We) s) ta Puneet clic Oe eet eT Cr ieanu(teta ry Characteristic Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Body location Attached to bones or, for some facial muscles, to skin Walls of the heart Mostly in walls of hollow visceral organs (other than the heart) Cell shape and appearance Single, very long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with very obvious striations Branching chains of cells; uninucleate, striations; intercalated discs Single, fusiform, uninucleate; no striations Connective tissue components Regulation of contraction Speed of contraction Rhythmic contraction Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium Endomysium Epimysium ” é Perimysium “ Cell IS: Encomysium attached to the fibrous skeleton of the heart Endomysium Voluntary; via nervous system Involuntary; the heart has controls Slow to fast BR a pacemaker; also nervous system controls; hormones Slow Yes: Endomysium Involuntary; nervous system controls; hormones, chemicals, stretch Vary slow aw Yes, in someSarcolamma Dark Light Nucleus oad ‘ (A) band (I) band on *, (a) Segment of amuscle fiber (cell) ae sy, Thin (actin) myofilament Thick (myosin) myofilament | band A band I band Miine (b) Myofibril or fibril (complex organelle ; ' composed of bundles _'—Sarcomeres— o! myofilaments) wre Tt eee M line ' | Thin (actin) myofilament Thick (myosin) myotliament (c) Sarcomere (segment of a myofibril)Neuromuscular junction To fiber = = he. \ G@)Na’ diffuses ignites @® Flame spreads into the cell. (2) Action poten rapidly along the twig rapidly along thi (b) Pom Yell eteteror are lare]Axon terminals at neuromuscular junctions Muscle fibers Spinal cord Motor Motor unit 1 unit A | A _ & t | j Axon of motor ™ 5 Motor neuron neuron cell bodies Muscle — Muscle fibers Branching axon 4 to motor unit (b) Practice art labeling ellieeeenona(a) Circular (orbicularis oris) (c) Fusiform (biceps brachii) (a) (b) (ce) = (b) Convergent (pectoralis major) X . (4) y \ \ (d) Parallel (sartorius) — (e) (e) Multipennate (deltoid) | iy "-—(f) (f) Bipennate (rectus ;—— (9) 7 femoris) (g) Unipennate (extensor digitorum longus) Figure 6.15 Relationship of fascicle arrangement to muscle structure. @ellieeeenonaMyelinated axon of motor neuron Axon terminal of =——Nucleus Ps J rewrorrrcutar P \ DS junction oe — Sarcolemma of the muscie fiber Nerve impulse Synaptic vesicle containing ACh @action potential reaches axon terminal of motor neuron Axon terminal of motor neuron Mitochondrion cat Synaptic \ clett = Sarcolemma Hi een ()Calcium (Ca?*) channels —_ 8 open, and Ca?* enters the axon terminal + — Fusing synaptic vesicle ;=—— Sarcoplasm of muscle fiber Folds of sarcolemma synaptic vesicles to release their contents (acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter) by exocytosis. @) Acetylcholine diftuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors in the sarcolemma ;— lon channel in sarcolemma opens; ions pass @ACh binds and channels open that allow simultaneous passage of Na™ into the muscle fiber and K* oul of the muscle fiber. More Na* ions enter than K* ions leave, producing a local change in the electrical conditions of the membrane (depolarization). This Y eventually leads to an action AD 7) Degraded ACh “4 ;— lon channel closed; potential ‘. Na ions cannol pass. (@)The enzyme acetylcholinesterase breaks down ACh in the synaptic cleft, ending the process |Acatylcholinesterase Kt Figure 6.5 Events at the neuromuscular junction.Facial * Frontalis * Orbicularis oculi Facial *Temporalis * Zygomaticus * Orbicularis oris Neck *Masseter ‘Shoulder 7 * Trapezius: + Sternocleidomastoid Thorax *Deltoid . mninog = * Pectoralis major ne F F * Serratus anterior * Triceps brachii * Biceps brachii — ain + Brachialis *Rectus abdominis * External oblique * Internal oblique * Transversus abdominis Forearm *Brachioradialis * Flexor carpi radialis Pelvis/thigh *lliopsoas «Vastus lateralis *Vastus medialis Leg * Fibularis longus i * Extensor digitorum longus =. ornemius * Tibialis anterior — * Soleus yy s b Figure 6.22 Major superficial Kw re anterior . ctice art labeling tebe the ames — ( MasteringABP’ >Study Area>Chapt }eilin Cranial Frontalis ——————_—— aponeurosis \ a — Temporalis Orbicularis ——— i] | < r Occipitalis oculi Zygomaticus —— A d , Buccinator ————_=——=" . i -— aT i 7 Masseter Orbicularis -~] ors roy _—_- Stemocleidomastoid ’ f 1 . —— Trapezius Platysma Figure 6.16 Superficial muscles of the face and neck. Practice art labeling Pom Xel ll tetetor are lare]12th thoracic vertebra lac crest Psoas major —= Wopsoas | is cus lumbar vertebra Anterior superior Inguinal ligament Vastus lateralis faleralis Quadriceps Vastus medialis oe Patellar ligament (c) Figure 6.20 (continued) (e) Anterior view of pelvic and thigh muscles. (d) Diagram showing the proper site for administration of an injection into the lateral thigh (vastus lateralis muscle)Fibularis longus Gastrocnemius Tibia Soleus Fibularis brevis Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Fibularis tertius Soleus: Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon Lateral Medial malleolus — , malleolusOccipital bone Sternocleidomastoid - i | ui Trapezius —— Spine of scapula , EE | Delloid (cut) i Deltoid \ 5 | i | ‘ ‘ 7m" f \ _— rrisaee Erector spinae prachi i —+* |liocostalis | — Latissimus \ —»* Longissimus dorsi *Spinalis im ru \ y \ ‘ | } \ ;>——— Quadratus Humerus \ lumborum anon » process of (a) ulna (deep (b) {0 tendon) Figure 6.18 Muscles of the posterior neck, trunk, and arm. (a) Superficial muscles, (b) The eractor spinae muscles (longissimus, iliocostalis, and spinalis), deep muscles of the back d @ellieeeenonaDeltoid ————_ I Sternum ———— — 4 Pectoralis. major Biceps -—_— \ j brachii k Gf j ‘ / i Brachialis aa ¢ J Brachio- == | radialis i X (a) (b) Figure 6.17 Muscles of the anterior trunk, shoulder, and arm. (a) Muscles crossing the shoulder joint, causing movements of the arm. The platysma of the neck is removed. (b) Muscles of the abdominal wall. Portions of the superficial muscles of the right side of the abdomen are cut away to reveal the deeper muscles d @ellieeeenona Pectoralis major Rectus abdominis. ‘Transversus abdominis Internal oblique = — External oblique AponeurosisPosterior superior diac spine lliac crest —- Safe area in gluteus medius Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Gluteus maximus Adductor magnus Sciatic nerve lhotibial tract . (b) Biceps femoris Semitendinosus ‘Hamstring group Semimembranosus Gastrocnemius Practice art labeling MasteringABP*>Study Area>Chapter 6 Figure 6.20 Pelvic, hip, and thigh muscles of the right side of the body. {a) Posterior view of hip and thigh muscles. (b) Diagram showing deep structures in into the of the gluteal region and the proper site for admin gluteus medius muscle tering an injectDeltoid muscle Figure 6.19 The fleshy deltoid muscle is a favored site for administering intramuscular injections.(a) A muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces flex! Example: Pectoralis major (anterior view) extension" Example: Latissimus dorsi (posterior view) The latissimus dorsi is the antagonist of the pectoralis major. (c) A muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a Example: Deltoid middle fibers {anterolateral view) Example: Teres major (posterolateral view) The teres major is the antagonist of the deltoid * These generalities da not apply to the knee and ankle because the lower limb is rotated during development. The muscles that cross these joints posteriorly produce flexion, and those that cross anteriorly produce extension. Figure 6.1 4 Muscle action. The action of a muscle can be inferred by waren full 3D animations the muscle’s position as it crosses a joint |. MasteringASP">Study Avea> ASPRI* The other movement that the biceps brachii * muscle (shown in this illustration) can bring about is to move the torso toward the bar when you chin yourself. Would the forearm still be the insertion for that movement? Muscle contracting Origin Brachialis Tendon d@ellieeeenona Insertion Figure 6.12 Muscle attachments (origin and insertion). When a skeletal muscle contracts, its insertion moves toward its origin.Abduction \ Adduction ay Circumduction (d) Abduction, adduction, and circumduction Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion (e) Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion Figure 6.13 (continued) Inversion XN (f) Inversion and eversion Eversion J Pronation (radius rotates over ulna) Supination (radius and ulna are parallel) (g) Supination (S) and pronation (P) Opposition ( (h) OppositionFlexion Hyperextension Extension Flexion Extension (a) Flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the shoulder and knee Hyperextension Extension Rotation Flexion sa, Laterat rotation Medial rotation (b) Flexion, extension, and hyperextension Figure 6.13 Body movements. (c) Rotation