Electromagnetic Induction - Key Concepts
1. Faraday’s Law of Induction:
○ Faraday's First Law: A change in the magnetic flux through a coil induces an
electromotive force (EMF) in the coil. This induced EMF is proportional to the rate
of change of magnetic flux.
Where:
E = induced EMF
ΦB= magnetic flux
○ E= dΦB/dt
○ Faraday's Second Law: The magnitude of the induced EMF is directly
proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux.
2. Lenz’s Law:
○ The direction of the induced current (and EMF) is such that it opposes the
change in the magnetic flux that caused it.
This is in accordance with the principle of conservation of energy.
3. Magnetic Flux:
○ Magnetic flux ΦB\Phi_BΦBthrough a surface is defined as the product of the
magnetic field BBB and the area AAA through which the field lines pass, and the
cosine of the angle θ\thetaθ between the magnetic field and the normal to the
surface.
ΦB=B⋅A⋅cos(θ)
4. Self Induction:
○ When a current passing through a coil changes, it induces an EMF in the same
coil, opposing the change in current. This property is called self-induction.
○ The constant of proportionality is the self-inductance (L), and the induced EMF
is given by:
E=−LdI/dt
Where:
L = inductance of the coil
5. Mutual Induction:
○ When a changing current in one coil induces an EMF in a second coil, it is called
mutual induction.
○ The induced EMF in the second coil is proportional to the rate of change of
current in the first coil.
○ E2=−MdI/dt
Where:
M= mutual inductance between the two coils
6. Inductor:
○ A device that stores energy in a magnetic field created by the current passing
through it is called an inductor. The energy stored is:
E=1/2LI2
7. Transformer:
○ A transformer works on the principle of mutual induction. It consists of two coils,
primary and secondary, wound around a common core. The voltage induced in
the secondary coil is related to the primary voltage by the transformer equation:
Where:
○ V1/V2=N1/N2
V1,V2= voltages in the primary and secondary coils
N1,N2= number of turns in the primary and secondary coils
8. Alternating Current (AC) and Induction:
○ When the current is alternating (AC), the magnetic flux changes continuously,
leading to continuous induction of EMF in a coil. This is the principle behind AC
generators and transformers.
9. AC Generator (Alternator):
○ An AC generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. A coil
rotates in a magnetic field, inducing an alternating EMF.
10.Induced EMF and Eddy Currents:
○ Eddy currents are circulating currents induced in a conductor when it is exposed
to a changing magnetic field. These currents oppose the motion of the conductor
and lead to energy losses.
○ Eddy current loss can be minimized by using laminated cores in transformers and
electric motors.
Applications
● Electric Generators and Motors: Work on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
● Transformers: Used to step up or step down AC voltages in power transmission.
● Inductive Heating: Used in cooking, metal hardening, and industrial applications.
● Magnetic Braking: Eddy currents generated in a conductor moving through a magnetic
field produce opposing forces, used in some braking systems.
