RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - is the system in the human body that enables us to

breathe
PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
 NOSE- is the external protuberance of an internal space, the nasal cavity. It
is subdivided. The nose has two cavities, separated from one another by a
wall of cartilage called the septum. The external openings are known as
nares or nostrils.
 MOUTH-the first portion of the alimentary canal that receives food and
produces saliva.
 PHARYNX-the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth,
connecting them to the esophagus.
 LARYNX-another name for the voice box. It's a tube about 2 inches (5cm)
long in adults. It sits above the windpipe (trachea) in the neck and in front of
the food pipe. The food pipe in the upper part of the neck is called the
pharynx.
 BEGINNING OF TRACHEA-commonly known as the windpipe, is a tube about
4 inches long and less than an inch in diameter in most people.
The trachea begins just under the larynx (voice box) and runs down behind
the breastbone (sternum). The trachea then divides into two smaller tubes
called bronchi: one bronchus for each lung.
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
 TRACHEA
 BRONCHI- main passageway into the lungs. When someone takes a breath
through their nose or mouth, the air travels into the larynx. The next step is
through the trachea, which carries the air to the left and right bronchus
 BRONCHIOLE-bronchioli are the passageways by which air passes through
the nose or mouth to the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs, in which branches no
longer contain cartilage or glands in their submucosa. They are branches of
the bronchi, and are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system.
 PULMONARY ALVEOLI-are the ends of the respiratory tree, branching from
either alveolar sacs or alveolar ducts, which like alveoli are both sites of
gas exchange with the blood as well. Alveoli are particular to mammalian
lungs.
 LUNGS-pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest
(thorax). The trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs through
its tubular branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller and
smaller branches (bronchioles), finally becoming microscopic.
 DIAPHRAGM-thin skeletal muscle that sits at the base of the chest and
separates the abdomen from the chest. It contracts and flattens when you
inhale. This creates a vacuum effect that pulls air into the lungs. When you
exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and the air is pushed out of lungs.
ACTS OF BREATHING
  INHALATION-(also known as inspiration) happens when air or other gases
enter the lungs
 EXHALATION-(or expiration) is the flow of the breath out of an organism. In
humans it is the movement of air from the lungs out of the airways, to the
external environment during breathing.
MUSCLE OF RESPIRATION
 DIAPHRAGM
 INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES-are several groups of muscles that run between
the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall. Theintercostal
muscles are mainly involved in the mechanical aspect of breathing.
These muscles help expand and shrink the size of the chest cavity to
facilitate breathing.
1. INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLE
2. EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLE
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 PULMONARY VENTILATION- is commonly referred to as breathing. It is the
process of air flowing into the lungs during inspiration (inhalation) and out of
the lungs during expiration (exhalation). Air flows because of pressure
differences between the atmosphere and the gases inside the lungs.
Intrapleural pressure.
 EXTERNAL RESPIRATION-refers to the process o frespiration (or
breathing) where gases are exchanged between the lungs and the 'external'
environment. Pulmonary gas exchange takes place in the lungs between the
alveoli and the blood.
 INTERNAL RESPIRATION-is the process of diffusing oxygen from the blood,
into the interstitial fluid and into the cells. External respiration refers to the
process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs, gills, or other
tissues exposed to the external environment.
 TRANSPORTATION OF GAS- As the oxygen rich blood reaches the
capillaries gas exchange occurs, oxygen is delivered to the tissues and de-
oxygenated blood (loaded with CO 2) leaves the tissues of the body and flows
back to the heart where it is pumped to the lungs via
the pulmonary arteries.
 HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL OF RESPIRATION-
 EUPNEA- normal, good, unlabored breathing, sometimes known as
quiet breathing or resting respiratory rate
COMMON RESPIRATORY DISEASES
 ASTHMA- a chronic disease involving the airways in the lungs. These
airways, or bronchial tubes, allow air to come in and out of the lungs. If you
have asthma your airways are always inflamed. They become even more
swollen and the muscles around the airways can tighten when something
triggers your symptoms.
 CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)- is a type
of obstructive lung disease characterized by long-term breathing problems
 and poor airflow. The main symptoms include shortness of breath and cough
with sputum production. COPD is a progressivedisease, meaning it typically
worsens over time.
 CHRONIC BRONCHITIS- one type of COPD (chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease). The inflamed bronchial tubes produce a lot of mucus.
This leads to coughing and difficulty breathing. Cigarette smoking is the most
common cause. Breathing in air pollution, fumes, or dust over a long period
of time may also cause it.
 EMPHYSEMA- one of the diseases that comprises COPD (chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease).Emphysema involves gradual damage of lung tissue,
specifically thinning and destruction of the alveoli or air sacs.
 LUNG CANCER-the number one cause ofcancer deaths in both men and
women in the U.S. and worldwide. ... The two types of lung cancer, which
grow and spread differently, are small-cell lung cancers (SCLC) and non-
small-cell lung cancers (NSCLC).
 CYSTIC FIBROSIS/BRONCHIECTASIS- The defective gene and its protein
causes the body to produce thick sticky mucous that clogs the lungs and
leads to chronic life threatening lung infections with dilation and destruction
of airways (bronchiectasis).
It also obstructs the pancreas and stops natural enzymes from helping the
body break down and absorb food.
 Bronchiectasis, which is a part of cystic fibrosis lung disease, also can occur
for other reasons. Bronchiectasis is permanent dilatation and obstruction of
the airway wall. Potential causes include, but are not limited to:
immunodeficiency, post infectious, and congenital abnormalities.
 PNEUMONIA- an infection in one or both of the lungs. Many germs, such as
bacteria, viruses, and fungi, can causepneumonia. You can also
get pneumonia by inhaling a liquid or chemical.
 PLEURAL EFFUSION- a buildup of fluid in the pleural space, an area
between the layers of tissue that line the lungs and the chest wall. It may
also be referred to as effusion or pulmonary effusion. The type
of fluid that forms a pleural effusion may be categorized as either
transudate or exudate.