1
What is definition of WWW?
The World Wide Web (WWW) is combination of all
resources and users on the Internet that are using
the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). A broader
definition comes from the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C): "The World Wide Web is the
universe of network-accessible information, an
embodiment of human knowledge."
2
What difference between website and webpage?
The difference between a website and a web page
is that a website is a collection of web pages with
information on a subject, and a web page is a
smaller part of a larger website usually containing
more specific information. If a website were a
book, then a webpage would be a chapter in that
book
3
what is TCP/IP protocols?
The OSI Model we just looked at is just a
reference/logical model. It was designed to
describe the functions of the communication
system by dividing the communication procedure
into smaller and simpler components. But when
we talk about the TCP/IP model, it was designed
and developed by Department of Defense (DoD) in
1960s and is based on standard protocols. It stands
for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol. The TCP/IP model is a concise version of
the OSI model. It contains four layers, unlike seven
layers in the OSI model. The layers are:
1.Process/Application Layer
2.Host-to-Host/Transport Layer
3.Internet Layer
4.Network Access/Link Layer
4
what is telnet protocol?
Telnet enables a user to manage an account or
device remotely. For example, a user may telnet
into a computer that hosts their website to
manage his or her files remotely. In the image to
the right, is an example of a telnet session. As can
be seen from this example, a telnet session is a
command line interface.
5
what is file server system?
In computing, a file server (or fileserver) is a
computer attached to a network that provides a
location for shared disk access, i.e.storage of
computer files (such as text, image, sound, video)
that can be accessed by the workstations that are
able to reach the computer that shares the access
through a computer ...
6
What is a URL and an example of a URL address?
URL also known as a web address, a URL (Uniform
Resource Locator) is a form of URI and a
standardized naming convention for addressing
documents accessible over the Internet and
Intranet. An example of a URL is
https://www.computerhope.com, which is the
URL for the Computer Hope website.
A URL usually consists of the following
components:
Protocol, domain, path (or pathname), hash and
query string.
Protocol is the technology that will be used to
transfer the data, usually http or https
Domain is the domain name, tealium.com for
example.
Path relates to the section and page on the site
Hash relates to a section within the page
Query string contains data that is being passed to
the page
7
What is HTTP and example?
HTTP Stands for "Hypertext Transfer Protocol".
HTTP uses a server-client model. A client, for
example, may be a home computer, laptop, or
mobile device. The HTTP server is typically a web
host running web server software, such as Apache
or IIS.
4.1.1 HTTP request processing
Let us take a step back and recollect what has to
happen for an HTTP request to
arrive at the server. For the purposes of this
example, we shall examine a series of
transactions in which an end-user is visiting her
friend’s personal web site found at
http://mysite.org/.
The process begins when the end user tells the
browser to access the page
found at the URL http://mysite.org/pages/simple-
page.html. When the
browser successfully receives and renders the page
(Figures 4.2 and 4.3), the user
sees that it has links to two other pages, which
contain her friend’s ‘school links’
(school.html) and ‘home links’ (home.html).
Suppose now that the end user
follows the link to her friend’s ‘school links’ page
8
What is virtual hosting?
Virtual hosting is a method for hosting multiple
domain names (with separate handling of each
name) on a single server (or pool of servers). This
allows one server to share its resources, such as
memory and processor cycles, without requiring all
services provided to use the same host name. The
term virtual hosting is usually used in reference to
web servers but the principles do carry over to
other internet services.
9
What is difference between in HTML and XHTML?
\
What do you mean by Web authentication?
In computing, authentication is the process of
verifying the identity of a person or device. A
common example is entering a username and
password when you log in to a website. Entering
the correct login information lets
the website know 1) who you are and 2) that it is
actually you accessing the website ...
11
What does DHTML mean?
Dynamic Hyper Text Markup Language (DHTML)
is a combination of Web development
technologies used to create dynamically
changing websites. Web pages may include
animation, dynamic menus and text effects. The
technologies used include a combination of
HTML, JavaScript or VB Script, CSS and the
document object model (DOM).
12
What is request generation and response
generation?
CSR or Certificate Signing request is a block of
encoded text that is given to a Certificate
Authority when applying for an SSL
Certificate. ... It also contains the public key that
will be included in the certificate. A private key is
usually created at the same time that you create
the CSR, making a key pair.
Once the dialog manager has interpreted the
user’s input and decided how to respond, the
next step for the conversational interface is to
determine the content of the response and how
best to express it. This stage is known as
response generation (RG). The system’s verbal
output is generated as a stretch of text and
passed to the text-to-speech component to be
rendered as speech.
13
What is proxy and how it works?
A proxy server acts as a gateway between you
and the internet. It's an intermediary server
separating end users from the websites they
browse. ... Proxy servers act as a firewall and
web filter, provide shared network connections,
and cache data to speed up common requests.
14
What is CGI in web design?
CGI is a method used to exchange data between
the server and the web browser. CGI is a set of
standards where a program or script can send
data back to the web server where it can be
processed. Common uses of CGI include: Guest
books. Email Forms.
15
What is a Web server definition?
A Web server is a program that uses HTTP
(Hypertext Transfer Protocol) to serve the files
that form Web pages to users, in response to
their requests, which are forwarded by their
computers' HTTP clients. Dedicated computers
and appliances may be referred to as Web
servers as well.
16
4.1 BASIC Operation
we can see how a Web server processes
incoming requests, generates outgoing
responses, and transmits those responses back
to the appropriate
requestors. The Networking module is
responsible for both receiving requests and
transmitting responses over the network. When
it receives a request, it must first
pass it to the Address Resolution module, which
is responsible for analyzing and
‘pre-processing’ the request. This pre-
processing includes:
1. Virtual Hosting: if this Web server is providing
service for multiple domains,
determine the domain for which this request is
targeted, and use the detected
domain to select configuration parameters.
2. Address Mapping: determine whether this is a
request for static or dynamic
content, based on the URL path and selected
server configuration parameters,
and resolve the address into an actual location
within the server’s file system.
16
4.1.2 Delivery of static content
Web servers present both static content and
dynamic content. Static content falls
into two categories:
1. static content pages: static files containing
HTML pages, XML pages, plain
text, images, etc., for which HTTP responses
must be constructed (including
headers); and
2. as-is pages: pages for which complete HTTP
responses (including headers) already exist and
can be presented ‘as is’.
For dynamic content, the server must take an
explicit programmatic action to generate a
response, such as the execution of an
application program, the inclusion of
information from a secondary file, or the
interpretation of a template. This mode
of processing includes Common Gateway
Interface (CGI) programs, Server-Side
Include (SSI) pages, Java Server Pages (JSP),
Active Server Pages (ASP), and Java
Servlets, among others.
4.1.3 Delivery of dynamic content
The original mechanisms for serving up dynamic
content are CGI (Common Gateway Interface)
and SSI (Server Side Includes). Today’s Web
servers use more sophisticated and more
efficient mechanisms for serving up dynamic
content, but
CGI and SSI date back to the very beginnings of
the World Wide Web, and it
behaves us to understand these mechanisms
before delving into the workings of
the newer approaches.
CGI
CGI was the first consistent server-independent
mechanism, dating back to the very
early days of the World Wide Web. The original
CGI specification can be found at
http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/interface.html
17
4.2 ADVANCED MECHANISMS FOR DYNAMIC CONTENT
DELIVERY
4.2.1 Beyond CGI and SSI
CGI is a simple mechanism for implementing portable
server-side applications.
It is employed ubiquitously throughout the Web.
However, there are a number
of problems associated with CGI processing. Its main
deficiency is performance.
Processing a request that invokes a CGI script requires
the spawning of a child
process to execute that script (plus another process if
the script is written in an
interpreted language such as Perl). Moreover, any
initialization and other processing
that might be common to all requests must be repeated
for every single request.
18
4.2.5 Servlets
A better approach to serving dynamic content is the
Servlet API—Java technology
for implementing applications that are portable not
only across different servers but
also across different hardware platforms and operating
systems. Like FastCGI, the
servlet API uses server application modules that remain
resident and reusable, rather
than requiring the spawning of a new process for every
request. Unlike FastCGI, the
servlet API is portable across servers, operating
systems, and hardware platforms.
Servlets execute the same way in any environment that
provides a compliant servlet
runner. The servlet API generated very strong following;
it is widely used in a
variety of Web server environments.
20
4.3.3 Caching support
Caching is one of the most important mechanisms in
building scalable applications. Server applications may
cache intermediate results to increase efficiency
when serving dynamic content, but such functionality is
beyond the responsibility of
HTTP servers. In this section, we concentrate our
discussion on server obligations
in support of browser caching as well as server controls
with regard to browser
caching behaviors.
1. On-request verification of cache entries meant
doubling the number of requests
for modified pages using HEAD requests. As you
remember from our earlier
HTTP discussion, HEAD requests result in response
messages with empty bodies.
At best, such responses contained enough information
to submit GET requests.
2. HTTP/1.0 servers, as a rule, did not include the Last-
Modified header in response
messages, making it much harder to check whether
cache entries remained current. Verification had to be
based on unreliable heuristics (e.g., changes in content
length, etc.).
3. There was no strict requirement for HTTP/1.0 servers
to include the Date header
in their responses (even though most did) making it
harder to properly record
cache entries.
21
Address resolution
An HTTP request is an instruction to the server to
perform specified actions. In fact,
you may think of HTTP as a language, HTTP request as a
program, and the server as
an interpreter for the language. Requests are
interpreted largely by specialized server
modules and by server applications. For example, the
servlet runner is responsible
for interpreting session ids in Cookie headers and
mapping them to server-side
session information. Application logic is normally
responsible for interpreting URL
parameters, request bodies, and additional header
information (e.g. Referer).
The core server logic is responsible for the initial
processing and routing of
requests. First and most important steps are to select
the proper virtual host, resolve
aliases, analyze the URL, and choose the proper
processing module. In both sample URLs in Figure 4.16,
www.neurozen.com is a virtual host. The server has to
locate configuration statements for this virtual host and
use them to perform address
translation.
22
What is web3?
web3. js is a collection of libraries which allow you to
interact with a local or remote ethereum node, using a
HTTP or IPC connection.
23
What is XML used for?
Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup
language that defines a set of rules for encoding
documents in a format that is both human-readable and
machine-readable. The World Wide Web Consortium's
XML 1.0 Specification of 1998 and several other related
specifications—all of them free open standards—define
XML. Extensible Markup Language (XML) is used to
describe data. The XML standard is a flexible way to
create information formats and electronically share
structured data via the public Internet, as well as via
corporate networks.
24
What do you mean by WML?
WML stands for Wireless Markup Language. WML is an
application of XML, which is defined in a document-type
definition. WML is based on HDML and is modified so
that it can be compared with HTML. WML browsers
should act like thin clients and perform minimal
processing on the device. Network Capabilities: Small
computing devices have a low bandwidth and high
network latency. WML has to ensure maximum
efficiency in fetching requested Web pages from the
server.
25
What is the use of Semantic Web?
The Semantic Web provides a common framework that
allows data to be shared and reused across application,
enterprise, and community boundaries. It is a
collaborative effort led by W3C with participation from
a large number of researchers and industrial partners.
