Anatomy Overview

1. Introduction to Anatomy
- Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body.
- It deals with the form, shape, and relationship of body parts.
- Divided into gross anatomy (structures seen with naked eye) and microscopic
anatomy (histology).

2. Levels of Structural Organization

- Chemical level: atoms, molecules.
- Cellular level: basic structural and functional units.
- Tissue level: groups of similar cells.
- Organ level: structures with specific functions.
- System level: organs working together.
- Organismal level: the complete human body.

3. Skeletal System Anatomy

- Consists of 206 bones in adults.
- Provides support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation.
- Axial skeleton: skull, vertebral column, rib cage.
- Appendicular skeleton: limbs and girdles.
- Joints: classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial.

4. Muscular System Anatomy

- More than 600 muscles in human body.
- Skeletal muscles: voluntary movement, posture.
- Cardiac muscle: heart contractions.
- Smooth muscles: involuntary functions in organs.
- Tendons connect muscles to bones.

5. Nervous System Anatomy

- Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord.
- Peripheral nervous system: cranial and spinal nerves.
- Neurons: structural and functional units.
- Brain regions: cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem.
- Spinal cord: conduction pathway, reflex actions.

6. Circulatory System Anatomy

- Heart: four chambers (two atria, two ventricles).
- Arteries: carry blood away from heart.
- Veins: return blood to heart.
- Capillaries: exchange of gases and nutrients.
- Major vessels: aorta, vena cava, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins.

7. Respiratory System Anatomy

- Nose and nasal cavity: air passage, filtration.
- Pharynx and larynx: airway, voice production.
- Trachea: windpipe conducting air.
- Lungs: right lung (3 lobes), left lung (2 lobes).
- Bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli: site of gas exchange.

8. Digestive System Anatomy

- Mouth: teeth, tongue, salivary glands.
- Esophagus: food passage to stomach.
- Stomach: muscular sac for digestion.
- Small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum.
- Large intestine: cecum, colon, rectum.
- Accessory organs: liver, pancreas, gallbladder.
9. Urinary System Anatomy
- Kidneys: bean-shaped, filter blood.
- Ureters: tubes carrying urine to bladder.
- Urinary bladder: stores urine.
- Urethra: passage to exterior.
- Functional unit of kidney: nephron.

10. Endocrine System Anatomy

- Pituitary gland: controls other glands.
- Thyroid and parathyroid: regulate metabolism, calcium.
- Adrenal glands: stress response.
- Pancreas: endocrine and exocrine functions.
- Gonads: testes and ovaries.

11. Reproductive System Anatomy

- Male: testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, penis.
- Female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina.
- External genitalia differ between sexes.
- Responsible for gamete production and fertilization.

12. Lymphatic and Immune System Anatomy

- Lymph: fluid containing immune cells.
- Lymph vessels: transport lymph.
- Lymph nodes: filter lymph, immune response.
- Spleen: filters blood.
- Thymus: T-cell maturation.

13. Integumentary System Anatomy

- Skin: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis.
- Hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands.
- Functions: protection, temperature regulation, sensation.

Conclusion:
- Anatomy explains structure, while physiology explains function.
- Both are complementary to understanding the human body.
- Knowledge of anatomy is essential for surgery, medicine, and healthcare practice.

Anatomy Overview

1. Introduction to Anatomy
- Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body.
- It deals with the form, shape, and relationship of body parts.
- Divided into gross anatomy (structures seen with naked eye) and microscopic
anatomy (histology).

2. Levels of Structural Organization

- Chemical level: atoms, molecules.
- Cellular level: basic structural and functional units.
- Tissue level: groups of similar cells.
- Organ level: structures with specific functions.
- System level: organs working together.
- Organismal level: the complete human body.

3. Skeletal System Anatomy

- Consists of 206 bones in adults.
- Provides support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation.
- Axial skeleton: skull, vertebral column, rib cage.
- Appendicular skeleton: limbs and girdles.
- Joints: classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial.

4. Muscular System Anatomy

- More than 600 muscles in human body.
- Skeletal muscles: voluntary movement, posture.
- Cardiac muscle: heart contractions.
- Smooth muscles: involuntary functions in organs.
- Tendons connect muscles to bones.

5. Nervous System Anatomy

- Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord.
- Peripheral nervous system: cranial and spinal nerves.
- Neurons: structural and functional units.
- Brain regions: cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem.
- Spinal cord: conduction pathway, reflex actions.

6. Circulatory System Anatomy

- Heart: four chambers (two atria, two ventricles).
- Arteries: carry blood away from heart.
- Veins: return blood to heart.
- Capillaries: exchange of gases and nutrients.
- Major vessels: aorta, vena cava, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins.

7. Respiratory System Anatomy

- Nose and nasal cavity: air passage, filtration.
- Pharynx and larynx: airway, voice production.
- Trachea: windpipe conducting air.
- Lungs: right lung (3 lobes), left lung (2 lobes).
- Bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli: site of gas exchange.

8. Digestive System Anatomy

- Mouth: teeth, tongue, salivary glands.
- Esophagus: food passage to stomach.
- Stomach: muscular sac for digestion.
- Small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum.
- Large intestine: cecum, colon, rectum.
- Accessory organs: liver, pancreas, gallbladder.

9. Urinary System Anatomy

- Kidneys: bean-shaped, filter blood.
- Ureters: tubes carrying urine to bladder.
- Urinary bladder: stores urine.
- Urethra: passage to exterior.
- Functional unit of kidney: nephron.

10. Endocrine System Anatomy

- Pituitary gland: controls other glands.
- Thyroid and parathyroid: regulate metabolism, calcium.
- Adrenal glands: stress response.
- Pancreas: endocrine and exocrine functions.
- Gonads: testes and ovaries.

11. Reproductive System Anatomy

- Male: testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, penis.
- Female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina.
- External genitalia differ between sexes.
- Responsible for gamete production and fertilization.

12. Lymphatic and Immune System Anatomy

- Lymph: fluid containing immune cells.
- Lymph vessels: transport lymph.
- Lymph nodes: filter lymph, immune response.
- Spleen: filters blood.
- Thymus: T-cell maturation.

13. Integumentary System Anatomy

- Skin: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis.
- Hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands.
- Functions: protection, temperature regulation, sensation.

Conclusion:
- Anatomy explains structure, while physiology explains function.
- Both are complementary to understanding the human body.
- Knowledge of anatomy is essential for surgery, medicine, and healthcare practice.

Anatomy Overview

1. Introduction to Anatomy
- Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body.
- It deals with the form, shape, and relationship of body parts.
- Divided into gross anatomy (structures seen with naked eye) and microscopic
anatomy (histology).

2. Levels of Structural Organization

- Chemical level: atoms, molecules.
- Cellular level: basic structural and functional units.
- Tissue level: groups of similar cells.
- Organ level: structures with specific functions.
- System level: organs working together.
- Organismal level: the complete human body.

3. Skeletal System Anatomy

- Consists of 206 bones in adults.
- Provides support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation.
- Axial skeleton: skull, vertebral column, rib cage.
- Appendicular skeleton: limbs and girdles.
- Joints: classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial.

4. Muscular System Anatomy

- More than 600 muscles in human body.
- Skeletal muscles: voluntary movement, posture.
- Cardiac muscle: heart contractions.
- Smooth muscles: involuntary functions in organs.
- Tendons connect muscles to bones.

5. Nervous System Anatomy

- Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord.
- Peripheral nervous system: cranial and spinal nerves.
- Neurons: structural and functional units.
- Brain regions: cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem.
- Spinal cord: conduction pathway, reflex actions.

6. Circulatory System Anatomy

- Heart: four chambers (two atria, two ventricles).
- Arteries: carry blood away from heart.
- Veins: return blood to heart.
- Capillaries: exchange of gases and nutrients.
- Major vessels: aorta, vena cava, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins.
7. Respiratory System Anatomy
- Nose and nasal cavity: air passage, filtration.
- Pharynx and larynx: airway, voice production.
- Trachea: windpipe conducting air.
- Lungs: right lung (3 lobes), left lung (2 lobes).
- Bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli: site of gas exchange.

8. Digestive System Anatomy

- Mouth: teeth, tongue, salivary glands.
- Esophagus: food passage to stomach.
- Stomach: muscular sac for digestion.
- Small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum.
- Large intestine: cecum, colon, rectum.
- Accessory organs: liver, pancreas, gallbladder.

9. Urinary System Anatomy

- Kidneys: bean-shaped, filter blood.
- Ureters: tubes carrying urine to bladder.
- Urinary bladder: stores urine.
- Urethra: passage to exterior.
- Functional unit of kidney: nephron.

10. Endocrine System Anatomy

- Pituitary gland: controls other glands.
- Thyroid and parathyroid: regulate metabolism, calcium.
- Adrenal glands: stress response.
- Pancreas: endocrine and exocrine functions.
- Gonads: testes and ovaries.

11. Reproductive System Anatomy

- Male: testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, penis.
- Female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina.
- External genitalia differ between sexes.
- Responsible for gamete production and fertilization.

12. Lymphatic and Immune System Anatomy

- Lymph: fluid containing immune cells.
- Lymph vessels: transport lymph.
- Lymph nodes: filter lymph, immune response.
- Spleen: filters blood.
- Thymus: T-cell maturation.

13. Integumentary System Anatomy

- Skin: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis.
- Hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands.
- Functions: protection, temperature regulation, sensation.

Conclusion:
- Anatomy explains structure, while physiology explains function.
- Both are complementary to understanding the human body.
- Knowledge of anatomy is essential for surgery, medicine, and healthcare practice.

Anatomy Overview

1. Introduction to Anatomy
- Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body.
- It deals with the form, shape, and relationship of body parts.
- Divided into gross anatomy (structures seen with naked eye) and microscopic
anatomy (histology).

2. Levels of Structural Organization

- Chemical level: atoms, molecules.
- Cellular level: basic structural and functional units.
- Tissue level: groups of similar cells.
- Organ level: structures with specific functions.
- System level: organs working together.
- Organismal level: the complete human body.

3. Skeletal System Anatomy

- Consists of 206 bones in adults.
- Provides support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation.
- Axial skeleton: skull, vertebral column, rib cage.
- Appendicular skeleton: limbs and girdles.
- Joints: classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial.

4. Muscular System Anatomy

- More than 600 muscles in human body.
- Skeletal muscles: voluntary movement, posture.
- Cardiac muscle: heart contractions.
- Smooth muscles: involuntary functions in organs.
- Tendons connect muscles to bones.

5. Nervous System Anatomy

- Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord.
- Peripheral nervous system: cranial and spinal nerves.
- Neurons: structural and functional units.
- Brain regions: cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem.
- Spinal cord: conduction pathway, reflex actions.

6. Circulatory System Anatomy

- Heart: four chambers (two atria, two ventricles).
- Arteries: carry blood away from heart.
- Veins: return blood to heart.
- Capillaries: exchange of gases and nutrients.
- Major vessels: aorta, vena cava, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins.

7. Respiratory System Anatomy

- Nose and nasal cavity: air passage, filtration.
- Pharynx and larynx: airway, voice production.
- Trachea: windpipe conducting air.
- Lungs: right lung (3 lobes), left lung (2 lobes).
- Bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli: site of gas exchange.

8. Digestive System Anatomy

- Mouth: teeth, tongue, salivary glands.
- Esophagus: food passage to stomach.
- Stomach: muscular sac for digestion.
- Small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum.
- Large intestine: cecum, colon, rectum.
- Accessory organs: liver, pancreas, gallbladder.

9. Urinary System Anatomy

- Kidneys: bean-shaped, filter blood.
- Ureters: tubes carrying urine to bladder.
- Urinary bladder: stores urine.
- Urethra: passage to exterior.
- Functional unit of kidney: nephron.
10. Endocrine System Anatomy
- Pituitary gland: controls other glands.
- Thyroid and parathyroid: regulate metabolism, calcium.
- Adrenal glands: stress response.
- Pancreas: endocrine and exocrine functions.
- Gonads: testes and ovaries.

11. Reproductive System Anatomy

- Male: testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, penis.
- Female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina.
- External genitalia differ between sexes.
- Responsible for gamete production and fertilization.

12. Lymphatic and Immune System Anatomy

- Lymph: fluid containing immune cells.
- Lymph vessels: transport lymph.
- Lymph nodes: filter lymph, immune response.
- Spleen: filters blood.
- Thymus: T-cell maturation.

13. Integumentary System Anatomy

- Skin: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis.
- Hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands.
- Functions: protection, temperature regulation, sensation.

Conclusion:
- Anatomy explains structure, while physiology explains function.
- Both are complementary to understanding the human body.
- Knowledge of anatomy is essential for surgery, medicine, and healthcare practice.

Anatomy Overview

1. Introduction to Anatomy
- Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body.
- It deals with the form, shape, and relationship of body parts.
- Divided into gross anatomy (structures seen with naked eye) and microscopic
anatomy (histology).

2. Levels of Structural Organization

- Chemical level: atoms, molecules.
- Cellular level: basic structural and functional units.
- Tissue level: groups of similar cells.
- Organ level: structures with specific functions.
- System level: organs working together.
- Organismal level: the complete human body.

3. Skeletal System Anatomy

- Consists of 206 bones in adults.
- Provides support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation.
- Axial skeleton: skull, vertebral column, rib cage.
- Appendicular skeleton: limbs and girdles.
- Joints: classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial.

4. Muscular System Anatomy

- More than 600 muscles in human body.
- Skeletal muscles: voluntary movement, posture.
- Cardiac muscle: heart contractions.
- Smooth muscles: involuntary functions in organs.
- Tendons connect muscles to bones.

5. Nervous System Anatomy

- Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord.
- Peripheral nervous system: cranial and spinal nerves.
- Neurons: structural and functional units.
- Brain regions: cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem.
- Spinal cord: conduction pathway, reflex actions.

6. Circulatory System Anatomy

- Heart: four chambers (two atria, two ventricles).
- Arteries: carry blood away from heart.
- Veins: return blood to heart.
- Capillaries: exchange of gases and nutrients.
- Major vessels: aorta, vena cava, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins.

7. Respiratory System Anatomy

- Nose and nasal cavity: air passage, filtration.
- Pharynx and larynx: airway, voice production.
- Trachea: windpipe conducting air.
- Lungs: right lung (3 lobes), left lung (2 lobes).
- Bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli: site of gas exchange.

8. Digestive System Anatomy

- Mouth: teeth, tongue, salivary glands.
- Esophagus: food passage to stomach.
- Stomach: muscular sac for digestion.
- Small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum.
- Large intestine: cecum, colon, rectum.
- Accessory organs: liver, pancreas, gallbladder.

9. Urinary System Anatomy

- Kidneys: bean-shaped, filter blood.
- Ureters: tubes carrying urine to bladder.
- Urinary bladder: stores urine.
- Urethra: passage to exterior.
- Functional unit of kidney: nephron.

10. Endocrine System Anatomy

- Pituitary gland: controls other glands.
- Thyroid and parathyroid: regulate metabolism, calcium.
- Adrenal glands: stress response.
- Pancreas: endocrine and exocrine functions.
- Gonads: testes and ovaries.

11. Reproductive System Anatomy

- Male: testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, penis.
- Female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina.
- External genitalia differ between sexes.
- Responsible for gamete production and fertilization.

12. Lymphatic and Immune System Anatomy

- Lymph: fluid containing immune cells.
- Lymph vessels: transport lymph.
- Lymph nodes: filter lymph, immune response.
- Spleen: filters blood.
- Thymus: T-cell maturation.

13. Integumentary System Anatomy

- Skin: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis.
- Hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands.
- Functions: protection, temperature regulation, sensation.

Conclusion:
- Anatomy explains structure, while physiology explains function.
- Both are complementary to understanding the human body.
- Knowledge of anatomy is essential for surgery, medicine, and healthcare practice.

Anatomy Overview

1. Introduction to Anatomy
- Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body.
- It deals with the form, shape, and relationship of body parts.
- Divided into gross anatomy (structures seen with naked eye) and microscopic
anatomy (histology).

2. Levels of Structural Organization

- Chemical level: atoms, molecules.
- Cellular level: basic structural and functional units.
- Tissue level: groups of similar cells.
- Organ level: structures with specific functions.
- System level: organs working together.
- Organismal level: the complete human body.

3. Skeletal System Anatomy

- Consists of 206 bones in adults.
- Provides support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation.
- Axial skeleton: skull, vertebral column, rib cage.
- Appendicular skeleton: limbs and girdles.
- Joints: classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial.

4. Muscular System Anatomy

- More than 600 muscles in human body.
- Skeletal muscles: voluntary movement, posture.
- Cardiac muscle: heart contractions.
- Smooth muscles: involuntary functions in organs.
- Tendons connect muscles to bones.

5. Nervous System Anatomy

- Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord.
- Peripheral nervous system: cranial and spinal nerves.
- Neurons: structural and functional units.
- Brain regions: cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem.
- Spinal cord: conduction pathway, reflex actions.

6. Circulatory System Anatomy

- Heart: four chambers (two atria, two ventricles).
- Arteries: carry blood away from heart.
- Veins: return blood to heart.
- Capillaries: exchange of gases and nutrients.
- Major vessels: aorta, vena cava, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins.

7. Respiratory System Anatomy

- Nose and nasal cavity: air passage, filtration.
- Pharynx and larynx: airway, voice production.
- Trachea: windpipe conducting air.
- Lungs: right lung (3 lobes), left lung (2 lobes).
- Bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli: site of gas exchange.
8. Digestive System Anatomy
- Mouth: teeth, tongue, salivary glands.
- Esophagus: food passage to stomach.
- Stomach: muscular sac for digestion.
- Small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum.
- Large intestine: cecum, colon, rectum.
- Accessory organs: liver, pancreas, gallbladder.

9. Urinary System Anatomy

- Kidneys: bean-shaped, filter blood.
- Ureters: tubes carrying urine to bladder.
- Urinary bladder: stores urine.
- Urethra: passage to exterior.
- Functional unit of kidney: nephron.

10. Endocrine System Anatomy

- Pituitary gland: controls other glands.
- Thyroid and parathyroid: regulate metabolism, calcium.
- Adrenal glands: stress response.
- Pancreas: endocrine and exocrine functions.
- Gonads: testes and ovaries.

11. Reproductive System Anatomy

- Male: testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, penis.
- Female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina.
- External genitalia differ between sexes.
- Responsible for gamete production and fertilization.

12. Lymphatic and Immune System Anatomy

- Lymph: fluid containing immune cells.
- Lymph vessels: transport lymph.
- Lymph nodes: filter lymph, immune response.
- Spleen: filters blood.
- Thymus: T-cell maturation.

13. Integumentary System Anatomy

- Skin: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis.
- Hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands.
- Functions: protection, temperature regulation, sensation.

Conclusion:
- Anatomy explains structure, while physiology explains function.
- Both are complementary to understanding the human body.
- Knowledge of anatomy is essential for surgery, medicine, and healthcare practice.