SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT
UP IRRIGATION DEPARTMENT, SULTANPUR
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree in
Bachelor of Technology
SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:
Awaneesh Kumar Pandey (21116) Department of civil Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Kamla Nehru Institute of Technology, Sultanpur UP - 228118
Session: 2024– 25
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my gratitude and satisfaction on the completion of this summer
training program and project report submission as a part of the curriculum
for the degree of Bachelor of
Technology, Civil Engineering. I express my deepest gratitude to my
supervisor and mentor Mr. Arun Kumar Yadav Sir for his kind guidance
during the entire period of training. His constant support and advices have
helped me to complete this project successfully. Also, I thank all the
members of U.P. IRRIGATION DEPARTMENT, SULTANPUR for
their kind support. They have always been a source of inspiration to me.
Date :20-07-2024
CONTENTS
S.No. Topic Page
No.
1 Introduction 1
2 U.P irrigation department 2
3 Certification from irrigation 3
department
4 Ongoing project
*Classification of irrigation 4-5
project 6-7
*Classification of irrigation
system
5 Methodology in irrigation 8
department
6 Formulation and 9-10
implementation procedure
7 Conclusion 11
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
Irrigation is the application of controlled amount of water to plants at needed intervals.
Irrigation helps to grow agricultural crops, maintain landscapes and revegetate disturbed
soils in dry areas and during periods of less than average rainfall. Irrigation also has
other uses in crop production, including frost protection, suppressing weed growth in
grain fields and preventing soil consolidation. In contrast, agriculture that relies only on
direct rainfall is referred to as rain- fed or dry land farming.
Irrigation Systems are also used for cooking livestock, dust suppression, disposal of
sewage, and in mining. Irrigation is often studied together with drainage, which is the
removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area.
IRRIGATION NECESSITIES
The following are the factors that govern the requirement of irrigation:
When the rainfall is less than the minimum requirement for the satisfactory growth of
crops, the irrigation system is essential.
When the rainfall is not evenly distributed during the crop period or throughout the
culturable
area, the irrigation is extremely necessary. c) Some perennial crops like sugarcane, cotton,
etc. require water throughout the major part of
the year. But the rainfall may fulfil the water requirement in rainy season only. So, for the
remaining part of the year, irrigation becomes necessary.
In desert areas where rainfall is very scanty, irrigation is required for the development of
agriculture.
1
U.P. IRRIGATION DEPARTMENT
IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS IN SULTANPUR
Geologically the area comprises quaternary alluvium. Alluvial formation consists of
clay. Kankar and granular material comprising medium to coarse sand and gravel which
by and large forms the principal aquifer. The river Gomti divides the district into two
unequal tracts, the larger lying in south & smaller in the north. Each of these tracts has
the same natural divisions running almost parallel to the rivers. Physiographically the
area can be divided into the following three sub-units
1. Gentle Plain south & north of Gomti river
2. Gentle undulating tract roughly parallel to the coarse of Gomti river.
3. Gomti Valley
IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENTS IN SULTANPUR
The main source of irrigation in the district is canals and tube wells. The total net
irrigated area is 233000 ha. And the net area sown (culturable) is 284000 ha, which
shows that about 82% area is irrigated and the rest area depends on rainfall. Length of
canal in the district is 1876 km. and number of government tube well is 757. The number
of private tube wells and pump set is 132844.
Sultanpur district is mainly drained by Gomti which is perennial and its tributaries.
Gomti river flows through the district from north-west to south-east. Kadhi Nala, a
tributary of Gomti river and Chamraura Nala a tributary of Sai River drains the
southwestern part of the district. The north-eastern part of the district is drained by
Majauli river, which is a tributary of tons river form the north-eastern boundary of the
district.
2
BENEFITS OF IRRIGATION
The following are the important benefits of Irrigation:
1. In the period of low rainfall or drought, the yield may be increased by application of
an irrigation system.
2. The food production of a country can be improved by ensuring the growth of crops
by availing the irrigation facilities. This helps a country to prevent famine situation.
3. Irrigation helps to improve the cultivation of cash crops like vegetables, fruits,
tobacco, etc.
ONGOING PROJECTS
CLASSIFICATION OF IRRIGATION PROJECTS
DIFFERENT IRRIGATION SCHEMES
Irrigation projects are classified in different ways, however, in our context it is usually
classified as follows:
1. Major Project: This type of project consists of huge surface water, storage reservoirs
and flow diversion structures. The area envisaged to be covered under irrigation is
of the order over 10000 hectares.
2. Medium Project: These are also surface water projects but with medium size storage
and diversion structures with the area under irrigation between 10000 hectare and
2000 hectare.
3. Minor Project: The area proposed under irrigation for these schemes is below 2000ha
the source of water is either ground water or from wells or tube wells or surface
water lifted by pumps or by gravity flow from tanks. It could also be irrigated from
through water from tanks
The major and medium irrigation projects can be further classified as:
1. Flow Irrigation method
2. Lift Irrigation method
3
Table.1. classification of irrigation project
IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO
IRRIGATION SCHEMES
1. Commanded Area (CA):
2.
3. This is defined as the area that can be irrigated by a canal system. The
CA may further be classified as under:
3.1) Gross command area (GCA):
3.2)
3.3) This is defined as total area that can be irrigated by a canal system on the
perception that unlimited quantity of water is available. It is the total area that
may theoretically be served by the irrigation system. But this may include
inhibited areas, roads, ponds, uncultivable areas, etc. which would not be
irrigated.
3.4) Culturable command area (CCA):
4
3.5) This is the actually irrigated area within the GCA. The entire CCA is never put
under cultivation during any crop season due to the following reasons
1.2.1). The required quantity of water, fertilizer, etc. may not be available to cultivate the
entire CCA at a particular point of time. Thus, this is a physical constraint.
1.2.2). The land may be kept fallow that is without cultivation for one or more crop seasons
to increase the fertility of the soil. This is a cultural decision.
1.2.3). Due to high water table in some areas of the CCA irrigated water may not be applied
as the crops get enough water from the saturation provide to the surface water table.
As such, the projects with a CCA of more than 2000 hectare are grouped as major and medium
irrigation projects.
3.6) Intensity of Irrigation:
3.7)
3.8) It is defined as the percentage of the irrigation proposed to be irrigated annually.
Usually, the areas irrigated during each crop season (Rabi, Kharif, etc.) are expressed as a
percentage of the CCA which represents the intensity of irrigation for the crop season. By
adding the intensities of irrigation for all crop seasons the yearly intensity of irrigation to be
obtained.
3.9) Culturable cultivated/non-cultivated area: During any crop season, only a part of the
CCA is put under cultivation and this area is termed as culturable cultivated area. The
remaining area which is not cultivated during a crop season is conversely termed as
culturable uncultivated area.
5
CLASSIFICATION OF IRRIGATION
SYSTEMS
SYSTEMS OF IRRIGATION
There are different types of irrigation:
1. Flow Irrigation:
2. When water flows under gravitational pull through the artificial canal towards the
agricultural land, it is termed as flow irrigation. In this system the head of canal
should always be at higher elevation than the land to be irrigated. Different systems
of flow irrigation are given below:
2.1) Inundation Irrigation System:
2.2) In this system a canal is excavated from the bank of the inundated river. In
this case the water flows to the irrigational field in rainy seasons only. There
is no regulator at the head of the canal to regulate the flow of water. The bed
level of the canal is fixed at such level that the water can flow through the
canal only when the water level of the river rises above the canal bed. And
the flow of water stops automatically when the water level of the canal falls
below the canal bed.
2.3) Perennial system of Irrigation:
2.4) In this system, a weir or barrage is constructed across the perennial river. To
raise the water level on the upstream side a dam is constructed to form a
storage reservoir. Then main canal is constructed on either or both the banks
of the river. Regulator is constructed at the head of the canal to control the
flow of water through the canal.
3. Lift Irrigation:
4. When water is lifted from surface sources by man or animal power, mechanical or
electrical power and directly supplied to the agricultural land, than it is knows as
Lift irrigation. In this method isolated small areas can be irrigated. The vast areas
cannot be included in this system. Different types of Lift Irrigation are:
a) Lifting of water by man or animal power.
b) Lifting of water by mechanical or electrical power.
IRRIGATION STRUCTURES
Usually, a number of structures are required for the successful implementation and proper
functioning of a project. Some of these are:
1 Storage structures and appurtenant works
1.1) Dams:
1.2) A dam is a hydraulic structure constructed across a river to store water on
its upstream side. It is an impervious or fairly impervious barrier put across
a natural stream so that a reservoir is formed.
1.3) Spillways and energy dissipaters:
1.4) Spillway is a channel that carries excess water over or around a dam or
other obstruction. An energy dissipater is a device that is used to convert
concentrated storm water runoff to sheet flow and is constructed at the end
of all storm sewers or channels that outfall into a buffer.
1.3) Sluices and outlets:
A sluice is an artificial channel for conducting water, with a valve or gate to regulate the
flow. An outlet is a small structure which admits water from the distributing channel
to a water course of field channel. Thus, an outlet is a sort of head regulator for the
field channel delivering water to the irrigation fields.
2. Diversion structure and appurtenant works
2.1) Barrage:
It is an artificial obstruction placed in a river or water course to increase the depth of water.
2.2) Canal head regulator:
Any structure constructed to regulate the discharge, full supply level or velocity in a
canal is known as a regulator work. This is necessary for the efficient working
and safety of an irrigation channel. A canal head regulator regulates the supplies
of the off taking channel and the present channel respectively. The head regulator
is provided at the head of the distributary and controls the supply entering the
distributary.
2.3) River training works:
Various measures adopted on a river to direct and guide the river flow, to
train and regulate the river bed or to increase the low water depth are
called River Training works. The purpose of the river training is to
stabilize the channel along a certain alignment.
3. Canal water conveyance structures
1. Canal sections and layout.
2. Cross regulators: A regulator provided on the main channel at the
downstream of the offtake to head up the water level and to enable
the off-taking channel to draw the required supply is called a Cross
Regulator.
3. Drops
4. Turnouts
METHODOLOGY IN IRRIGATION
Site Assessment:
Evaluate the topography, soil type, and water source to determine the irrigation
requirements.
Water Source Identification:
Identify and assess available water sources such as rivers, lakes, wells, or
reservoirs.
Crop Water Requirements:
Calculate the water needs of crops based on factors like evapotranspiration and
crop type.
Irrigation System Selection:
Choose an appropriate irrigation method (drip, sprinkler, flood) based on factors
like water availability, soil type, and crop characteristics.
Hydraulic Design:
Design the layout and sizing of the irrigation system, considering pipe diameter,
pump capacity, and pressure requirements.
Field Layout:
Plan the arrangement of pipes, pumps, and irrigation equipment in the field to
ensure uniform water distribution.
Water Conveyance:
Design channels or pipelines to convey water from the source to the fields,
minimizing water loss.
Control Structures:
Implement control structures such as gates and valves to regulate water flow and
manage distribution.
Automation and Monitoring:
Integrate automation for efficient water management and implement monitoring
systems to track water usage and system performance.
Environmental Considerations:
Address environmental impacts, such as soil erosion and waterlogging, and
incorporate measures to minimize negative effects.
Economic Analysis:
Evaluate the economic feasibility of the irrigation project, considering costs,
benefits, and potential returns on investment.
Maintenance Plan:
Develop a plan for regular maintenance to ensure the longevity and optimal
performance of the irrigation system.
By following this methodology, irrigation
engineers can design effective and
sustainable systems to support agricultural
activities.
6
METHODS OF DISTRIBUTION OF
WATER
1. Surface method:
2. In this system of field water application the water is applied directly to the soil from a
channel located at the upper reach of the field. It is essential in these methods to
construct designed water distribution systems to provide adequate control of water to
the fields and proper land preparation to permit uniform distribution of water over the
field.
3.
4. Sub-surface method:
5. As suggested by the name, the application of water to fields in this type of irrigation
system is below the ground surface so that it is supplied directly to the root zone of the
plants. The main advantages of these types of irrigation is reduction of evaporation
losses and less hindrance to cultivation works which takes place on the surface.
6. Sprinkler method:
7. Sprinkler irrigation is a method of applying water which is similar to natural rainfall but
spread uniformly over the land surface just when needed and at a rate less than the
infiltration rate of the soil so as to avoid surface runoff from irrigation. This is achieved
by distributing water through a system of pipes usually by pumping which is then
sprayed into the air through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops which
fall to the ground. The system of irrigation is suitable for undulating lands, with poor
water availability, sandy or shallow soils, or where uniform application of water is
desired. No land levelling is required as with the surface irrigation methods. Sprinklers
are, however, not suitable for soils which easily form a crust. The water that is pumped
through the pump pipe sprinkler system must be free of suspended sediments. As
otherwise there would be chances of blockage of the sprinkler nozzles.
8.
9. Drip method:
10. Drip Irrigation system is sometimes called trickle irrigation and involves dripping water
onto the soil at very low rates (2-20 litres per hour) from a system of small diameter
plastic pipes filled with outlets called emitters or drippers. Water is applied close to the
plants so that only part of the soil in which the roots grow is wetted, unlike surface and
sprinkler irrigation, which involves wetting the whole soil profile. With drip irrigation
water, applications are more frequent than with other methods and this provides a very
favourable high moisture level in the soil in which plants can flourish.
FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION
PROCEDURE
1. FORMULATION OF A NEW SCHEME:
2. Following are the different processes involved in the formulation
of a new
Irrigation project or scheme
2.1) Scheme Identification:
2.2) First of all, before taking up an irrigation project for implementation, an
investigation of the proposed scheme is to be made by the competent engineer.
A reconnaissance survey of the headwork site and its proposed command area
and catchment area is to be made to ascertain whether the scheme is technically
and economically viable. The river water discharge data at lean periods and high
flood periods are to be recorded with accuracy for hydrological design of the
structure. If the river discharge in lean period is sufficient to cater to the need to
irrigate the proposed command area, the scheme may be proposed for its
implementation and further process.
2.3) Investigation and Surveying:
2.4) After getting necessary sanction from the Government to the schemes, a detailed
contour survey of the command area is to be done for canal alignment within the
command area and for assessing the GCA. CCA, NIA. AIA etc. Soil exploration
at headwork site is required to test the bearing capacity of the soil for designing
the abutment walls with seismic load consideration. After command area
mapping, geotechnical investigation etc., detail design estimate/report are
prepared for according technical sanction by the competent engineers.
2. IMPLEMENTATION OF A NEW SCHEME
After the successful formulation of a new scheme, its proper implementation is done in the
following steps:
4.1) Execution of work:
Once the estimate is approved by both Administrative and Technical officials, the Irrigation
Department, through its field officers executes the work through the registered
Firm/Contractors after observing all formalities. In case of major medium scheme/project
clearance from Central Water Commission (CWC) and environmental clearance has to be
obtained before execution of the scheme/project.
4.2) Inspection and Quality control:
4.3) The department has its own Inspection and Quality Control wing with its
headquarters at Guwahati. This wing is under direct control of the Secretary,
Irrigation to monitor the quality and progress of work from time to time and suggest
necessary measures to complete the project within the scheduled time frame. This
wing actually functions as the department's vigilance wing for execution of works.
4.4) Monitoring:
4.5) The work of Monitoring is done at various stages. At field level it is done by
the respective Superintending Engineers and Additional Chief Engineers. At
headquarter level. for better management, schemes under various funds are
monitored by Director Design, Director Design (Minor Irrigation) and
Superintending Engineer, Monitoring Cell.
CONCLUSION
“The science of the subject constantly advances on practical lines
and the state of art progresses duly as new and better materials,
hardware, specialist devices and controls are perfected. Theory
and experience go hand-in-hand, and necessity is also the mother
of invention, in hydraulic conveyance structures, especially
related to small community projects. The above should be
regarded as a brief introduction to the subject of Water
Conveyance Systems, rather than an overview of the contents of
another specialist article which follows (see Guidelines for
Sustainable Community Water Supply and sanitation. We learnt
about various systems of irrigation, irrigation structures and
different methods of water distribution. We also learnt a great deal
about how a new scheme is formulated.”
