Chapter -1 Sets

Introduction

Sets are used to define the concepts of relations and functions. The study of geometry, sequences, probability, etc. requires the
knowledge of sets. The theory of sets was developed by German mathematician Georg Cantor (1845-1918). He first encountered
sets while working on “problems on trigonometric series”.

Set is a well-defined collection of elements. These elements may include numbers, symbols, variables, etc. We generally represent
them using capital letter (A, B, C, D, Z, N etc.). Elements in the sets are represented by small letters(a, b, c, d, e). Elements of sets
are represented using closed brackets { }.

Examples of sets:
• Set of first n natural numbers: N=1, 2, 3, 4, 5,.................,n
• Set of rational numbers: R.
• Set of whole numbers: W.
• Set of positive integers: Z+
• Set of negative integers: Z-

Representation of Sets

In everyday life, we often speak of collections of objects of a particular kind, such as, a pack of cards, a crowd of people, a cricket
team, etc. In mathematics also, we come across collections, for example, of natural numbers, points, prime numbers, etc.
There are 2 methods to represent a set:
1. Roaster form or tabular form: In this form, elements are separated with commas and within braces { }.
Eg: set of natural numbers below 10: { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
2. Set-builder form: In this form, each element contains a common character that any other element outside the set does not
contain.
Eg: F = {x : x is a natural number that divides 24}

Types of Sets

A. Empty set: A set that does not contain any element and is empty such sets are called empty (or) null (or) void sets.
Represented as: { } or ∅
Eg: A={x :1<x, x is a natural number}, So A is an empty set as we don't have any natural element that is less than 1.

B. Finite set: Sets that contain a fixed or finite number of elements are called finite sets.
Represented by: A = { , , , , , }
Eg: A = {natural numbers <20}; A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19}
Note: Empty set is also a finate set.

C. Infinite sets: Sets that are not finite or the sets that are infinite are called infinite sets.
Represented by: {, , , , , , , , ……………………………}
Eg: A={n natural numbers}; A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,..................................................}
Note: All finite sets can be represented in set-builder form but infinite sets cannot be represented in set-builder form because
they have no fixed pattern.

D. Equal sets: Sets where two sets have exactly the same elements.
Represented with the symbol: “ = “
Examples:
i. Let A, B be two sets.
A= set of natural even elements less than 10
A={2, 4, 6, 8}, B= set of multiples of 2 less than 10 that are natural
B={2, 4, 6, 8} Here A=B. Since every element of A is also an element of B and vice versa.
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 ii. A={1, 2, 3, 4}
B={1, 3, 2, 1, 4, 1} Then also A=B, the set elements do not change even if repeated. The order of the elements also doesn’t
matter.
E. Subset: Any Set that has every element of another set is called a subset.
Representation: A ⊂ B if a ∈ A ⇒ a ∈B
The above representation means that A should have every element of set B, but B need not have every element of A.
Note: Every set is a subset of itself
Eg: A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, B={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
Here A⊂B because every element of A is an element of B and vice versa doesn’t matter
Venn diagram of subset:

F. Proper set: If A⊂B and A≠B then such set A is called a proper subset of B. B is called the superset of A.
Eg: A={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
Here A⊂B and A≠B.
So A is a proper subset of B. B is a superset of A.

G. Intervals of subsets: When a, b ∈ real numbers, a < b then, Set of real numbers: {x : a < x < b} is open interval, represented
as (a, b). The set that includes end points also then such intervals are closed intervals. {y : a ≤ y ≤ b}, closed interval
represented by [a,b].
Eg: (p, q] ⇒ {x : p < x ≤ q}, Here in the set elements includes q and exclude p.
Pictorial representation of intervals:

H. Power set: It is a set that is a collection of all subsets including null or empty sets and itself denotes a power set.
Represented by p(A).
Eg: A = {1, 2, 3, 4}

Subsets: ∅, {1}, {2}, {3}, {4}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {1, 4}, {2, 3}, {2, 4}, {3, 4}, {1, 2, 3}, {1, 2, 4}, {1, 3, 4}, {2, 3, 4}, {1, 2, 3, 4}
Total subsets: 16

Points:
1. First is a null set
2. Next singleton sets(sets with one element}
3. Next with two elements
4. The set itself

Remember: {1, 2} = {2, 1} (order doesn’t matter so it should be written only once)

Formula: 2m
m= number of elements in set A.
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𝐄𝐠: A = {1, 2, 3, 4}t = 24 = 16. We found the same above.
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Subsets: ∅,{1}, {2}, {3}, {4}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {1, 4}, {2, 3}, {2, 4}, {3, 4}, {1, 2, 3}, {1, 2, 4}, {1, 3, 4}, {2, 3, 4}, {1, 2, 3, 4}
Total subsets: 16

I. Universal Set: The set that includes all the elements is called a universal set. Represented using U.
Venn Diagram:

{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} all belong to the universal set.

Operation of Sets

Union of sets: The set contains all the elements of A and B and repeating elements of both sets A, B is taken only once.
Represented by: ∪, Read as A union B.
Set builder form of union sets: {y : y∈A or y∈B}
Venn diagram of union:

Eg: A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = {2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

A∪B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

Properties of union:
1. A∪B = B∪A is called commutative property.
2. A∪(B∪C) = (A∪B)∪C is associative property.
3. A∪∅ = A is identity law
4. A∪A is an idempotent law
5. U∪A is union law

The intersection of Sets: This set contains the elements that are common in the sets.
Represented as: ∩, Read as A intersection B.
Set builder form of intersection: {y : y∈A and y∈B}
Venn diagram of AB:

Eg: A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} B = (2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

A∩B = {2, 4, 6}

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Properties of intersection:
1. A∩B = B∩A is called commutative property.
2. A∩ (B∩C) = (A∩B)∩C is an associative property.
3. A∩∅ = ∅ is identity law
4. A∩A is idempotent law
5. U∩A is union law
6. A∩ (B∪C) = (A∩B) ∪ (A∩C) is distribution property.

Difference of Sets: In the set the elements belong to A but do not belong to B, such sets are called Differences of sets.
Represented as: A-B
Set builder form: {y : y∈A and y∉B}
Venn diagram of A-B:

Eg: A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {2, 3, 4, 8, 9}

A-B = {1, 5}, Here even though we have {2,3,4} in A as they belong to B also do not include them in A-B.

Complement of set: The elements other than A that is in the universe come under complement elements.
Represented by: A’
Set builder form: {y : y∈U and y∉A}
Venn diagram:

Eg: A = {y : y∈U and not divisor of 24}

A’ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24}

Properties of complement sets:

1. A∪A’ = U (complement laws)
2. A∩ A’ = ∅ (complement laws)
3. (A∪B)’ = A’∩B’ (Demorgan’s law)
4. (A∩B)’ = A’∪ B’ (Demorgan’s law)
5. (A’)’ = A (double complement)
6. U’ = ∅ and ∅’= U

Theorems and Proofs

Theorems 1
n(A∪B) = n(A) + n (B) - n(A∩B)
Proof:
n ( A – B) + n ( A ∩ B ) + n ( B – A )

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n(A) - n ( A ∩ B ) + n(B) - n( A ∩ B ) + n( A ∩ B )
n(A) + n(B) - n( A ∩ B )

Theorem 2
n(A ∪ B ∪ C ) = n ( A ) + n ( B ) + n ( C ) – n ( A ∩ B ) – n ( B ∩ C) – n ( A ∩ C ) + n ( A ∩ B ∩ C )
Proof:
n ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = n (A) + n ( B ∪ C ) – n [ A ∩ ( B ∪ C ) ]
n (A) + n ( B ) + n ( C ) – n ( B ∩ C ) – n [ A ∩ ( B ∪ C ) ]
n [ A ∩ ( B ∪ C ) ] = n ( A ∩ B ) + n ( A ∩ C ) – n [ ( A ∩ B ) ∩ (A ∩ C)] n ( A ∩ B ) + n ( A ∩ C ) – n (A ∩ B ∩ C)
Similarly for the other two:
Finally proved;
n ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = n (A) + n ( B ) + n ( C ) – n ( A ∩ B ) – n ( B ∩ C) – n ( A ∩ C ) + n ( A ∩ B ∩ C )

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 Multiple Choice Questions
1. How many elements are there in the complement of set A?
A. 0 B. 1
C. All the elements of A D. None of these
Answer: A
Explanation:
The complement of a set A will contain the elements that are not present in set A.

2. Empty set is a _______.

A. Infinite set B. Finite set
C. Unknown set D. Universal set
Answer: B
Explanation:
The cardinality of the empty set is zero, since it has no elements. Hence, the size of the empty set is zero.

3. The number of elements in the Power set P(S) of the set S = {1, 2, 3} is:
A. 4 B. 8
C. 2 D. None of these
Answer: B
Explanation:
Number of elements in the set S = 3
Number of elements in the power set of set S = {1,2,3} = 2 3 = 8

4. Order of the power set P(A) of a set A of order n is equal to:

A. n B. 2n
C. 2n D. n2
Answer: C
Explanation:
The cardinality of the power set is equal to 2n, where n is the number of elements in a given set.

5. Which of the following two sets are equal?

A. A = {1, 2} and B = {1} B. A = {1, 2} and B = {1, 2, 3}
C. A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 1, 3} D. A = {1, 2, 4} and B = {1, 2, 3}
Answer: C
Explanation:
Two sets are said to be equal if they both have the same elements.

6. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, P = {1, 2, 5}, Q = {6, 7}. Then P ∩ Q’ is:

A. P B. Q
C. Q’ D. None of these
Answer: A
Explanation:
Given, U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
P = {1, 2, 5}
Q = {6, 7}
Q’ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10}
Hence, P ∩ Q’ = {1, 2, 5} = P

7. The cardinality of the power set of {x : x∈N, x ≤ 10} is ______.

A. 1024 B. 1023
C. 2048 D. 2043
Answer: A
Explanation:
Given, Set X = {x : x∈N, x ≤ 10}
X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
Number of elements of power set of X, P(X) = 2 10 = 1024

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8. Write X = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25,…} in set builder form.
A. X = {x: x is a set of prime numbers} B. X = {x: x is a set of whole numbers}
C. X = {x: x is a set of natural numbers} D. X = {x: x is a set of square numbers}
Answer: D
Explanation:
Given, X = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25,…}
X = {12, 22, 32, 42, 52, …}
Therefore, X = {x: x is a set of square numbers}

9. If A, B and C are any three sets, then A × (B ∪ C) is equal to:

A. (A × B) ∪ (A × C) B. (A ∪ B) × (A ∪ C)
C. (A × B) ∩ (A × C) D. None of the above
Answer: A
Explanation:
Given, A, B and C are any three sets. Now, A × (B ∪ C) = (A × B) ∪ (A × C)

10. The range of the function f(x) = 3x – 2‚ is:

A. (- ∞, ∞) B. R – {3}
C. (- ∞, 0) D. (0, – ∞)
Answer: A
Explanation:
Let the given function be y = 3x – 2
⇒ y + 2 = 3x
⇒ x = (y + 2)/3
Since, for all values of y, x has different values. Thus, values of x and y can range from -∞ to ∞.
So, Range{f(x)} = R = (-∞, ∞).

11. If f(x) = log [(1 + x)/(1 – x), then f(2x )/(1 + x²) is equal to:
A. 2f(x) B. {f(x)}²
C. {f(x)}³ D. 3f(x)
Answer: A
Explanation:
Given f(x) = Log [(1 + x)/(1-x)]
Now, f{(2x )/(1 + x²)} = Log [{(1 + (2x )/(1 + x²))}/{(1 – (2x )/(1 + x²))}]
⇒ f{(2x )/(1 + x²)} = Log [{(1 + x² + 2x )/(1 + x²))}/{(1 + x² – 2x )/(1 + x²))}]
⇒ f{(2x )/(1 + x²)} = Log [(1 + x² + 2x )/{(1 + x² – 2x )]
⇒ f{(2x )/(1 + x²)} = Log [(1 + x)2 /{(1 – x)2]
⇒ f{(2x )/(1 + x²)} = Log [(1 + x)/{(1 – x)]2
⇒ f{(2x )/(1 + x²)} = 2 × Log [(1 + x)/{(1 – x)]
⇒ f{(2x )/(1 + x²)} = 2 f(x)

12. The smallest set a such that A ∪ {1, 2} = {1, 2, 3, 5, 9} is:

A. {3, 5, 9} B. {2, 3, 5}
C. {1, 2, 5, 9} D. None of these
Answer: A
Explanation:
Given, a set A such that A ∪ {1, 2} = {1, 2, 3, 5, 9}
Now, smallest set A = {3, 5, 9}
So, A ∪ {1, 2} = {1, 2, 3, 5, 9}

13. Let R= {(x, y) : x, y belong to N, 2x + y = 41}. The range is of the relation R is

A. {(2n – 1) : n belongs to N, 1 ≤ n ≤ 20} B. {(2n + 2) : n belongs to N, 1 < n < 20}
C. {2n : n belongs to N, 1< n< 20} D. {(2n + 1) : n belongs to N , 1 ≤ n ≤ 20}
Answer: A
Explanation:
Given, 2x + y = 41
⇒ y = 41 – 2x
x : 1 2 3 ………………20
y : 39 37 35 ……………..1
So, range is {(2n – 1) : n belongs to N, 1 ≤ n ≤ 20}

14. Two finite sets have 𝑚 and 𝑛 elements. The total number of subsets of the first set is 56 more than the total number of
subsets of the second set. The values of 𝑚 and 𝑛 are:
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 A. 3, 3 B. 4, 6
C. 4, 7 D. 3, 6
Answer: D
Explanation:
Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be two sets having 𝑚 and 𝑛 elements respectively.
Then, Number of subsets of 𝐴 = 2𝑚 ,
Number of subsets of 𝐵 = 2𝑛
It is given that 2𝑚 − 2𝑛 = 56
So, 2𝑛 (2𝑚−𝑛 - 1) = 23 (23 − 1)𝑛 = 3 and 𝑚 − 𝑛 = 3
⇒ 𝑛 = 3 and 𝑚 = 6

15. The number of proper subsets of the set {1,2,3} is :

A. 7 B. 8
C. 5 D. 6
Answer: A
Explanation:
The no of proper subsets = 2𝑛 − 1 = 23 − 1 = 7
Here 𝑛 = no of elements of given set = 3

16. If the number of elements in a set S are 5. Then the number of elements of the power set P(S) are:
A. 5 B. 6
C. 16 D. 32
Answer: A
Explanation:
Given, the number of elements in a set S are 5
Then the number of elements of the power set P(S) = 2 5 = 32

17. Every set is a ___________ of itself.

A. none of the above B. improper subset
C. compliment D. proper subset
Answer: A
Explanation:
An improper subset is a subset containing every element of the original set. A proper subset contains some but not all of the
elements of the original set.
Ex: Let a set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Then {1, 2, 4} and {1} are the proper subset while {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} is an improper subset. So, every set is
an improper subset of itself.

18. If x ≠ 1, and f(x) = x + 1 / x – 1 is a real function, then f(f(f(2))) is:

A. 2 B. 1
C. 4 D. 3
Answer: D
Explanation:
Given f(x) = (x + 1)/(x – 1)
Now, f(2) = (2 + 1)/(2 – 1) = 3
Now since f(2) is independent of x,
So, f(f(f(2))) = 3

19. In 3rd Quadrant?

A. X < 0, Y < 0 B. X > 0, Y < 0
C. X < 0, Y > 0 D. X < 0, Y > 0
Answer: A
Explanation:

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In the 3rd quadrant,
X < 0, Y < 0

20. IF A ∪ B = A ∪ C and A ∩ B = A ∩ C, then:

A. B = C B. B = C only when A I C
C. B = C only when A ? B D. None of these
Answer: A
Explanation:
If A ∪ B = A ∪ C and A ∩ B = A ∩ C
Then B = C

21. A set is known by its _______.

A. Elements B. Values
C. Members D. Letters
Answer: A
Explanation:
A set is known by its elements.

22. If the set has p elements, B has q elememts then number of elements in A × B is
A. pq B. p + q
C. p + q + 1 D. p²
Answer: A
Explanation:
Given the set A has p elements, B has q elements.
Then number of elements in A × B = pq

23. Which from the following set has closure property w.r.t multiplication?
A. {0, -1} B. {1, -1}
C. {-1} D. {-1,-1}
Answer: B
Explanation:The set {1, -1} has closure property w.r.t multiplication.
This is because -1 × 1 = -1 which is an element in the given set.

24. Consider the set A of all determinants of order 3 with entries 0 or 1 only. Let B be the subset of containing all determinants
with value 1. Let C be the subset of containing all determinants with value -1 then
A. B has many elements as C B. A = B ∪ C
C. B has twice as many elements as C. D. C is empty
Answer: A
Explanation:
The matrix C is not empty because
|1 0 0|
|1 0 1| = -1
|1 1 0|
Let Δ ∈ B
So, Δ = 1

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Again let Δ1 be the determinant obtained by interchanging any two rows and columns of Δ
So, Δ1 = -1 ⇒ n(B) ≥ n(C)
Similarly, we can show that n(C) ≥ n(B)
So, n(B) = n(C)

25. If A and B are two sets containing respectively M and N distinct elements. How many different relations can be defined for A
and B?
A. 2m + n B. 2m / n
C. 2 m – n D. 2mn
Answer: D
Explanation:
Given A and B are two sets containing respectively m and n distinct elements.
Then number of different relations can be defined for A and B = 2mn

26. Let R be a relation N define by x + 2y = 8. The domain of R is:

A. {2, 4, 6, 8} B. {1, 2, 3, 4}
C. {2, 4, 8} D. {2, 4, 6}
Answer: A
Explanation:
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 8
𝑥 = 8 − 2𝑦
Since 𝑦 and 𝑥 both must be natural,
Possible values of 𝑦 are 1,2,3 which corresponds to possible value of 𝑥 to be 6,4,2.
Thus range of 𝑅 = {2,4,6}

27. In 2nd quadrant?

A. X < 0, Y < 0 B. X < 0, Y > 0
C. X > 0, Y > 0 D. X > 0, Y < 0
Answer: B
Explanation:

In the second quadrant,

X < 0, Y > 0

28. A survey shows that 63% of the americans like cheese whereas 76% like apples. If x% of the americans like both cheese and
apples, then we have
A. 39 ≤ x ≤ 63 B. x ≤ 63
C. x ≤ 39 D. None of these
Answer: A
Explanation:
Given, Number of americans who like cheese n(C) = 63
Number of americans who like apple n(A) = 76
Total number of person = 100 (since 100%)
Number of americans who like both n(A ∩ B) = x
Now, n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A ∩ B)
⇒ 100 = 63 + 76 – x
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⇒ 100 = 139 – x
⇒ x = 139 – 100
⇒ x = 39 This is the minimum value of x
Now, let us look for the highest value of x, the intersection or the common portion between A and C, it would be larger when one
set takes in more of the other.
Thus, when the smaller set gets completely absorbed into the larger and in that situation then x = 63
So 39 ≤ x ≤ 63

29. Which from the following set has closure property w.r.t addition?
A. {0} B. {1}
C. {1, 1} D. {1, -1}
Answer: A
Explanation:
A set is closed under addition if, when we add any two elements, we always get another element in the set.
(a) Closed under addition. The only possible way to add two numbers in the set is 0 + 0 = 0, which is in the set.
(b) Not closed under addition. For example, 1 + 1 = 2, which is not in the set.
(c) Not closed under addition. For example, 1 + 1 = 2, which is not in the set.
(d) Not closed under addition. For example, 1 + (-1) = 0, which is not in the set.

30. A’ will contain how many elements from the orginal set A
A. 0 B. All elements in A
C. 1 D. Infinite
Answer: A
Explanation:
A’ will contain zero many elements from the original set A.
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, then |A| = 4
Now A’ = {}, then |A| = 0

Question/Answer
Very Short Questions
1. The collection of all the months of a year beginning with letter M.
Answer: Set

2. The collection of difficult topics in Mathematics.

Let A = {1,3,5,7,9}. Insert the appropriate symbol ̂ or ї in blank spaces: (Question- 3,4)
Answer: Not a set

3. 2 ---- A
Answer: ∉

4. 5 --- A
Answer: ∈

5. Write the set A = {x: x is an integer, −1 ≤ x < 4} in roster form.

Answer: A = {–1, 0, 1, 2, 3}

6. List all the elements of the set,

1 11
A = {x: x ∈ Z, − < x < }
2 2
Answer: A = {0,1,2,3,4,5}

7. Write the set B = {3,9,27,81} in set-builder form.

Answer: B = {x: x = 3n, n ∈ N and 1 ≤ n ≤ 4}

8. A = {x: x ∈ N and 3 < x < 4}

Answer: Empty set

9. B = {x: x ∈ N and x 2 = x}
Answer: Non-empty set

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Short Questions
1. In a group of 800 people, 500 can speak Hindi and 320 can speak English. Find
a) How many can speak both Hindi and English?
b) How many can speak Hindi only?
Answer:
• 20 people can speak both Hindi and English.
• 480 people can speak Hindi only.

2. A survey shows that 84% of the Indians like grapes, whereas 45% like pineapple. What percentage of Indians like both
grapes and pineapple?
Answer: 2. 29% of the Indians like both grapes and pineapple.

3. In a survey of 450 people, it was found that 110 play crickets, 160 play tennis and 70 play both cricket as well as tennis. How
many plays neither cricket nor tennis?
Answer: ∪ – set of people surveyed,
A – set of people who play cricket
B – set of people who play tennis
Number of people who play neither cricket nor tennis.
= n (A∪B)''= n(U) – n (A ∪ B)
= 450 – 200
= 250

4. If A = - 3, 5), B = (0, 6 then find (i) A – B, (ii) A ∪ B

Answer: 4. (i) -3, 0; (ii) -3,6

5. In a survey of 400 students in a school, 100 were listed as taking apple juice, 150 as taking orange juice and 75 were listed
as taking both apple as well as orange juice. Find how many students were taking neither apple juice nor orange juice.
Answer: 5. Let A denote the set of students taking apple juice and B denote the set of students taking orange juice,
n(U) = 400, n(A) = 100, n (B) = 150 n(AB) =75
n ((A'∩B')) = n(A∪B)'
= n (∪) – n(A'∪B')
= n (∪) – [n(A) + n(B) – n(A∩B)]
=400 – 100 – 150 + 75 = 225

Long Questions
1. In a survey it is found that 21 people like product A, 26 people like product B and 29 like product C. If 14 people like product
A and B, 15 people like product B and C, 12 people like product C and A, and 8 people like all the three products. Find
a) How many people are surveyed in all?
b) How many like product C only?
Answer: Let A, B, C denote respectively the set of people who like product A, B, C.

a, b, c, d, e, f, g – Number of elements in bounded region

• Total number of Surveyed people = a + b + c + d + e + f + g = 43
• Number of people who like product C only = g = 10

2. A college awarded 38 medals in football, 15 in basketball and 20 in cricket. If these medals went to a total of 50 men and
only five men got medals in all the three sports, how many received medals in exactly two of the three sports?
Answer: people got medals in exactly two of the three sports.

f=5
a + b + f + e = 38
b + c + d + f = 15
e + d + f + g = 20
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a + b + c + d + e + f + g = 50
we have to find b + d + e

3. There are 200 individuals with a skin disorder, 120 had been exposed to the chemical C1 , 50 to chemical C2 , and 30 to both
the chemicals C1 and C2 . Find the number of individuals exposed to
a) chemical C1 but not chemical C2
b) chemical C2 but not chemical C1
c) chemical C1 or chemical C2
Answer: A denote the set of individuals exposed to the chemical C1 and B denote the set of individuals exposed to the chemical C2
n(U) = 200, n(A) = 120, n(B) = 50, n(AB) = 30
(i) n(A − B) = n(A) − n(AB)
= 120 − 30 = 90
(ii) n(B − A) = n(B) − n(AB)
= 50 − 30 = 20
( iii) n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) − n(AB)
= 120 + 50 − 30
= 140

4. In a survey it was found that 21 peoples liked product A, 26 liked product B and 29 liked products C. If 14 people liked products
A and B, 12 people like C and A, 15 people like B and C and 8 liked all the three products. Find now many liked product C only.
Answer: 4. a + b + c + d = 21
b + c + e + f = 26
c + d + f + g = 29

b + c = 14, c + f =15, c + d = 12
c=8
d = 4, c = 8, f = 7, b = 6, g = 10, e = 5, a = 3
like product c only = g = 10

5. A college awarded 38 medals in football, 15 in basketball and 20 in cricket. If these medals went to a total of 58 men and
only three men got medal in all the three sports, how many received medals in exactly two of the three sports?
Answer: Let A, B and C denotes the set of men who received medals in football, basketball, and cricket respectively.
n (A) = 38, n (B) = 15, n (C) = 20
n (A B C) = 58 and n (A ∩ B ∩ C) = 3

n (A B C) = n (A) + n (B) + n(C) – n (A ∩ B) – n (B ∩ C) – n (C ∩ A) + n (A ∩ B ∩ C)

58 = 38 + 15 + 20 – (a + d) – (d + c) – (b + d) + 3
18 = a + d + c + b + d
18 = a + b + c + 3d
18 = a + b + c + 3 3
9=a+b+c

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