- Direct Method: x̄ = (Σ fixi) / (Σ fi)
- Assumed Mean Method: x̄ = A + (Σ fidi) / (Σ fi)
5. The Assumed Mean Method is helpful when numbers are large, as it reduces calculation work.
6. In both methods, the mean value obtained is the same.

Final Catch Line: “From raw numbers to one representative value — that is the power of mean.”

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