ANNALES

du 20e CONGRÈS
de l’ASSOCIATION
INTERNATIONALE
pour l’HISTOIRE du VERRE

Fribourg / Romont 7–11 septembre 2015

his volume is sponsored by Vitrocentre and Editors
Vitromusée Romont and by anonymous donators Sophie Wolf, Anne de Pury-Gysel

Editing Committee
Erwin Baumgartner, Sylvia Fünfschilling,
Marion Gartenmeister, Anne de Pury-Gysel,
Stefan Trümpler, Sophie Wolf

Scientiic Committee
Anastassios Antonaras, Françoise Barbe, Erwin Baumgartner,
Uta Bergmann, Isabelle Biron, Brigitte Borell, Sally Cottam,
Patrick Degryse, Maria Grazia Diani, Anna-Barbara
Follmann-Schulz, Danièle Foy, Ian Freestone,
Sylvia Fünfschilling, Bernard Gratuze, Susanne Greif,
Yael Gorin-Rosen, Despina Ignatiadou, Caroline Jackson,
Yves Jolidon, Dedo von Kerssenbrock-Krosigk,
[Link] Stephen Koob, Ingeborg Krueger, James Lankton,
Irena Lazar, Isabelle Lecocq, Reino Liefkes, Dave Lüthi,
Teresa Medici, Marie-Dominique Nenna, Sarah Paynter,
Jennifer Price, Anne de Pury-Gysel, hilo Rehren,
Helmut Ricke, Beat Rütti, Lucia Saguì, Flora Silvano,
E. Marianne Stern, Stefan Trümpler, Marco Verità,
Sophie Wolf

Layout
Andrea Engl and ischbacher & vock

Cover and book design

ischbacher & vock

AIHV
Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre
International Association for the History of Glass
Internationale Vereinigung für die Geschichte des Glases
[Link]

© AIHV and authors

Romont 2017

Gesamtherstellung

Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH,

Geschäftsführer: Dr. Bert Wiegel,
Stellerloh 65 · D-32369 Rahden/Westf.
Cover illustration Tel.: +49/(0)5771/9510-74 · Fax: +49/(0)5771/9510-75
Goblets with white iligree decoration, produced in Swiss E-Mail: info@[Link]
glasshouses, late 17th to early 18th century. From diferent Homepage: [Link]
Swiss public and private collections. For a detailed Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier
discussion see: Erwin Baumgartner, Relets de Venise, Druck: druckhaus köthen GmbH&Co. KG, Köthen
Bern 2015, p. 254–272, 322–328 and the contribution of
Christophe Gerber in the present volume, page 564. ISBN 978-3-86757-024-4
 AIHV Annales du 20e Congrès 2015

CONTENTS

XI PRÉFACE
XIII PREFACE
XV VORWORT
Sylvia Fünfschilling

ANTIQUE AND ISLAMIC GLASS (KEYNOTES)

2 L’étude du verre antique. Etat de la question
Marie-Dominique Nenna
10 Entre Orient et Occident, le verre islamique (VIIIe–XIIIe siècle) :
apports récents et rélexions sur les échanges et les inluences
Danièle Foy

ARCHAIC, CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC GLASS

36 Glass fragments from Qal’eh Kali, an Achaemenid site in south-western Iran
Bernadette McCall, Amanda J. Dusting
43 Capacity measurement to demonstrate standardised productions of the core-formed vessels
from the late Archaic to the late Hellenistic period. An interim report
Peter Cosyns, Bieke Verhelst, Karin Nys
48 he provenance of Hellenistic core-formed vessels from Satricum, Italy
Artemios Oikonomou, Marijke Gnade, Julian Henderson, Simon Chenery, Nikos Zacharias
54 Glass vessels from the Persian and Hellenistic administrative building at Tel Kedesh, Israel
Katherine A. Larson, Andrea M. Berlin, Sharon Herbert
61 Gold in glass
Despina Ignatiadou
68 A study of the cut gold leaf decoration techniques on ancient gold sandwich glass,
with emphasis on the Hellenistic ‘Kirikane’ technique
Hidetoshi Namiki, Yasuko Fuji
73 Hellenistic mosaic glass and La Tène glass-working
Natalie Venclová, Šárka Jonášová, Tomáš Vaculovič

ROMAN GLASS
82 Gold-band glass fragments in the Römisch-Germanisches Museum of Cologne:
considerations about the techniques
Giulia Cesarin
87 La vaisselle en verre de deux sépultures aristocratiques augusto-tibériennes à Ath/Ghislenghien
(Province de Hainaut, Belgique)
Frédéric Hanut, Véronique Danese
92 Le verre romain de Montignac-sur-Vézère (Dordogne)
Laure Simon
98 he Roman necropolis of Budva (Montenegro) and its mould-blown glass assemblage
Irena Lazar
103 Mold-blown glass from the Roman province of Dalmatia
Berislav Štefanac
109 Römische Tintenfässer Isings 77
Michael Johannes Klein
116 A comparative investigation of the glass vessels and objects from eastern hrace and Lydian tumuli
in the light of the Düğüncülü and Güre inds
Ömür Dünya Çakmaklı, Emre Taştemür

V
Contents

124 Le sanctuaire d’Yvonand-Mordagne (Vaud, Suisse) : premier aperçu de la vaisselle cultuelle en verre
Chantal Martin Pruvot, Ellinor Stucki
132 Blown mosaic glass of the Roman period: technical observations and experiments
E. Marianne Stern
140 Two polychrome mosaic bowls and associated glass vessels from a rich 2nd century burial
at Kelshall, Hertfordshire, England
Sally Cottam, Jennifer Price
145 Früh- und mittelkaiserzeitliche Glasgefäße im nördlichen Obergermanien
Martin Grünewald
152 L’exceptionnelle verrerie d’un bûcher funéraire du IIIe siècle après J.-C. de Jaunay-Clan (Vienne, France)
Laudine Robin
160 Le verre archéologique du Canton du Tessin (Suisse) : une révision
Simonetta Biaggio-Simona
163 More glass from Aquileia (Italy)
Luciana Mandruzzato

LATE ROMAN AND EARLY MEDIEVAL

168 Mapping glass production in Italy. Looking through the irst millenium AD
Barbara Lepri, Lucia Saguì
175 Chemical signature and scale of production of primary glass factories around the Mediterranean
in the irst millenium AD
Patrick Degryse
181 he cut-glass beaker from Biel-Mett/BE
Sylvia Fünfschilling
184 New evidence about engraved glass from Milan (Italy) (3rd–4th century AD)
Marina Uboldi
190 Besondere Glasfunde aus dem Gräberfeld Gönnheim (Kreis Bad Dürkheim) – Germania prima –
und ein neuer Ort möglicher Glasverarbeitung
Andrea Ideli
194 Glass vessels from Late Roman burials in Languedoc-Roussillon (France):
key points, from glass production to the ritual of grave deposits
Stéphanie Raux
203 Late antique and early medieval glass vessels from northern-central Apulia:
productions, typologies, functions and circulation
Francesca Giannetti, Roberta Giuliani, Maria Turchiano
209 A large glass dish from Cástulo (Linares – Jaén, Spain) with an engraved representation of Christ in Majesty
David Expósito Mangas, Marcelo Castro López, Francisco Arias de Haro, José Manuel Pedrosa Luque,
Bautista Ceprián del Castillo
213 Late Roman glass from Mala Kopašnica (Serbia) – forms and chemical analysis
Sonja Stamenković, Susanne Greif, Sonngard Hartmann
222 Glass vessels from Late Roman graves in the Hungarian part of the Roman province Pannonia
Kata Dévai
230 Recent glass inds from Elaiussa Sebaste in Cilicia
Çiğdem Gençler-Güray
235 Indices d’ateliers de verriers à Apamée de Syrie, à la in de l’Antiquité
Danièle Foy, avec la collaboration de Bernard Gratuze
240 Une mosaïque de verre à thème chrétien (Ve s.), du site monastique copte des Kellia (Basse-Égypte)
Denis Weidmann
243 New inds of mosaic glass inlays from Antinoupolis, Egypt
Flora Silvano

VI
 Contents

248 Glass bead trade in northeast Africa in the Roman period.

A view according to the Museum of Archaeology University of Stavanger assemblage
Joanna hen-Obłuska, Barbara Wagner
257 A Late Roman glass workshop at Komarov (Middle Dniester) and
the problem of the origin of ‘Barbarian’ facet cut beakers
Olga Rumyantseva, Constantin Belikov
265 he glass collections in the ‘Museum Aan de Stroom’ (MAS), Antwerp (Belgium)
Eugène Warmenbol, Annemie De Vos, Peter Cosyns
271 Le verre de la nécropole mérovingienne de La Mézière (Bretagne, France)
Françoise Labaune-Jean

BYZANTINE AND ISLAMIC GLASS, NEAR EAST

280 Opaque red glass tesserae from Roman and early-Byzantine sites of north-eastern Italy:
new light on production technologies
Sarah Maltoni, Alberta Silvestri, Gianmario Molin
288 he Early Islamic green lead glass from the excavations at Caesarea Maritima, Israel
Rachel Pollak
293 Study on the Early Islamic glass excavated in Paykend in the Bukhara Oasis, Uzbekistan
Yoko Shindo
300 Reexamination of a Mamluk glass collection from Jerusalem
Naama Brosh
307 Mamluk glass from Quseir al-Qadim: chemical analysis of some glass fragments
Laure Dussubieux
313 An outstanding glass assemblage from the medieval and Ottoman castle at Safed (Zefat)
.
Natalya Katsnelson, with a contribution by Matt Phelps
319 Byzantine glass bracelets in Western Rus. Archaeological inds from Belarus
Кristina A. Lavysh

EUROPEAN GLASS FROM 700 TO 1500

326 Red and orange high-alumina glass beads in 7th and 8th century Scandinavia:
evidence for long distance trade and local fabrication
Torben Sode, Bernard Gratuze, James W. Lankton
334 Evolution of glass recipes during the Early Middle Ages in France:
analytical evidence of multiple solutions adapted to local contexts
Inès Pactat, Magalie Guérit, Laure Simon, Bernard Gratuze, Stéphanie Raux, Céline Aunay
341 ‘he Emerald of Charlemagne’: new observations on the production techniques and
provenance of an enigmatic glass artefact
Cordula M. Kessler, Sophie Wolf, Jürg Goll
346 Les verres du Haut Moyen Âge issus des fouilles du monasterium Habendum (Saint-Amé, Vosges)
Hubert Cabart (†), Inès Pactat, Bernard Gratuze, avec la collaboration de Charles Kraemer et homas Chenal
354 Technological transition in early medieval northern Italy: preliminary data for Comacchio glass
Camilla Bertini, Julian Henderson, Sauro Gelichi, Elena Basso, Maria Pia Riccardi, Margherita Ferri
360 Where does the medieval glass from San Genesio (Pisa, Italy) come from?
Marja Mendera, Federico Cantini, Alessandra Marcante, Alberta Silvestri, Filomena Gallo,
Gianmario Molin, Marco Pescarin Volpato
366 Natron and plant ash glass in the Middle Danube region during the Early Middle Ages
Danica Staššíková-Štukovská
374 Glass in fashion and trade in Bohemia in the 9th-11th century (archaeology and archaeometry)
Kateřina Tomková, Šárka Jonášová, Zuzana Zlámalová Cílová

VII
Contents

379 13th–14th century glass in northwest Bohemia: typology, archaeometry and provenance
Eva Černá
385 Glass production in medieval Spain: a long-term perspective on knowledge transfer
Chloë N. Duckworth
391 Die Glaserzeugnisse Bolgars und ihr Verhältnis zu anderen mittelalterlichen Glasproduktionen
Svetlana Valiulina
399 Glass from Enez (ancient Ainos)
Üzlifat Canav-Özgümüş, Serra Kanyak
403 Indices de travail du verre rouge dans l’atelier médiéval d’Anlier, seconde moitié du XIVe siècle
(Luxembourg belge)
Chantal Fontaine-Hodiamont, Denis Henrotay

EUROPEAN GLASS FROM 1500 TO 2000

412 Looking through late medieval and early modern glass in Portugal
Teresa Medici, Inês Coutinho, Luís C. Alves, Bernard Gratuze, Márcia Vilarigues
421 La consommation du verre à Paris entre le XIVe et le XIXe siècle : des données récentes
Amélie A. Berthon, Isabelle Caillot, Kateline Ducat
429 Zur Frage der Provenienz von historischen Gläsern – Die Sammlung des Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museums in
Braunschweig und des Rijksmuseums Amsterdam
Nicole Brüderle-Krug
435 Les verres émaillés vénitiens de la Renaissance : le projet Cristallo
Françoise Barbe, Fernando Filipponi
444 Renaissance Venetian enamelled glass. Genuine, façon de Venise and fake or copy artefacts
Marco Verità, Isabelle Biron
453 All-glass hybrids: Why they were made and the importance of identifying them
Suzanne Higgott
460 All-glass hybrids: What they are, manufacturing techniques and detection
Juanita Navarro
467 Venedig oder Tirol? Zur Lokalisierung einiger Hohlgläser des 16. Jahrhunderts mit Kaltbemalung
im Bayerischen Nationalmuseum
Annette Schommers
474 Glashütte Hall in Tirol. Die archäologischen Grabungen 2008 und 2009
Anna Awad
482 Goblets of the late- to post-medieval period from archaeological excavations in Dubrovnik
Nikolina Topić
490 16th-century glass vessels from the burials of the Ascension Convent in the Moscow Kremlin
Ekaterina Stolyarova
495 he problem of forgeries in 19th century Murano
Aldo Bova
498 Deutsche Formgläser des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts? Beobachtungen und Überlegungen zu einer Neudatierung
Dieter Schaich
506 Die älteren Glashütten der Schweiz (ca. 1200–1800)
Walter Schafner
512 „À la façon de Venise“: Zur Geschichte des Begrifs und zur Verbreitung von Gläsern
in venezianischer Art in Westfalen
Sveva Gai
522 Haushalt, Apotheke oder Gasthaus? Zusammensetzungen frühneuzeitlicher Glasfundkomplexe
im Kontext ihrer Fundsituation
Birgit Kulessa

VIII
 Contents

532 Mirrors, spectacles and looking glasses in Antwerp and the Duchy of Brabant:
aspects of production and use of optical glass based on serial documentary and archaeological evidence
Danielle Caluwé
537 Façon de Venise, une étiquette problématique. Propositions pour une méthodologie raisonnée de l’étude
de la verrerie à l’italienne en Europe, XVe–XVIIIe siècle, à partir de l’exemple du marché parisien (1550–1665)
Benoît Painchart, Christiane Guyomar
542 Diagnostic diferences between early iligree glass and the Rosenborg Castle-type iligree glass
Kitty Laméris
547 he golden age of Amsterdam glass. A chemical and typological approach
to recognize Amsterdam 17th century glass production
Michel Hulst, Jerzy J. Kunicki-Goldinger
554 What’s the purpose: oil lamp, perfume sprinkler or trick-glass?
Reino Liefkes
561 Court, Pâturage de l’Envers : une verrerie forestière du début du XVIIIe siècle entre
tradition et modernité (Jura bernois, Suisse)
Christophe Gerber
567 Der Kühlprozess der Glashütte von Court, Pâturage de l’Envers (1699–1714) im Berner Jura (Schweiz)
Jonathan Frey
575 Quelques révélations sur l’outillage de la verrerie du Pâturage de l’Envers à Court (1699–1714)
Lara Tremblay
578 Eighteenth century lead glass in the Netherlands
Anna Laméris
585 Imported beads in Russia in the 17th and irst half of the 18th centuries
(Moscow, Mangazeya, Smolensk region)
Julia Likhter
591 „Pressglas“ aus Benedict Vivats Glasfabriken
Valentina Bevc Varl
597 Glass ishing loats from Greek sites
Anastassios Antonaras
602 Crizzling glass – corrosion products and chemical composition of Bohemian glass
Zuzana Zlámalová Cílová, Helena Brožková, Michaela Knězu° Knížová, Irena Kučerová
606 he development of the chemical composition of Czech mosaic glass from the Middle Ages to the present day
Michaela Knězu° Knížová, Zuzana Zlámalová Cílová, Irena Kučerová, Martin Zlámal
612 he glass collection of Felice Barnabei at the Museo Nazionale Romano – Palazzo Massimo in Rome
Giulia Giovanetti, Silvia Bruni
617 Zwei vernachlässigte Glasvarietäten des 19. Jahrhunderts: Aventurin-Hohlglas und Uran-Selenglas
Sibylle Jargstorf
621 he Glass Room of the National Palace of Necessidades in Lisbon
Alexandra Rodrigues, Bruno Martinho, Frederik Berger, Anísio Franco, Márcia Vilarigues
625 Albert Dammouse (1848–1926) et la pâte de verre (1897–1913)
Véronique Ayroles
631 Le verre artistique de Saint-Prex (1928-1964)
Stanislas Anthonioz, Ana Quintero Pérez

ASIAN GLASS
640 A unique glass object from a Buddhist context in Sri Lanka
Brigitte Borell
647 Glass exchange and people in ancient East Asia
Chizuko Kotera

IX
Contents

652 Glass from Mughal India. A study of four eighteenth century cobalt blue bottles
Tara Desjardins

WINDOW GLASS AND STAINED GLASS

660 he early medieval stained glass windows from St. John, Müstair: materials, provenance and production technology
Sophie Wolf, Cordula M. Kessler, Jürg Goll, Stefan Trümpler, Patrick Degryse
668 Painted window glasses from Akko/Acre from the Crusader period (1099–1291 CE).
Manufacturing processes and conservation
Adrienne Ganor
672 Medieval window glass in Scotland
Helen Spencer, Craig Kennedy
680 Untersuchungen zur Provenienz von Gläsern aus dem Kloster Maulbronn
Manfred Torge
684 Swiss Kabinettscheiben from a 19th century Portuguese collection. Study and chemical characterisation
Andreia Machado, Alexandra Rodrigues, Mathilda Coutinho, Luís C. Alves, Victoria Corregidor, Rui C. da Silva,
Vincent Serneels, Ildiko Katona Serneels, Sophie Wolf, Stefan Trümpler, Márcia Vilarigues
689 Le vitrail dans les hôtels suisses de la Belle-Epoque : une importance sous-estimée ?
Dave Lüthi
697 „Magisches Licht“ – Glasfenster in der neo-islamischen Architektur
Sarah Keller
699 he window glass and stained glass windows of Belém: a cultural history of the Brazilian Amazon region
Amanda Corrêa Pinto, Márcia Vilarigues, hais Sanjad
703 Autour d’un artiste-verrier de la première moitié du XXe siècle.
Marcel Poncet (1894-1953) : à la jonction de la peinture et du vitrail
Camille Noverraz
706 L’activité créatrice de Paule Ingrand au sein d’ « Art et Verre » (1946 à 1962)
Isabelle Lecocq, avec la collaboration de Catherine homas
713 Makellos transparent oder mit romantischen Schlieren? Überlegungen zu Sortenvielfalt und Ästhetik des
Fensterglases im frühen 20. Jahrhundert mit Fokus auf dem Spiegel- oder Kristallglas
Anne Krauter, Ueli Fritz

REVERSE PAINTING ON GLASS

722 Une œuvre du Vitromusée Romont passée à la loupe. Un cabinet de facture napolitaine décoré de plaquettes
de verre peintes
Elisa Ambrosio
725 La peinture sous verre « savante » en France au XVIIIe siècle : oubliée puis redécouverte
Jeannine Geyssant
732 La peinture sous verre chinoise au XVIIIe siècle. Une rencontre artistique Chine – Occident
hierry Audric
735 La peinture sous verre monumentale de l’église paroissiale de Mézières (Fribourg, Suisse) :
« La délivrance de Saint Pierre », 1940, par Emilio Maria Beretta
Monika Neuner, Yves Jolidon, Pascal Moret

GENERAL THEMES
740 Le verre à l’école, un projet pour les jeunes
Maria Grazia Diani, Luciana Mandruzzato

X
AIHV Annales du 20e Congrès 2015

THE EARLY MEDIEVAL STAINED GLASS WINDOWS FROM

ST. JOHN, MÜSTAIR: MATERIALS, PROVENANCE AND
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Sophie Wolf, Cordula M. Kessler, Jürg Goll, Stefan Trümpler, Patrick Degryse

Fig. 1: Window glass fragments from St. John Müstair.

(a) Group of coloured glass (above); (b) Group of mainly
green-coloured glass (below). © St. John Müstair, Jürg Goll.
he convent of Saint John at Müstair (Graubünden, Switzer-
land), famous for its Carolingian and Romanesque wall
paintings, was founded in about 775. Surviving from the
monastery’s early history are the church, including one of
its two original lateral annexes, and a small chapel (Heilig-
kreuzkapelle). he remains of the early monastic site have
been the subject of archaeological investigation for many
years.1 More than one thousand fragments of coloured
window glass have been found during excavations. Most of
this glass belongs to the early construction phases of the
Carolingian monastery and possibly dates from the last
quarter of the 8th century AD.2 hese excavations also
brought to light fragments of glass-melting crucibles,
glass-working waste and glass tesserae3 that testify to
glass-working activity at the time of the monastery’s con-
struction and suggest that the glass was worked locally.
1 Goll 2001, 89–90.
Unfortunately, no kilns clearly related to glass working were 2 Kessler, Wolf and Trümpler 2013, 293.
discovered at the site. 3 Goll 2005, 87, igure 87.

660
 he early medieval stained glass windows from St. John, Müstair: materials, provenance and production technology

Fig. 2: Comparison of the Müstair glass

with glass groups from the Levantine
coast produced between the 4th and
9th century AD: Lime versus alumina
contents (in weight %). Data from Free-
stone, Greenwood and Gorin Rosen
2000 and Freestone, Gorin-Rosen
and Hughes 2000. © authors.

Two groups of window glass can be distinguished with where did it originate from? How was the window glass
respect to colour, form, thickness of the glass and ind loca- made? Was it produced locally? Where did the technologi-
tion: he irst group comprises over 700 fragments found in cal know-how come from? Taking a closer look at the results
an area along the eastern edge of the early monastic com- of recent elemental and isotopic analysis, as well as earlier
plex and from the excavation area west and north of the compositional data, we will try to answer some of these
Heiligkreuzkapelle. he pieces show a great variety of colour questions.
and form (igure 1a). he most common colours are pale
green, green and amber, followed by blue and dark green. Composition and origin of the glass
Examples of red and yellow glass are rarer. his group also A total of 45 samples of the early window glass and 14 sam-
includes relatively ine window glass pieces.4 heir thick- ples of the glass-working waste (glass droplets and glass ad-
nesses vary between one and two millimetres. A special hering to the crucibles) have been analysed chemically by
characteristic of this subgroup is that both glass surfaces X-ray luorescence (XRF).8 he data was complemented by
are even and shiny compared to the other fragments, which analysis of 27 fragments from the aforementioned sample
usually have one even and one rough surface. he second set plus four additional samples using inductively coupled
group includes approximately 130 fragments found in the plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES).9 In addi-
southern part of the Carolingian complex. he more limited tion to elemental analysis, isotopic compositions (87Sr/86Sr
colour spectrum ranges from pale green, via yellowish and 14³Nd/144Nd) of 31 glass samples were determined by
green to emerald green (igure 1b). he pieces are generally multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectro-
larger in size than those of the irst group. heir average metry (MC-ICP-MS) at Leuven University.10
thickness varies between two and three millimetres; the he elemental and isotopic data provide information on
glass pieces all have surfaces that are even on one side and the raw materials used and the origin of the glass (table 1):
irregular or corrugated on the other. he strictly geometric Without exception, all the early window glass fragments
forms of the glass pieces remind us of motifs seen in opus have a soda-lime-silica composition, indicating that the
sectile. glass was originally made from sand and mineral soda (na-
Along with similar glass inds from Sion, Sous-le Scex 5, tron) as opposed to plant or wood ash. he composition of
those from Müstair are among the oldest remains of orna- the group is relatively homogeneous with the exception of
mental glass windows in Switzerland. Comparable inds in three glass samples that stand out because of slightly higher
terms of number of fragments and age have been discov- calcium and lower strontium concentrations (table 1, igure
ered at San Vincenzo al Volturno, Jarrow and Paderborn.6 2). Major element concentrations, which except for the high
More recent discoveries of early medieval window glass in
France and Belgium show the extent to which coloured 4 For example ind numbers M95/18184, M95/18381, M95/18396,
M95/18425.
glass was used for ornamental windows in ecclesiastical or 5 Kessler, Wolf and Trümpler 2005, 1–30; Wolf et al. 2005, 361–380.
monastic contexts.7 6 Dell’Acqua and James 2001; Cramp 1975; Gai 2001.
7 Balcon-Berry, Perrot and Sapin 2010.
he inds from Müstair raise many questions concern- 8 XRF analyses were carried out at the University of Basel (Prof. W. B. Stern)
ing the materials and the technology used in the production 2008; for analytical details see Wolf et al. 2005, 364–365.
9 ICP-OES analyses were done at Leuven University (Prof. P. Degryse) in
of the glass as well as the form and design of the glazing: 2015; method described in Ganio et al. 2012.
What type of glass was used to make the window glass and 10 Analytical procedures are described in Degryse et al. 2009, 58.

661
he early medieval stained glass windows from St. John, Müstair: materials, provenance and production technology

Fig. 3: Concentrations of colouring and decolourizing elements in Müstair window glass. (a) Copper versus iron content;
(b) Proportions of manganese-antimony versus alumina content. © authors.

iron levels in the yellow glass all relect the composition of at Müstair. Whether the tesserae were used exclusively to
an uncoloured base glass, are very similar to that of glass make the window glass – as seems to be the case for the blue
produced in the Eastern Mediterranean region, where the glass from San Vincenzo16 – or mixed with colourless glass
production of ‘natron’ glass has been attested to up until the from the Levant – as has been suggested for the window
9th century AD.11 he strontium and neodymium isotope glass from Jarrow Abbey 17 – is diicult to determine, be-
signatures of all except the three samples aforementioned, cause chemical analysis of the tesserae was not possible.
which have strontium isotope and calcium values similar to he results of analysis of the glass-working waste show
8th/9th century glass from Egypt, are identical to those of that the composition of the majority of the fragments is
glass produced on the Levantine coast between the 4th and nearly identical to that of the window glass (see igure 2).
8th centuries AD.12 heir εNd values, which range between hese results conirm the hypothesis of local production.
-6.2 and -5.1, point to a Nile sediment-dominated sand
source. 13 Production techniques and design of the windows
he majority of the window glass from Müstair, howev- he two groups of window glass can – as mentioned above – be
er, does not exactly match any of the previously identiied readily distinguished by their material characteristics. he
glass compositional groups from this region (see igure 2). irst group – which comprises very ine, thin glass fragments
his might be due to the use of raw glass from a yet unknown with shiny surfaces on both sides – is clearly cylinder-blown,
source or – more likely – a result of remelting cullet that in- whereas some of the characteristics of the second group ini-
cluded glass from several glass production centres along the tially made us think it could be cast window glass. Indirect
coast. he linear correlation of sand-related elements such evidence for this hypothesis was an unusually shaped
as alumina and lime (igure 2) is proof that glass was mixed glass-melting crucible (igure 4) – made from soapstone and
from at least two diferent sources. he fact that most of the assumed to be used for pouring glass – that was found in the
window glass contains both manganese and antimony fur- same area as the second group of glass fragments.18
ther corroborates the hypothesis of glass recycling, because In order to solve questions regarding the techniques of
Roman raw glass seems to be either manganese- or antimo- production of early window glass, an international work-
ny-decolorized.14 he manganese concentrations of the red, shop19 was organized and two archaeological experiments20
green and yellow and the dark cobalt blue glass are relative- were carried out. he form and use of the crucible were also
ly constant. he cobalt-coloured blue glass has much higher
antimony concentrations but a similar base glass composi- 11 For example Freestone 2006, 203.
tion to the rest of the glass (igure 3), which signiies that an- 12 Freestone, Wolf and Thirlwall 2009, 31–52; Degryse et al. 2009,
53–72.
timony is speciic to the making of the dark blue glass. he
13 Degryse and Schneider 2008, 1993–2000.
high content of iron in the yellow glass, of cobalt in the blue 14 Jackson 2005, 772 and Freestone 2015, 3–5.
and of copper in the green are related to the colouration of 15 Brepohl1999, 152.
16 Schibille and Freestone 2013, 9.
the glass (igure 3). In his 12th-century Schedula diversarum 17 Freestone and Hughes 2006, 147–155.
artium, heophilus Presbyter mentions that the Francs col- 18 Kessler, Wolf and Trümpler 2013, 226.
19 he workshop was held in Müstair in 2011. It was inancially supported by
lected tesserae from the houses of pagans for glassmak- the Swiss National Science Foundation (No. 137382/1).
ing.15 he blue, green and red glass tesserae that were dis- 20 A irst experiment was carried out at Glashütte Lamberts in Waldsassen
in autumn 2013. he second experiment was done at Studio homas
covered along with glass-melting crucible fragments and Blank in Bern in spring 2014. he results will be published in more
glass-working waste suggest that this was also the practice comprehensive form (publication in preparation).

662
 he early medieval stained glass windows from St. John, Müstair: materials, provenance and production technology

Fig. 4: Fragment of a glass-melting crucible; ind no. M92/12’924.

© authors.

Fig. 6: Early medieval window in the Heiligkreuzkapelle.

© St. John Müstair, Jürg Goll.

Kaufmann 22 , and for pouring the molten glass onto a sur-

face. he diferent characteristics of the two glass groups are
not therefore necessarily explained by diferent production
techniques (blowing/casting), but are more likely to relect
Fig. 5: Lead cames; ind no. M92/12’898. © St. John Müstair, Jürg Goll. the diverse skills of the glassblowers.
he glass panes were cut into shapes, which were then
grozed and assembled with lead (igure 5) to form geometric
discussed during the workshop. Crucibles made from soap- and igurative images. he stained glass windows were
stone are known from other early medieval sites in Northern probably held in wooden frames such as the one discovered
Italy 21, but the unique form of the Müstair crucible – with its in an original window in the Heiligkreuzkappelle (igure 6).
broad lip – remained an enigma. We decided to make three his window and those surviving in the abbey church sug-
copies of the crucible and use them in the glassmaking ex- gest that the quantity of recovered glass or cullet required to
periments. he crucibles withstood temperatures exceeding make the glazing of the Carolingian monastery was com-
1,250° C. When placed tilted in a bed of sand, they proved to paratively small and manageable. In this light it seems pos-
be very practical for gathering glass with a blowpipe. his in- sible that the artisans carried the materials as well as the
sight and the realization that it would have been very diicult tools with them to Müstair. Unlike at San Vincenzo al Vol-
to remove the crucible from the furnace appear to invalidate turno, where window glass and tesserae were recovered
the initial idea that the crucible had been used to pour glass. from a nearby Roman building 23, there was no such Roman
he experiments also showed that the difering (i.e. smooth/ ‘quarry’ in the vicinity of Müstair that would have provided
rough) surface characteristics of the glass fragments cannot the necessary glass.
be used as a criteria to decide if the glass panes were blown or
cast. A rough, partly corrugated ‘underside’ forms whenever
the hot sheets come into contact with a support. his is true
21 Uboldi and Verità 2003, 119–120.
both for the process of drawing out and lattening the glass 22 Kaufmann 2010, 91–92.
cylinder onto a support, as convincingly described by Verena 23 Schibille and Freestone 2013, 8–9.

663
 Window glass
664

he early medieval stained glass windows from St. John, Müstair: materials, provenance and production technology
Inv. No. Sample No. Colour SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MnO MgO CaO Na20 K2O TiO2 P2O5 SO3 Cl V Cr Co Ni Cu Zn Rb Sr Zr Sn Sb Ba Pb Sum
M94/17407-37 Mü-007 blue 67,0 2,5 1,2 0,7 0,9 6,9 17,5 0,7 0,2 < 0,1 0,3 0,6 na na 360 64 4132 104 48 471 140 849 4242 372 2488 99,7
M94/17407-37 Mü-007L blue 65,0 2,0 1,1 0,6 0,8 6,7 17,3 0,7 0,2 0,1 na na 19 23 na 49 2973 90 na 461 81 na na 260 3096 95,3
M94/17407-35 Mü-008 blue 67,9 2,5 1,2 0,6 0,8 7,8 16,9 0,9 0,1 0,1 0,2 0,5 na na 498 53 682 126 43 505 bd 147 1632 489 905 100,0
M94/17407-36 Mü-009 blue 67,1 2,3 1,2 0,6 0,8 7,1 17,2 0,7 0,2 < 0,1 0,3 0,6 na na 459 60 4585 105 47 453 118 490 6177 331 2870 99,7
M95/18381-24 Mü-044 blue 67,3 2,5 1,2 0,7 0,8 6,7 17,9 0,6 0,2 < 0,1 0,3 0,1 na na 420 71 4377 82 208 424 bd 637 4986 397 bd 99,4
M95/18191-4 Mü-046 blue 67,6 2,3 1,1 0,5 0,7 6,8 16,7 0,8 0,1 < 0,1 0,4 0,2 na na 685 71 2987 40 240 387 bd 114 12416 318 bd 98,8
M94/16900-1 Mü-057 blue 67,3 2,5 1,1 0,6 0,9 7,0 16,8 0,7 0,1 < 0,1 0,4 0,4 na na 392 39 5679 145 bd 442 bd 657 7421 293 3025 99,5
M96/19982-6 Mü-059 blue 68,3 2,4 1,0 0,6 0,7 7,5 16,7 0,7 0,1 < 0,1 0,3 0,5 na na 522 45 2074 96 48 460 bd 259 5157 316 1148 99,7
M93/15403-1 Mü-004 green (blueish) 69,3 2,4 0,6 0,5 0,7 7,5 16,3 1,0 0,1 < 0,1 0,2 0,6 na na 77 48 1150 259 26 454 127 1007 447 362 4826 100,1
M93/15403-1 Mü-004L green (blueish) 67,9 2,1 0,6 0,5 0,6 7,3 16,3 1,0 0,1 0,2 na na 30 16 na 17 1462 252 na 444 50 na na 264 4344 97,4
M94/17407-47 Mü-016 green (blueish) 69,0 2,3 0,7 0,6 0,8 7,4 17,0 0,8 0,1 < 0,1 0,2 0,6 na na bd < 15 3219 68 46 464 141 0 707 388 bd 100,0
M94/17407-47 Mü-016L green (blueish) 65,1 1,8 0,5 0,6 0,7 7,0 15,2 0,7 < 0,1 < 0,1 na na 40 21 na < 15 589 < 15 na 437 61 na na 274 696 92,1
M94/17407-46 Mü-017 green (blueish) 70,0 2,3 1,0 0,1 0,9 10,0 14,0 0,5 0,3 < 0,1 0,1 0,5 na na bd < 15 1747 34 41 203 182 0 65 249 bd 100,0
M94/17407-44 Mü-018 green (blueish) 69,3 2,3 0,8 0,5 0,7 7,4 16,5 1,0 0,1 < 0,1 0,2 0,6 na na 73 46 2511 499 46 444 112 829 638 398 1960 100,1
M94/17407-44 Mü-018L green (blueish) 67,6 2,1 0,7 0,5 0,7 7,3 16,3 1,0 0,1 0,2 na na 20 22 na 21 2158 484 na 452 52 na na 269 2335 97,2
M94/17407-45 Mü-019 green (blueish) 69,7 2,4 0,6 0,5 0,6 7,5 16,5 0,8 0,1 < 0,1 0,2 0,6 na na 57 < 15 2386 162 39 450 142 646 837 399 253 100,0
M95/18409-13 Mü-038 green (blueish) 69,8 2,5 0,6 0,5 0,6 7,4 16,7 0,7 0,1 < 0,1 0,2 0,5 na na bd < 15 1809 181 54 443 bd 158 874 345 bd 100,1
M92/12406-33 Mü-041 green (blueish) 68,4 2,4 0,9 0,8 0,8 7,3 16,6 0,8 0,1 < 0,1 0,3 0,4 na na bd 16 7943 94 24 460 bd 799 1205 414 976 99,9
M92/12406-33 Mü-041L green (blueish) 67,7 2,1 0,5 0,5 0,6 7,4 16,5 0,8 0,1 0,2 na na 35 15 na < 15 1571 179 na 444 49 na na 260 816 96,9
M95/18315-8 Mü-042 green (blueish) 68,5 2,5 0,9 0,9 0,8 7,1 17,1 0,7 0,1 < 0,1 0,2 0,2 na na bd < 15 2746 805 223 438 bd 523 1017 489 bd 99,7
M95/18315-8 Mü-042L green (blueish) 62,5 1,6 0,5 0,8 0,7 6,5 15,6 0,8 0,1 < 0,1 na na 104 48 na 107 2133 736 na 429 104 na na 319 1639 89,9
M94/17511-8 Mü-055 green (blueish) 69,4 2,4 0,7 0,6 0,8 7,3 17,0 0,7 0,1 < 0,1 0,3 0,5 na na bd 41 1732 29 42 453 bd 0 1147 383 bd 100,0
M94/17511-8 Mü-055L green (blueish) 68,1 2,0 0,6 0,6 0,8 7,3 16,9 0,8 0,1 0,2 na na 21 20 na 18 604 46 na 448 56 na na 273 546 97,7
M95/18633 Mü-062L green (blueish) 67,2 2,1 0,8 0,6 0,9 7,7 16,5 0,9 < 0,1 < 0,1 na na 28 30 na 16 1797 70 na 483 63 na na 284 1141 97,5
M95/18409 Mü-064L green (blueish) 66,1 2,0 0,8 0,6 0,9 7,2 16,9 1,0 < 0,1 < 0,1 na na 52 28 na 35 1233 99 na 440 62 na na 271 1820 96,5
M95/18409 Mü-065L green (blueish) 68,1 2,1 0,5 0,5 0,6 7,3 17,1 0,9 < 0,1 < 0,1 na na 23 16 na 15 1362 123 na 432 45 na na 253 615 98,0
M94/16789-1 Mü-006 green 68,1 2,6 0,9 0,6 1,0 7,3 15,8 1,3 0,1 < 0,1 0,2 0,3 na na 91 44 6900 3681 96 499 117 1553 786 379 1831 99,7
M94/17407-40 Mü-010 green 65,7 2,4 0,9 0,6 0,8 7,2 15,8 0,8 0,1 < 0,1 0,3 0,3 na na bd 29 37770 81 64 418 96 363 1433 525 514 99,1
M94/17407-40 Mü-010L green 63,5 1,9 0,9 0,6 0,8 7,0 15,7 0,8 0,1 0,2 na na 23 22 na 37 35991 122 na 442 56 na na 277 912 95,4
M94/17407-38 Mü-011 green 67,9 2,5 0,7 0,5 0,7 7,4 15,7 0,9 0,1 < 0,1 0,2 0,3 na na bd 62 23095 174 45 441 106 354 1349 410 bd 99,4
M94/17407-38 Mü-011L green 64,8 2,0 0,6 0,4 0,6 7,1 15,2 0,9 0,1 0,2 na na 13 12 na 16 23618 187 na 422 44 na na 242 825 94,6
M94/17407-39 Mü-012 green 66,3 2,2 1,2 0,7 0,9 7,6 15,5 1,0 0,1 < 0,1 0,3 0,2 na na bd 39 27531 209 58 401 102 575 1076 486 2113 99,3
M94/17407-39 Mü-012L green 61,9 1,9 1,0 0,6 0,8 7,1 15,7 0,9 0,1 0,2 na na 32 25 na 27 23665 223 na 409 73 na na 269 1877 93,0
M95/18623-6 Mü-043 green 66,8 2,4 0,7 0,6 0,8 7,1 16,2 0,7 0,1 < 0,1 0,3 0,1 na na bd 45 29038 60 191 416 bd 313 1581 489 bd 99,0
M95/18381-25 Mü-045 green 68,1 2,4 0,6 0,5 0,6 7,3 15,9 0,8 0,1 < 0,1 0,3 0,4 na na bd < 15 22172 163 77 421 bd 287 755 452 bd 99,4
M92/12896-3 Mü-049 green 67,2 2,5 1,3 0,7 1,0 7,4 16,0 0,9 0,1 0,1 0,3 0,4 na na 63 31 5316 585 110 438 bd 2497 971 492 10582 99,8
M92/12896-3 Mü-049L green 65,9 2,1 1,2 0,7 1,0 7,5 16,2 1,0 0,1 0,2 na na 25 29 na 23 5225 584 na 453 68 na na 293 12297 97,9
M96/19982-8 Mü-061 green 66,1 2,3 0,6 0,6 0,7 6,9 16,4 0,6 0,1 < 0,1 0,3 0,4 na na 77 29 38446 28 bd 407 bd 156 1168 572 512 99,1
M96/19982-8 Mü-061L green 64,6 1,9 0,6 0,6 0,6 6,9 16,2 0,6 0,1 0,2 na na 21 17 na 29 35759 65 na 441 49 na na 275 494 96,2
M95/18633 Mü-063L green 67,4 2,2 0,9 0,6 0,9 7,5 16,1 0,9 < 0,1 < 0,1 na na 29 28 na 30 10341 105 na 431 68 na na 285 1610 98,3
M94/17407-48 Mü-020 green (yellowish) 69,1 2,4 0,8 0,7 0,9 7,6 16,5 0,9 0,1 < 0,1 0,2 0,5 na na bd 20 1999 86 83 457 106 484 1068 461 bd 100,0
M94/17407-48 Mü-020L green (yellowish) 67,8 2,0 0,7 0,6 0,9 7,5 16,6 0,9 0,1 0,2 na na 28 26 na 26 1104 81 na 466 64 na na 283 1087 97,9
M94/17407-49 Mü-023 green (yellowish) 68,1 2,3 1,1 0,7 1,0 7,8 16,1 0,9 0,2 < 0,1 0,2 0,4 na na bd 54 5130 260 51 397 86 499 1259 388 3011 99,9
M94/17407-49 Mü-023L green (yellowish) 65,8 2,0 1,0 0,7 0,9 7,5 16,0 0,9 0,1 0,2 na na 28 25 na 20 5696 257 na 417 78 na na 286 3527 96,3
M94/17407-50 Mü-024 green (yellowish) 66,5 2,4 1,2 0,8 1,1 7,1 16,5 0,8 0,2 < 0,1 0,3 0,4 na na 86 25 5332 514 29 434 154 3173 1667 428 14432 99,8
M94/17407-50 Mü-024L green (yellowish) 65,2 2,0 1,1 0,7 1,1 7,0 16,8 0,8 0,2 0,2 na na 30 33 na 44 5099 481 na 449 80 na na 299 13380 97,2
M94/17407-51 Mü-025 green (yellowish) 67,9 2,7 1,0 0,8 0,8 7,3 16,2 1,1 0,1 < 0,1 0,2 0,3 na na bd 28 5381 569 83 456 127 1685 1642 366 2606 99,8
M94/17407-51 Mü-025L green (yellowish) 67,7 2,3 1,0 0,7 0,8 7,3 16,6 1,1 0,1 0,2 na na 31 27 na 26 5452 572 na 472 68 na na 332 4554 99,2
M95/18604-1 Mü-027 green (yellowish) 68,1 2,5 0,9 0,9 0,9 7,3 17,0 0,8 0,2 < 0,1 0,2 0,5 na na bd 28 2768 83 29 461 150 283 1554 397 1752 100,0
M95/18604-1 Mü-027L green (yellowish) 66,9 2,1 0,8 0,9 0,9 7,2 16,9 0,8 0,1 0,1 na na 27 26 na < 15 1413 88 na 474 67 na na 342 2292 97,4
M95/18633-1 Mü-028 green (yellowish) 68,1 2,4 0,9 0,7 0,9 7,4 16,4 1,1 0,1 < 0,1 0,2 0,3 na na 68 41 3792 314 59 474 107 870 1642 366 3204 99,8
 Inv. No. Sample No. Colour SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MnO MgO CaO Na20 K2O TiO2 P2O5 SO3 Cl V Cr Co Ni Cu Zn Rb Sr Zr Sn Sb Ba Pb Sum
M95/18633-2 Mü-029 green (yellowish) 68,1 2,3 0,9 0,7 0,9 7,7 16,3 0,9 0,1 < 0,1 0,3 0,2 na na bd 21 9667 140 na 438 117 1685 1488 393 1404 99,8
M95/18409-12 Mü-039 green (yellowish) 69,1 2,5 0,7 0,7 0,9 7,3 17,1 0,7 0,1 < 0,1 0,3 0,5 na na bd 10 1047 32 35 464 bd 343 1074 423 62 100,1
M95/18409-12 Mü-039L green (yellowish) 66,2 2,0 0,6 0,7 0,8 7,2 16,9 0,8 0,1 0,1 na na 22 24 na 25 672 40 na 456 62 na na 276 843 95,8
M92/12896-4 Mü-050 green (yellowish) 69,4 2,4 0,6 0,6 0,7 7,2 17,0 0,6 0,1 < 0,1 0,3 0,6 na na bd 33 1579 20 110 422 bd 0 1457 411 bd 99,9
M92/12896-4 Mü-050L green (yellowish) 68,3 2,0 0,6 0,6 0,8 7,2 17,2 0,7 0,1 0,1 na na 26 21 na 21 763 32 na 447 56 na na 282 794 98,0
M94/17112-2 Mü-053 green (yellowish) 68,7 2,3 1,0 1,2 0,7 9,5 15,2 0,4 0,3 < 0,1 0,2 0,5 na na bd < 15 757 68 bd 189 bd 0 bd 343 bd 100,2
M94/17112-2 Mü-053L green (yellowish) 69,2 2,0 1,1 1,2 0,7 9,8 15,5 0,5 0,3 0,1 na na 24 165 na 69 <75 77 na 196 177 na na 268 51 100,4
M96719881-2 Mü-058 green (yellowish) 70,7 2,5 0,5 0,4 0,5 7,6 16,2 0,7 0,1 < 0,1 0,2 0,5 na na bd < 15 557 2 bd 446 bd 0 276 291 bd 100,1
M95/18409-14 Mü-040 red 67,6 2,6 0,8 0,6 0,7 6,9 16,1 1,0 0,1 < 0,1 0,2 0,4 na na bd 18 5165 2307 35 452 bd 4063 695 338 14555 99,9

he early medieval stained glass windows from St. John, Müstair: materials, provenance and production technology
M95/18339-5 Mü-047 red 68,4 2,6 0,9 0,5 0,7 7,1 15,9 1,0 0,1 < 0,1 0,2 0,4 na na 59 28 7669 3783 89 452 bd 1776 1292 397 2562 99,7
M96/19982-7 Mü-060 red 67,1 2,5 1,1 0,8 0,8 7,0 16,5 1,0 0,1 < 0,1 0,3 0,3 na na bd 32 6992 5663 39 451 bd 1199 1937 414 4389 99,7
M94/17511-9 Mü-056 red orange 70,5 2,5 0,6 0,4 0,5 7,6 16,5 0,7 0,1 < 0,1 0,1 0,3 na na bd 23 1015 35 151 418 bd 0 158 375 bd 99,9
M94/17407-41 Mü-013 yellow 66,0 2,4 3,5 0,6 0,8 7,1 15,9 0,8 0,1 < 0,1 0,2 0,1 na na 59 41 16021 93 92 418 123 408 821 494 bd 99,5
M94/17407-41 Mü-013L yellow 59,8 1,8 3,2 0,6 0,7 6,5 14,8 0,8 < 0,1 < 0,1 na na 24 18 na 21 15379 71 na 409 50 na na 257 950 90,3
M94/17407-42 Mü-014 yellow 65,3 2,2 3,5 0,6 0,8 7,1 15,8 0,8 0,1 < 0,1 0,2 0,3 na na bd 46 22377 127 90 449 102 391 1239 524 bd 99,4
M94/17407-42 Mü-014L yellow 61,8 1,9 3,4 0,6 0,7 6,7 15,3 0,8 < 0,1 < 0,1 na na 24 18 na 27 18601 70 na 424 54 na na 267 905 93,7
M94/17407-43 Mü-015 yellow 65,6 2,3 3,4 0,6 0,8 7,1 16,0 0,8 0,1 < 0,1 0,2 0,3 na na bd 46 20370 60 bd 407 119 484 1157 462 436 99,6
M77/1308-8 Mü-048 yellow (greenish) 65,6 2,4 2,9 0,6 1,1 7,1 15,9 1,0 0,1 < 0,1 0,3 0,3 na na bd 62 17076 244 81 419 bd 1207 1632 471 1878 99,5
M77/1308-8 Mü-048L yellow (greenish) 61,3 1,9 2,8 0,6 1,0 6,9 14,8 1,1 < 0,1 < 0,1 na na 23 29 na 38 13745 223 na 416 64 na na 270 2742 92,6
M92/15856-3 Mü-051 yellow (greenish) 65,4 2,4 2,1 0,7 1,0 7,0 15,8 0,9 0,1 < 0,1 0,3 0,3 na na bd 70 26497 444 75 429 bd 1927 1864 531 2650 99,3
M94/17511-7 Mü-054 yellow (greenish) 65,8 2,3 3,4 0,6 0,8 6,9 16,0 0,7 0,1 < 0,1 0,3 0,3 na na bd 21 19724 71 33 428 bd 132 1377 445 503 99,5
M94/17511-7 Mü-054L yellow (greenish) 61,7 1,8 3,3 0,6 0,7 6,7 15,7 0,8 < 0,1 < 0,1 na na 23 40 na 26 17214 65 na 429 53 na na 264 883 93,7

bd: below detection limit average 67,0 2,2 1,2 0,6 0,8 7,3 16,3 0,8 0,1 0,1 0,2 0,4 30 29 238 37 9119 391 76 431 90 752 1895 360 2759
na: not analysed minimum 59,8 1,6 0,5 0,1 0,5 6,5 14,0 0,4 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 13 12 57 10 557 2 24 189 44 0 65 242 51
maximum 70,7 2,7 3,5 1,2 1,1 10,0 17,9 1,3 0,3 0,2 0,4 0,6 104 165 685 107 38446 5663 240 505 182 4063 12416 572 14555

Glass working waste

Inv. No. Sample No. Colour SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MnO MgO CaO Na20 K2O TiO2 P2O5 SO3 Cl V Cr Co Ni Cu Zn Rb Sr Zr Sn Sb Ba Pb Sum
M94/17407-30 Mü-022 blue 67,4 2,4 1,1 0,6 0,9 7,9 16,3 1,2 0,1 0,1 0,3 0,4 na na 538 43 2220 126 42 501 130 598 3754 428 2212 99,8
M95/18602 Mü-026 blue 65,7 2,4 1,6 0,5 3,2 6,1 15,4 0,8 0,1 < 0,1 0,3 0,3 na na 268 127 9123 266 29 390 112 2871 8411 349 6635 99,4
M87/8932-1 Mü-032 dark red? (opaque) 67,0 2,4 1,2 0,6 0,9 7,3 16,1 0,9 0,1 0,1 0,2 0,4 na na 69 40 6318 150 58 434 bd 2948 857 376 15010 99,8
M93/14967-4 Mü-003 green 66,9 2,9 1,0 0,6 1,2 8,4 14,8 2,3 0,1 0,2 0,2 0,3 na na bd 54 2715 567 181 518 136 1151 1137 414 1827 99,8
M94/17407-32 Mü-021 green 69,0 2,3 0,8 0,6 0,9 7,5 16,7 0,9 0,1 < 0,1 0,2 0,5 na na 62 39 1491 79 28 456 136 387 692 448 1377 100,1
M94/17407-32 Mü-021L green (blueish) 68,0 2,0 0,7 0,6 0,8 7,5 16,7 0,9 0,1 0,2 na na 23 27 na 22 831 74 na 445 59 na na 280 1259 98,1
M94/16435-1 Mü-005 green (yellowish) 66,7 2,9 1,1 0,6 1,1 8,3 14,9 2,2 0,1 0,2 0,2 0,3 na na bd 55 3261 584 39 495 166 2197 1535 326 4588 99,9
M95/18633 Mü-030 green (yellowish) 67,8 2,5 0,9 0,8 0,8 7,1 16,9 0,9 0,1 < 0,1 0,3 0,4 na na bd 46 3630 138 na 443 107 1054 2273 522 4012 99,9
M95/18633 Mü-030L green (yellowish) 67,2 2,2 1,0 0,7 0,8 7,1 16,9 0,9 0,1 0,2 na na 33 22 na 25 2652 172 na 468 65 na na 331 3970 98,1
M92/12924 Mü-031 green (yellowish) 67,3 2,5 1,3 0,6 2,3 7,2 16,0 0,9 0,1 0,3 0,3 0,4 na na bd 83 1993 175 33 408 bd 1149 895 377 3609 100,0
M95/18381-1 Mü-033 green (yellowish) 68,5 2,5 0,8 0,6 1,0 7,4 16,0 1,3 0,1 0,1 0,3 0,4 na na bd 28 1910 135 52 461 bd 823 1261 364 4939 99,9
M95/18409-9 Mü-034 green (yellowish) 67,6 2,4 1,3 0,7 1,0 7,5 16,2 0,9 0,1 0,1 0,3 0,3 na na bd 21 9090 296 39 428 bd 657 1174 376 2423 99,8
M95/18409-8 Mü-035 green (yellowish) 69,0 2,5 0,8 0,7 1,0 7,4 16,6 0,9 0,1 < 0,1 0,3 0,5 na na bd < 15 1312 89 bd 466 bd 765 1105 382 1188 100,1
M95/18409-8 Mü-035L green (yellowish) 67,7 2,1 0,8 0,7 0,9 7,5 16,6 0,9 0,1 0,2 na na 35 26 na < 15 1114 88 na 469 61 na na 285 1570 97,9
M78/1971 Mü-036 green (yellowish) 68,1 2,5 1,0 0,7 1,4 7,2 16,5 0,8 0,1 0,1 0,2 0,2 na na bd 49 2416 229 140 426 bd 2696 1078 333 3420 99,8
M83/3630 Mü-037 green (yellowish) 68,0 2,5 0,9 0,7 0,8 7,3 16,1 1,1 0,1 < 0,1 0,3 0,4 na na 63 37 3543 591 67 455 bd 1328 1522 394 6952 99,9
M77/9177-2 Mü-052 green (yellowish) 68,2 2,7 1,0 0,7 0,9 6,9 16,8 0,9 0,1 < 0,1 0,3 0,5 na na 76 46 2783 120 51 473 bd 996 2245 462 3151 99,9

bd: below detection limit average 67,6 2,5 1,0 0,7 1,2 7,4 16,2 1,1 0,1 0,1 0,3 0,4 30 25 179 48 3318 228 63 455 108 1401 1996 379 4008
na: not analysed minimum 65,7 2,0 0,7 0,5 0,8 6,1 14,8 0,8 0,1 0,1 0,2 0,2 23 22 62 21 831 74 28 390 59 387 692 280 1188
maximum 69,0 2,9 1,6 0,8 3,2 8,4 16,9 2,3 0,1 0,3 0,3 0,5 35 27 538 127 9123 591 181 518 166 2948 8411 522 15010

Table 1: Results of chemical analysis of window glass and glass-working waste from St. John Müstair. Major and minor elements are given in wt.%, trace elements in ppm. Samples with sample numbers
665

ending in ‘L’ were analysed by ICP-OES and MC- ICP-MS at Leuven; all other samples were analysed by XRF in Basel.
he early medieval stained glass windows from St. John, Müstair: materials, provenance and production technology

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Sophie Wolf,
Vitrocentre Romont,
Swiss Research Centre for Stained Glass and Glass Art,
Romont, Switzerland,
[Link]@[Link]

Cordula Kessler,
Nationale Informationsstelle zum Kulturerbe,
Bern, Switzerland,
[Link]@[Link]

Jürg Goll,
Archäologischer Dienst Graubünden,
Chur, Switzerland,
goll@[Link]

Stefan Trümpler,
Vitrocentre Romont,
Swiss Research Centre for Stained Glass and Glass Art,
Romont, Switzerland,
[Link]@[Link]

Patrick Degryse,
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Geology,
Leuven, Belgium,
[Link]@[Link]

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