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: QSP/MPI/14 Rev 2

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1.0 SCOPE
This procedure describes the technique and acceptance criteria of magnetic particle
examination by Wet non fluorescent or fluorescent method/dry particle Non fluorescent
method carried out on steel castings and welds. Magnetic particle examination is used on
ferromagnetic materials for detecting the presence of discontinuities located at or near
the surface and of any shape or size, as required by the specification, drawing or code.
Note: Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steels may exhibit ferromagnetic properties but
shall not be Considered ferromagnetic.

2.0 REFERENCING DOCUMENTS:

a) ASNT Recommended Practice No SNT-TC-1A, Personnel Qualification and
Certification in Nondestructive Testing
b) ASME Code Section V, Non Destructive Examination, ARTICLE 7 Magnetic Particle
Examination, & 25, Magnetic Particle Standards
c) ASME SECTION VIII DIV. 1, Rules for Construction of Pressure vessels, MANDATORY
APPENDIX 6, Methods for Magnetic Particle Examination, MANDATORY APPENDIX 7-
Examination of Steel Castings
d) ASTM E709 Standard Recommended Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination
e) MSS SP 53 Quality Standard for Steel Castings & forgings for valves, flanges, fittings, and
other piping components – Magnetic Particle Examination Method
f) ASME B 16.34 (Flanged, Threaded and Welding End), Mandatory Appendices II
Magnetic Particle Examination Procedure and Acceptance Standards
g) API Specification 6D Specification for Pipeline Valves
h) ISO 9712 Non Destructive Testing, Qualification and Certification of NDT Personnel
i) ISO 9934-1, Magnetic Particle Testing (General Principles),
j)ISO 9934-2, Magnetic Particle Testing -Detection Media,
k)ISO 9934-3 – Magnetic Particle Testing - Equipment
l) EN 3059 Non Destructive Testing – Penetrant Testing & Magnetic Particle Testing –
Viewing Conditions
m) EN 1369 Founding - Magnetic Particle Inspection
n) BS EN ISO 17638 Non Destructive Testing of welds – Magnetic Particle Testing
o) BS EN ISO 23278 Non Destructive Testing of welds – Magnetic Particle Testing of
Welds Acceptance Levels
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p) Non destructive testing of welds- Magnetic particle testing, Acceptance levels

q)Pressure Equipment Directive (2014/68/EU) and AD 2000 General Principles of
Materials
All are in Latest Applicable Edition

3.0 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION REQUIREMENT:

In accordance with our written practice which is approved by Level III, Personnel
qualified to NDT Level I or II or III in MT shall perform the test. The evaluation shall be
done by NDT MT Level II or III.

NDE personnel Qualification and Certification shall be in accordance with ASNT or ISO
9712 or equivalent.

4.0 EQUIPMENT

Any of the following or equivalent equipment can be used.

Portable Magnetic particle Equipment (prod) AC/HWDC type of M/s ITW SIGNODE AP or
other Similar equipments
A remote control switch, built into the prod handles is provided to permit the current to
be turned on after the prods have been properly placed and turn it off before the prods
are removed in order to minimize arching.
Portable Electromagnetic Yoke AC/HWDC of ITW Signode India Limited India or other
Similar equipments

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PARTICLE EXAMINATION

5.0 DIRECTION OF FIELD AND ADEQUACY OF FIELD STRENGTH

5.1 Magnetic field shall be checked by magnetic field indicator before starting the
magnetic particle inspection: Direction of field and adequacy of field strength shall be
verified using Field indicator or artificial flaw shim. Field indicator with copper coated
surface away from surface of examination shall be kept on the item. Magnetization shall
be turned on and medium applied on Field Indicator/shims. If the lines are clearly visible,
direction of field and adequacy of field strength are verified.

5.2 The magnetic field indicator shall be used on each shot of the first part of a ‘lot’ of
parts, at beginning of each eight hour work shift during which magnetic particle
examination is performed, and at any other time that it is deemed necessary by the
inspector.

6.0 CALIBRATION EQUIPMENT

6.1 Frequency
The equipment shall be calibrated once in a year or maximum one year and whenever
the equipment is subjected to major electrical repair or damage.

6.2 Procedure
Comparative reading shall be taken for three different current output levels
encompassing the usable range

6.3 Tolerance
The unit’s meter reading shall not deviate by more than 10% of full scale relative to the
actual current value as shown by the test meter.

7.0 INSPECTION MEDIUM

7.1 The inspection medium for wet magnetic particle testing either fluorescent or non
fluorescent particle black or red in color shall consists of finely divided ferromagnetic

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coloured particles which shall be suspended in a suitable liquid medium.

Fluorescent wet particles normally glow as a bright yellow green when viewed under
black light
7.2 Magnetizing Method:
a) DRY Powder:
For dry magnetic particle testing, finely divided ferromagnetic dry powder shall be used.
The particles shall have high permeability and low retentivity.
Perform the inspection by the continuous method; that is leave the magnetizing current
on during the period the inspection medium is being applied and also while excess
inspection medium is being removed with a gentle air stream. Take care to prevent local
overheating, arcing, or burning the surface being inspected, particularly on high carbon
or alloy materials where hard spots or cracks could be produced by improper
magnetizing techniques. Arc strikes shall be ground out and re inspected. The powder
shall be applied by lightly dusting a small quantity over the surface and then removing
the excess with a gentle air stream. The air stream must be controlled so that it does
not disturb or remove lightly held powder.
Dry magnetic particle of following shall be used. Magnaflux -8A Red
b) Wet Bath:
Perform the inspection using the continuous method; that is bathing the part with the
examination medium to provide an abundant source of suspended particles on the
surface of the part and terminating the bath application immediately prior to cutting
off the magnetizing current. Proper sequencing of the operation is essential to
indication formation and retention. For the continuous technique multiple current shots
should be applied. The duration of the magnetizing current is typically on the order of ½
second, with the last shot applied after the particle flow has been diverted. A single shot
may be sufficient for small parts. Take care to prevent local overheating, arcing or
burning the surface being inspected, particularly on high carbon or alloy materials
where hard spots or cracks could be produced by improper magnetizing techniques.

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Non fluorescent Wet Magnetic particle( Water based)

a. Magnaflux -9C Red
b. Magnaglo-WA-2B
Fluorescent Wet Magnetic particle( Water based)
a. Magnaglo-2410
8.0 SENSITIVITY CHECKING OF THE EQUIPMENT & INSPECTION MEDIUM
8.1 The sensitivity of the magnetic particle examination system shall be evaluated using
Reference block having artificial various depths. In addition Pie gauge or Field Indicator
shall be used to verify adequacy and direction of magnetic field.
8.2 Dry Powder: In order to recognize the broad, fuzzy, lightly held powder patterns
produced by subsurface discontinuities it is essential to observe carefully the formation
of indications while the powder is being applied, and also while the excess is being
removed. If the surface is unusually rough, interpretation may be difficult because the
powder is being trapped mechanically.
Wet Bath:
If the surface is unusually rough, such as a very rough weld bead, interpretation may be
difficult because the magnetic particles are being trapped mechanically
8.3 For Visible Magnetic particles: surface discontinuities are indicated by accumulations
of magnetic particles which should contrast with the examination surface. The color of
the magnetic particles shall be sufficiently different than the color of the examination
surface.
The magnetic particle inspection shall be carryout using the following below mentioned
particles.

Non fluorescent Wet Magnetic particle

a. Magnaflux (9C Red with Water conditioner Magnaglo-WA-2B )or Equivalent
b. Colour contrast consumables (Wet): Ferrochem make Magnaflux Red 146-A (Kerosene
base) (or)Equivalent
c. Magnaflux make 29-1 Red (Water base) (or) Equivalent
d. MR CHEMIE MR210 Visible Wet Particle

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8.4 For Fluorescent Magnetic Particles:

i) It shall be performed in a darkened area using an ultraviolet light called black light.
ii) Examiners shall be in a darkened area for atleast 5 minutes prior to performing the
examination to enable their eyes adapt to dark viewing.
iii) Allow the black light to warm up for a minimum of 5 minutes prior to its use.
iv) Reflectors and filters should be checked and if necessary cleaned prior to use. Cracked
or Broken filters shall be replaced immediately

Fluorescent Wet Magnetic particle

a. Magnaglo-2410 (Water Based) or Equivalent
b. Magnaglo 410 (Oil Based)or Equivalent
c. MR 114 (Waer Based) or Equivalent
d. Pradeep Chemicals – Green Dust 88 K (5 to 8 micron – Particle Size) (or) Equivalent

Care should be taken to ensure that the wet particles are in proper and adequate
suspension and are applied uniformly. Care should be taken to ensure that the dry
particles are applied uniformly.

8.5 Wet Bath Concentration check:

a) Turn on the bath circulation pump and mechanically agitate the bath
flush the hose and allow the pump to agitate the bath for a minimum of 30 minutes.

b) Collect a 100 ml sample of the bath in the ASTM centrifuge tube using the hose or
nozzle, demagnetize sample and allow the sample to settle for approximately 60
minutes for petroleum distillate solutions or 30 minutes for water based solutions.

c) Concentration of magnetic particles for wet magnetic particle Examination.

The strength of concentration of the magnetic particles in the bath shall be maintained at
the proper level. The bath strength is normally checked by the use of a pear shape
centrifuge tube. The recommended concentration from a 100ml bath Sample is 1.2 to 2.4
ml for visible particles & For fluorescent particles, the required settling volume is from
0.1 to 0.4 mL in a 100-mL bath sample or as specified by the manufacturer.
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Concentration should be checked on daily basis and 8 hours shift basis or prior to
examinations applicable and at any other time deemed necessary by the operator

9.0 SURFACE PREPARATION

4.1 The surface being inspected shall be dry & clean. It shall free from oil, sand,
Loose rust, thick paint, scale, welding flux and welding spatter.
4.2 The tips of prods shall be cleaned often to have better electrical conductivity.

10.0 GRID MARKING:

The surface area of the castings shall be marked with square grids of 3-4” size and prods
shall be placed at diagonally opposite corners of each square. This will help to
ensure complete area of coverage as well as proper prod spacing.

11.0 SURFACE CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT:

For fluorescent magnetic particle examination, surface enhancement contrast coating is
not required.
For Non fluorescent magnetic particle examination, surface enhancement contrast can be
used if required. When nonmagnetic coatings are applied temporarily to uncoated
surfaces only in amounts sufficient to enhance particle contrast, it shall be
demonstrated that indications can be detected through the enhancement coating.

12.0 METHOD OF EXAMINATION:

Before the magnetic particle examination is conducted, a check of the examination
surface shall be conducted to locate any discontinuity surface openings which may not
attract and hold magnetic particles because of their width.
Examination shall be performed by continuous method that is current / magnetizing field
shall remain on job while the examination medium is being applied and while excess
medium is being removed.

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13.0 APPLICATION OF MAGNETIC PARTICLES

13.1 The dry powder shall be applied by spraying (or) dusting directly on to the surface
of the part being examined.
13.2 Wet magnetic particles are suspended in kerosene or water and shall be applied by
flowing, spraying or pouring directly on to the surface of the part being examined.

14.0 EXAMINATION COVERAGE

Areas of the component to be examined shall be as specified by customer, Engineering
Specification or Quality Plan
Examinations shall be conducted with sufficient overlap to ensure 100% coverage at the
established test sensitivity.

15.0 DIRECTION OF MAGNETIZATION

All locations to be tested shall be tested at least in two directions approximately

perpendicular to each other in order to permit the detection of all non-acceptable
indications.
A different means of magnetization may be used for the second examination, such as
using the direct contact technique or central conductor to produce circular magnetism
for the first examination and then using a coil to produce longitudinal magnetism for
the second examination.
16.0 INSPECTION TECHNIQUE
16.1 One or more of the following magnetization techniques shall be used.
a) Prod Technique
c) Yoke Technique
To ensure the most effective detection of discontinuities, it is necessary to examine each
area at least twice, with lines of flux in one case approximately perpendicular to the lines
of flux in the other. A different means of magnetizing may be used for the second
examination, such as using the direct contact technique or central conductor to produce
circular magnetism for the first examination and then using a coil to produce longitudinal
magnetism for the second examination
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a) PROD METHOD
The area shall be circularly magnetized by means of contact prods. The examination
shall be carried out by continuous method and the magnetic field strength is as follows:

a) The tips of the prods shall be cleaned often to have better electrical conductivity.
b) A remote control switch, built into the prod handle is provided to permit the
current to be turned on after the prods have been properly place and turn it off
before the prods are removed in order to minimize arcing.

Magnetizing Current Requirements & Prod Spacing: Casting and Weldments:

c) Prod spacing shall be maximum of 8"(203mm) & minimum of 3”. If due to

geometry leg spacing require less than 3 inch. may be used after satisfactory
demonstration.
d) Direct/Rectified magnetizing current shall be used
The current shall be minimum of 100 & maximum of 125 amp. Per inch of prod
spacing for section 3/4"(19mm) thick or greater, for section less than 3/4"(19mm)
thick, amperage shall be minimum of 90 & maximum of 110 amp per inch of prod
spacing.
Removal of Excess Powder:
The excess powder is removed from the examination surface by the bulb with light
stream of air, without terminating the current.
b) YOKE METHOD:
MAGNETIZING TECHNIQUE:
A magnetic field can be induced in to a part by means of an electromagnet, where the part
or portion thereof becomes the magnetic path between the poles and can detect
discontinuities preferentially transverse to the alignment of the pole.

i) Yokes are energized by AC, half wave rectified AC, or full wave rectified AC or

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permanent magnet yokes shall be used.

ii) Leg spacing of the yoke should be within 3 to 8 inch. If due to geometry leg spacing
require less than 3 inch. may be used after satisfactory demonstration.

iii) For electromagnetic yoke is used, Prior to use the magnetizing power of
electromagnetic yoke shall have been checked within the past year, or whenever a yoke
has been damaged or repaired.

iv) Each alternating current electromagnetic yoke shall have a lifting power of at least
10 lb (4.5 kg.) at the 2 to 4 inch pole spacing that will be used.

v) Each direct current or permanent magnetic yoke shall have a lifting power of at
least 40 lb (18 kg.) for 2 to 4 inch and 22.5 Kg for 4 to 6 inch pole Spacing.

vi) Each weight shall be weighed with a scale from a reputable manufacturer and
stenciled with the applicable nominal weight prior to first use. A weight need only be
verified again if damaged in a manner that could have caused potential loss of material.

vii) The verification interval for the dead weight check on electromagnetic yokes is
every 6 months and after any repairs that could affect its operation

viii) A Sticker or other identification means shall provide evidence that verification has
been performed at least once in the past six months to preclude conducting the
verification test each time it is used. If for any reason a verification sticker or other
identification of verification is not provided, the yoke shall be reverified.

17.0 EVALUATION OF INDICATIONS

17.1 Discontinuities at or near the surface would be indicated by the retention

of the inspection medium.

17.2 All indications are not necessarily defects, since certain metallurgical
discontinuities and magnetic permeability variations may produce
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similar indications, which are not relevant to the detection of

unacceptable discontinuities. These non-relevant indications shall be re-
examined by any other suitable non destructive test method such as
penetrant testing.

17.3 Relevant indications are those which result from mechanical

discontinuities. Only those indications with major dimension greater
than 1.6 mm shall be considered relevant.

17.4 A linear indication is one having a length greater than three times the
width.

17.5 A rounded indications is one of circular or elliptical shape with a length

equal to or less than three times its width

18.0 EXAMINATION AREA

18.1 LIGHT INTENSITY FOR EXAMINATION

Magnetic indications found using non fluorescent particles are examined under visible
light.
Indications found using fluorescent particles must be examined under (Ultraviolet) light
this requires a darkened area with accompanying control of the visible light intensity.
The intensity of the visible light at the surface of the part/ work piece undergoing non
fluorescent particles examination shall be minimum of 100 foot candles (1076 lux)
Minimum black light intensity shall be 1000 µW/cm2 on the examination surfaces of part
during exaation and evaluation of indication when measured with a suitable black light
meter. The intensity of ambient visible light in the darkened area where fluorescent
magnetic particles examination is performed should not exceed 2 foot candles (20 lux).
For some field inspections using non fluorescent particles, visible light intensities as low
as 50 candles (538 lux) may be used when agreed upon by the contracting agency.

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The black light or ultraviolet light source intensity shall be measured at the start of each
shift or at the start of the examination operation, a minimum of once every 8 hours of
operation, when the work location is changed, when the light is extinguished and
relighted. Allow the black light to warm up a minimum of 5 minutes prior to its use or
measurement of the intensity of the ultraviolet light emitted.
Photo Chromatic or permanently tinted lenses shall not be worn during examination.

19.0 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

Acceptance standard shall be as per the requirements specified by the purchaser. Unless
otherwise Specified, the acceptance standard for discontinuities shall be ASME B16.34
Appendix II for castings, forgings, wrought materials and bars; ASME Section VIII Div I
Appendix 6 for welds and Qualification of welders & Welding Operators.
Cracks are not acceptable irrespective of length
The maximum acceptable indications are as follows:

19.1 a) Maximum acceptable indications are as follows for Castings as per ASME B 16.34
Mandatory Appendices II
(i) Linear Indications:
Maximum acceptable indications are as follows:
(1) 8-mm (0.3-in.) long for materials up to 13-mm (0.5-in.) thick
(2) 13-mm (0.5-in.) long for materials 13-mm to 25-mm (0.5-in. to 1.0-in.) thick
(3) 18-mm (0.7-in.) long for materials over 25-mm (1.0-in.) thick

For linear indications, the indication must be separated by a distance greater than the length
of an acceptable indication.
(ii) Rounded Indications:
(1) 8-mm (0.3-in.) diameter for materials up to 13-mm (0.5-in.) thick
(2) 13-mm (0.5-in.) diameter for materials over 13-mm (0.5-in.) thick

Four or more rounded indications in a line separated by 1.5mm(0.06 in.) or less edge to edge
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PARTICLE EXAMINATION

are unacceptable

19.1 b As per ASME Section VIII Division 1 Mandatory Appendix 7

(Examination of Steel Castings
i) Castings
Surface indications determined by magnetic particle examination shall be
compared with those indicated in ASTM E125, Reference Photographs for
Degree
Magnetic Particle Indications on Ferrous Castings, and shall be removed if they
exceed the following limits: Type

I. Linear discontinuities (hot tears and cracks) All

II. Shrinkage 2

III. Inclusions 3

IV. Chills and chaplets 1

V. Porosity 1

ii) Other Components (Forgings, Bolting, Welds, Bevel weld Ends)

All surfaces to be examined shall be free from

a) Relevant Linear indications
b) Relevant rounded indications greater than 3/16” (5 mm)
c) Four or more relevant rounded indications in a line separated by 1/16” (1.5 mm) or less,
edge to edge
Note: A linear indication is one of circular or elliptical shape with a length equal to or less than
times its width

19.2 WELDS As per ASME Section VIII Division 1 Mandatory Appendix 6

All surfaces to be examined shall be free of:

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(a) Relevant linear indications;

(b) Relevant rounded indications greater than 3/16 in. (5 mm);
(c) Four or more relevant rounded indications in a line separated by 1/16 in. (1.5 mm) or
less, edge to edge.

19.3 Acceptance Criteria (As per API 6D)

19.3 a) CASTNGS:
MT Examination and acceptance for API 6D:
a) Magnetic Particle Testing (MT) on 100% of castings on External and Internal
Surface per ASME BPVC, Sections V and VIII

Examination shall be carried out in accordance with ASME BPVC, Section V, Article 7.

Acceptance shall be in accordance with ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 1, Appendix 7.

b) MT on 100% of castings on External and Internal Surface

Area per ASME B16.34 Modified Examination shall be carried out in accordance with ASME
B16.34, Appendix II
Acceptance shall be in accordance with ASME B16.34, Appendix II, except round or linear
indication shall not exceed 5 mm (0.197 in.)

c) MT of forgings on 100% of Surface Area

Examination shall be carried out in accordance with ASME BPVC, Section V, Article 7.
Acceptance shall be in accordance with ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 1, Appendix 6

19.4 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA AS PER EN 1369

19.4.1 DEFINITION OF INDICATIONS:
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Non Linear Indication (SM): Indication having length smaller than three times the width
Linear Indication (LM): indication having length greater than or equal to three times the width
Aligned Indication (AM): Indications are considered to be aligned in the following cases
Non linear: the distance between indications is less than 2 mm and atleast three indications are
noted
Linear: the distance between two indications is smaller than the length L of the longest discontinuity
in the alignment
An alignment of indications is considered to be a unique indication. Its length is equal to the overall
length L of the alignment

Note: The overall length L is the developed distance between the starting point of the first
discontinuity and the finishing point of the last discontinuity. Example: L=l1+l2+l3+l4+l5

TABLE 1: Severity Levels for Magnetic Particle Inspection – Non Linear Indications Isolated (SM)

Note: The sensitivity can differ depending on the method of magnetic particle
inspection selected

TABLE 2: Severity Levels for Magnetic Particle Inspection – Linear (LM) & Aligned (AM)

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Note1: The sensitivity can differ depending on the method of magnetic particle
inspection selected
Note2: For Reference Figures Refer EN 1369

TABLE 3: Recommended Surface Finis for magnetic particle Inspection

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19.5 Acceptance criteria according to ISO 23278 (EN 1291)

19.5.1Definitions of Indications:
i)Linear Indications: Indication having a length greater than three times the width
ii)Non Linear Indications: Indication having a length less than equal to three times the width
iii) Grouped Indications: Any adjacent Indications separated by less than the major
dimension of the smaller shall be assessed as a single, Continuous indication.

TABLE 4: Acceptance Levels of indications

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19.5.2 Removal of Imperfections:

Where the product specification permits, local grinding may be used to reduce or remove
imperfections which are the cause of unacceptable indications. All such areas shall be re-
tested and evaluated with the same magnetic system and technique
20.0 DEMAGNETIZATION

Unless otherwise specified in work order/ customer order, demagnetization shall not be
Carried out.
A residual magnetism shall be checked for longitudinally magnetized parts using gauss meter
to ensure residual magnetic field not exceed 3G anywhere on the examination surface body
part / Work piece
Method: Subjecting the part to a field continually reversing its direction and at the same time
gradually decreasing its strength to zero. After demagnetization residual field should not
exceed 3G anywhere in the part.
The gauss meter used for checking residual magnetism shall be calibrated once in a year
Components shall be scanned with a field indicator to assure the absence of residual
magnetism. Components which indicate readings of more than three (3) scale divisions
(approximately 3 gauss) shall be demagnetized by use of an AC coil, AC yokes or AC/DC step
down methods.
21.0 POST EXAMINATION CLEANING
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PARTICLE EXAMINATION

When inspection concluded, the Dry/ wet powders shall be cleaned by using compressed air
or by brushing or any suitable means leaving the product in a dry and clean condition.
Post examination cleaning should be conducted as soon as practical using a process that does
not adversely affect the part by any suitable means, leaving the product in a dry and clean
condition.
22.0 SAFETY
11.1The operator shall wear personnel protective equipments like goggles, gloves and masks to
prevent electric shock, Burns and magnetic particle entering into the eyes and ears.
11.2The area of examination shall have adequate lighting and ventilation.
11.3Manufacturer safety requirements shall be strictly followed.
11.4Care shall be taken to ensure that cables and connections etc. are not loose.
11.5Ultraviolet light can adversely affect the eye and skin. Unnecessary exposure to ultraviolet
rays shall be avoided. Safety goggles designed to absorb UV wavelength radiation are to be
used.
23.0 RECORD
The inspection results shall be reported in a certificate form containing, at least, the following
information:
• Date and place of the test, certificate number.
• Order reference
• Description of inspected part and material type
• Identification of parts or welds examined
• Surface Condition, temperature, lighting conditions and residual magnetic field.
• Magnetic Particle, Magnetizing equipment and type of magnetizing used.
• Characterizing, sizing, localization and evaluation of all relevant indications.
• Name, Level and signature of operator who performed the test.
• Quality Control Procedure reference

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