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the Rabbit-Raising p r oblem solve r

[Link]
[Link]

Rabbit
The

Raising
Problem Solver
Your Questions Answered about
Housing, Feeding, Behavior,
Health Care, Breeding, and Kindling

Karen Patry
Illustrations by Elara Tanguy

ß
Storey Publishing
 The mission of Storey Publishing is to serve our customers by
publishing practical information that encourages
[Link]

personal independence in harmony with the environment.

Edited by Lisa H. Hiley and Deborah Burns

Art direction and book design by Jessica Armstrong
Text production by Greta D. Sibley

Cover photo by © Joel Sartore/National Geographic Creative

Illustrations by © Elara Tanguy

Indexed by Christine R. Lindemer, Boston Road Communications

© 2014 by Karen Patry

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced without written per-
mission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or
reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credits; nor may any part of
this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or
by any means — electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other — with-
out written permission from the publisher.
The information in this book is true and complete to the best of our knowl-
edge. All recommendations are made without guarantee on the part of the author
or Storey Publishing. The author and publisher disclaim any liability in connection
with the use of this information.
Storey books are available for special premium and promotional uses and for
customized editions. For further information, please call 1-800-793-9396.

Storey Publishing
210 MASS MoCA Way
North Adams, MA 01247
[Link]
Printed in the United States by Versa Press
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Patry, Karen.
The rabbit-raising problem solver / by Karen Patry.
pages cm
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-61212-142-0 (pbk. : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-1-61212-466-7 (ebook) 1. Rabbits. I. Title.
SF453.P375 2014
636.932'2—dc23
2013044824

Storey Publishing is committed to making environmentally responsible

manufacturing decisions. This book was printed on paper made from
sustainably harvested fiber.
 There are a lot of dedicated rabbit breeders and
[Link]

owners out there: in an average month, over

18,500 people ask questions and find answers on
[Link]. Thank you for that!
This book is the direct result of my sincere desire
to answer all your questions, and I think
I’ve covered the vast majority of them.

Acknowledgments

Writing a book is hard work. A high-quality book produced solely through

the efforts of the author is a book that will be stuck in the editing process for
about 25 years! Since I’d prefer to see this book in print within my lifetime, I
am indebted to the following people:
Shiny Ann owns Shiny Satins Rabbitry. I don’t remember when I discovered
her website, [Link] but I love the scientific nature of
it. She extensively researches various issues before presenting her findings
online. She knows her stuff. When I feared I would not meet writing deadlines,
Shiny did a lot of the tedious work of tracking down the rabbit science for me,
especially regarding diseases.
Pamela Alley, RVT, also knows her stuff and then some, having worked
alongside veterinarians for years. She is the director of the Rabbit Industry
Council, and a moderator on the Showbunnylist and Meatrabbits YahooGroups.
This experienced and respected rabbit breeder, known by millions simply as
PA, liberally shares her expertise in all things rabbits, from pets to meat ani-
mals to show stock, and from the mundane to the highly unusual. So when we
needed someone to read through the manuscript to make sure everything was
accurate, who do you think I recommended? Heck, yes — PA!
Katie Patry, my daughter, happily dropped everything more than once to
help model my rabbits or take reference photos for the illustrations.
To Shiny, Pamela, Katie, and my very gifted editor at Storey, Lisa Hiley:
Thank you very, very much! Your help was invaluable and most appreciated.
[Link]

Contents

Preface 1

Part 1 All About Rabbits: From Wild to Domestic

Chapter 1 The Nature of the Beast

Run, Rabbit, Run 5
Eat, Rabbit, Eat 8
Family and Social Life 11
Basic Bunny Biology 16

Chapter 2 The Rabbit as a Pet

Rabbit Care 101 21
What Kind of Rabbit? 27
Shopping for a Pet Rabbit 34
Bringing Your Bunny Home 39
Thinking Inside the (Litter) Box 47
The Playful Rabbit 50

Chapter 3 The Business of Raising Rabbits

Looking at Meat Breeds 55
Looking at Fiber Breeds 60
Let’s Talk Genetics 65
Managing a Rabbitry 68
[Link]

Part 2 Basic Care of Rabbits: Housing and Feeding

Chapter 4 Housing Rabbits: Inside or Out?

Hutch, Sweet Hutch 80
Climate Control 89
Bedding and Litter Options 94
Cleaning and Disinfecting Hutches 97

Chapter 5 Feeding Rabbits

Digestive Tract Discussed 104
It’s Not All Lettuce and Carrots 106
Hay: Not Just for Horses 113
Picky, Picky 115
Fats, Minerals, and Other Supplements 117
Water, Water, All the Time 124
What Rabbits Shouldn’t Eat 125

Part 3 Making More Rabbits: Breeding and Kindling

Chapter 6 The Mechanics of Mating

Is the Time Right? 131
Introducing the Happy Couple 134
Spotting a Successful Mating 138
Trouble in Paradise 141
Back-to-Back (to Back) Litters 145
 Chapter 7 The Pregnant Rabbit
[Link]

Is My Rabbit Pregnant? 151

Care and Feeding of the Pregnant Doe 157
My Doe Is Growling at Me! 159
Preparing for the Big Day 161
Day 28: Time for the Nest Box 163

Chapter 8 Kindling and Newborn Kit Care

What’s Normal? 170
Leave Mother Nature Alone 172
Pregnancy Problems and Kindling Glitches 176
Runts and Peanuts 182
Checking the Nest Box 185

Chapter 9 Managing the Nursery

Not Peter Rabbit’s Mother 190
Is She Feeding Them Enough? 193
Nest Box Escapees and Dead Kits 199
Orphan Kits and Foster Does 200
Stages of Kit Development 208
Weaning the Kits 212

Part 4 In Sickness and in Health: Illness and Injury

Respiratory Diseases 221
Enteric Complexes (Intestinal Illnesses) 240
Parasites 259
Ailments and Injuries 271
Less Common Health Issues 297

Resources 302
Index 307
[Link]

Preface

So you just got yourself a rabbit (or five!), and suddenly

have tons of questions: Will lettuce kill my bunny? Can I
keep two rabbits in one cage so they can play together? How
can I cure my rabbit’s stuffy nose? As a longtime breeder
of Rex rabbits and the owner and webmaster of Raising-
[Link], I think I’ve heard, and personally answered,
nearly every question about rabbits there could be.
This book contains answers for most important is to understand
owners and raisers of all types the needs of the animals and to
of rabbits. Meat or fiber rabbits establish a system of rabbit care
need the same basic care as fam- that best suits your particular
ily pets, because a rabbit is a rab- rabbitry or personal schedule.
bit no matter what its purpose. If the care you give your rabbits
There are many ways to results in healthy, happy ani-
carry out your rabbit husband- mals, then all is well.
ry chores, and none of them are Back in the day, when unpre-
necessarily more correct than paredness might have been
another — just different. What is equated with airheadedness or
 foolishness, but never mistak- apartment dwellers and subur-
2
en for cruelty, I made a few ill- banites, but rabbits are primar-
[Link]

informed choices. For example, ily a livestock animal, having

I had no cages prepared for my provided meat, pelts, and wool
first rabbits, which I impulsively for thousands of years. France
i n t r o d u c t i o n

acquired at age 15. I housed the and China supply much of the
rabbits in my enormous play- world’s angora fiber, and rabbit
house while I broke out my dad’s is a main source of nutrition in
tools and built proper hutches. many European countries. Rural
My fascination and intrigue with families in developing countries
these rabbits grew with every are discovering that rabbits can
strike of the hammer. supply a source of income along
Unbeknownst to me, Peter with essential nutrition.
Cottontail and Mopsy came of In the United States, the loca-
age in the time that it took me vore movement, combined with
to build the hutches. (I did notice a shaky economy and a desire to
that young Peter was engaging in know where one’s meat comes
shame­less behavior right in front from, is spawning a rising tide of
of me. I sure could have used this micro-homesteaders and surviv-
book!) Suddenly I had a new lit- alists who choose to raise their
ter of cross-bred bunnies. I was own meat. Rabbits are a logical
so happy! I made flyers and even- choice as they are easy to keep
tually sold or gave away the kits in smaller spaces.
as pets. That impulsive foray into Whether you are new to the
rabbits quickly gelled into a pas- wonderful world of rabbits or an
sion and led to many years of experienced owner and breeder,
raising and showing rabbits. I hope you will learn from this
This is a timely book, as rabbit book and join in the conversa-
raising is on a global upswing. tion at [Link].
Rabbits are popular as pets with
 1
[Link]

All About Rabbits

From Wild to Domestic
 Chapter One
[Link]

The Nature
of the Beast

All animal species have an instinct for self-preservation,

even those that have been domesticated for thousands of
years. You can see that instinct in the behavior of prey
animals such as rabbits, as well as in the behavior of the
predators that chase them.
Predators are generally carnivo- ing the place you will be raising
rous — their bodies are designed them, whether a house, a barn,
primarily to digest protein. No or some other structure), even
prey, no eat; it’s as simple as that. hand-reared rabbits that are used
So predators spend countless to humans will bring all their
hours hunting and stalking like- ancient survival instincts with
ly meals. When they attack, they them. Fearful and timid, they are
claw and bite to prevent the prey alarmed at loud noises and star-
from escaping, which happens tled by quick moves.
more often than not. But after a few days or weeks,
Rabbits, however, are prey as they become familiar with
animals. They are surrounded their new environment, they
by their food, delicious greenery, start to welcome your face and
but their lives are hardly a walk gentle tone of voice. The family
in the park. Rabbits must skulk dog or cat might actually become
secretively, tiptoe quietly, hide a buddy. However, even though
constantly. So what are rabbits they learn to relax in their home,
thinking? rabbits never lose the underlying
When you first bring rab- caution that is inherent to their
bits into your rabbitry (mean- species.
 Run, Rabbit, Run 5
[Link]

Q Why do rabbits thump their back feet?

A

Chapter One |
A male rabbit (buck) frequently thumps after it has mated with
a female (doe), most likely to signal dominance to other bucks.
Both bucks and does thump warnings to nearby rabbits if they sense
danger is afoot or on the wing.

Q Why do rabbits have such enormous ears?

The Nature of the Beast

A Rabbits’ jumbo-sized ears serve at least two purposes. First,
they function as air conditioners, helping the rabbit maintain
its normal body temperature. Rabbits easily overheat as they cannot
sweat. The ears contain large blood vessels very close to the surface
of the skin. As the rabbit’s temperature rises, excess body heat dis-
sipates from those veins, cooling the rabbit.
Secondly, those big ears act like satellite dishes, swiveling every
which way to intercept all the sounds around the rabbit. It’s only
fair that the world’s consummate prey animal not be left completely
defenseless against predators. While a rabbit has very little means
of protecting itself, its keen hearing at least allows a head start on
approaching predators.

Q Do rabbits’ noses get tired from wiggling all the time?

A Those noses are rather busy, aren’t they? The nostrils lift and
flare every time an alert rabbit takes a breath. This motion
appears to improve the animal’s ability to analyze the smells in the
air. During active times, typically several hours around dawn and
again at dusk, rabbit noses pull in large amounts of oxygen and sam-
ple air currents for danger.
Rabbits do let their noses rest while they nap, nibble, and generally
relax, which is actually quite a bit — about 16 hours per day, whether
rabbits are in the wild or in a cage.

Q Why do rabbits dig burrows?

A European wild rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, live in large
underground burrows called warrens. All domestic rabbits,
also classified as Oryctolagus cuniculus, are descended from these
wild rabbits, so burrowing behavior is encoded in their DNA. With
(continued)
 domestic rabbits, females are more likely to dig burrows than are
6
males. In contrast, eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus)
[Link]

and other species of wild rabbits found in North America do not bur-
row at all. Instead, they scrape indentations in the ground in areas
with tall grass; these shelters are called forms.
From Wild to Domestic

Q Why is my rabbit digging in her cage?

A Digging burrows is instinctual, so whether pregnant or not,
your rabbit is simply showing normal rabbit behavior. But if
you bred the doe recently, then persistent digging, especially in the
corners of the cage, could be a convincing sign of a successful preg-
All About Rabbits |

nancy. If you didn’t breed her, it might be a tip-off that she had acci-
dental contact with a buck within the last couple weeks.
Digging in cage corners can also be a sign of a false pregnancy (see
Fooled You! False Pregnancies, page 155).

Q After digging a hole, why do rabbits cover it up again?

A To hide the burrow entrance from predators. Plus, if there are
babies in that hole, it helps to keep the kits from wandering
away. Does do this even when the burrow is part of a maze of colony
tunnels serving as living space for the family group of rabbits.
Occasionally, domestic does will successfully cover a nest. This
reflects good maternal instincts, not an attempt to smother the kits.
One of my does once delivered her kits on time and then constructed

Rabbits Thinking Rabbit y Thoughts

== Getting dark outside, time for breakfast!
== Better keep an eye on the family dog; it might eat me.
== Getting light outside, time to hit the hay.
== Must! Chew! Something! How ’bout this cage wire?
How ’bout my hutch? How ’bout that electrical cord —
it looks like a juicy piece of straw.
== Grrr . . . stay away! I’m pregnant and I don’t want to be
messed with.
 such a complete cover to her burrow entrance — within the nest box
7
— that she managed to fool me for more than 12 hours. The fur-
[Link]

lined nest containing the kits was completely covered by a mesh of

entwined straw and hay pieces. It was a thing of beauty!

Chapter One |
Q What’s the difference between a rabbit and a hare?
A The difference is not always in the name: there is a domes-
tic breed called the Belgian Hare and a species of hare known
as the jackrabbit! While all rabbits and hares belong to the fam-

The Nature of the Beast

ily Leporidae, they are divided into different genuses and species.
Whatever their size, all domestic rabbits are the same species as the
European wild rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus, though they are some-
times designated Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus.
Cottontails are the wild rabbits of the New World. They belong to
the genus Sylvilagus, of which there are 16 species.
All hares are in the genus Lepus. Notable species are the antelope
jackrabbits of the American west (Lepus alleni), which have gigan-
tic ears and hind feet; the black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus),
which can grow to 2 feet in length; and snowshoe hares (Lepus arc-
tica), which live in arctic regions. Also called arctic hares, the snow-
shoe hares molt into snow-white coats for the long winter season and
then molt into brown coats for the brief spring and summer seasons.
Hares tend to be larger than rabbits, with longer ears and legs.
One of the main differences between the two is that rabbits are born
blind and hairless, whereas hares are precocial, meaning the babies
are born fully furred and can see and run shortly after birth.

Q Which predators eat rabbits?

A Rabbits exist on every continent except Antarctica, and their
major function in every ecosystem is to reproduce in order to
feed the many predator species around the globe.
Almost any predator will eat a rabbit if it can catch one. Wolves,
foxes, coyotes, eagles, hawks, owls, lynx, bobcats, lions, cheetahs,
leopards, domestic cats and dogs, weasels, stoats, and ferrets are
among the many predators that hunt and eat rabbits.

Q What are the rabbit’s methods of survival?

A Running, dodging, and hiding are important survival mecha-
nisms for both wild and domestic rabbits. To protect their
 young, rabbits will stay away from a nest full of babies. They also
8
have those long ears (the better to hear you with, my dear) and eyes
[Link]

situated on opposite sides of the head for a wide field of vision. (This
is as opposed to having eyes in front of the face, like a human’s, which
is your clue that you are a predator and the rabbit is not.) Caution is
From Wild to Domestic

built into rabbits’ genetic code; they will run or hide in a heartbeat if
they feel threatened by a loud noise or sudden movement.

Q Have rabbits ever been considered a threatened or

endangered species?

A Certainly not in Australia or New Zealand, where government

All About Rabbits |

officials are racking their brains to find a way to kill off hun-
dreds of millions of feral rabbits, the offspring of domestic rabbits
that were released into the wild 150 years ago. Settlers introduced
rabbits as a hardy, renewable food source, but the rabbits did not
encounter enough natural predators to keep the population growth in
check. Rabbit populations in both countries are raging out of control
despite years of trapping, poisoning, diseases, and bounties.
The ecosystems in these two nations have been seriously affected
by heavy overgrazing by these rabbits, leading to soil erosion and
extensive loss of forage and water for sheep and cattle that cost the
agriculture industry hundreds of millions of dollars per year. Around
the world, feral rabbits are blamed for singlehandedly causing exten-
sive species loss of both plants and animals throughout the reaches
of their colonization.
In North America, hare and cottontail populations generally
seem to be in balance with predator populations, although the tiny
Columbia Basin Pygmy rabbit, found in Oregon, Washington, and
Idaho, is endangered, as is the volcano rabbit of Mexico.

Eat, Rabbit, Eat

Q What do rabbits eat?
A As herbivores, rabbits eat nothing but plant matter. The cel-
lulose in the cell walls of plants is a highly complex molecule
which the rabbit cannot digest. Herbivores, however, enjoy a symbi-
otic, or mutually beneficial, relationship with a veritable army of bil-
lions of cecal bacteria that break down the cellulose molecules into
bite-size carbohydrates. Some of that carbohydrate feeds the rabbit,
but it also feeds the bacteria.
 Q Why do rabbits need fiber? 9

A
[Link]

Fiber is critical to a rabbit’s health and survival. It keeps the

rabbit’s intestinal bacterial population balanced and healthy.
Even with the help of bacteria, much of the fiber in a rabbit’s diet

Chapter One |
remains undigested, an indication of just how important fiber is to
rabbit health. As a point of comparison, cows, with their four stom-
achs, digest 44 percent of the cellulose they ingest, while rabbits
digest a mere 14 percent.
Rather than solely providing nutrition, fiber contributes to the nor-
mal action and function of the intestines. Undigested fiber provides

The Nature of the Beast

the bulk of the digesta that keeps the intestinal tract trucking along.
Sufficient fiber helps increase intestinal transit times and eliminate
blockages; it also reduces or controls the rate at which the fiber is bro-
ken into simple carb pieces (due to speed of transit), which is essential
for keeping in check the populations of dangerous bacteria.
A good pelleted feed has enough fiber so that you probably don’t
need to offer supplemental hay, though rabbits do enjoy the extra nib-
bling. Note that the pelleted fiber needs to be long and fibrous rather
than ground nearly to a powder. This is because fine pieces of fiber
act less like fiber and more like sugar. In the cecum, muscle action
segregates the larger pieces of fiber, which get excreted in the round
fecal pellets. But the very fine fiber pieces remain in the cecum, where
bacterial action can quickly reduce the fiber powder into sugars.
Fiber helps keep disease bacteria populations low. An abundance
of simple sugars — either low complex fiber or too much powdery
fiber ­— is exactly what the germs love. Their populations can sud-
denly proliferate, flooding the bloodstream with toxins. The result is
enterotoxemia (severe diarrhea) ending in death unless the rabbit dies
rapidly of septic shock before diarrhea can occur. (See also Digestive
Tract Discussed, page 104.)

Wet pellets Dry fines

To test your rabbit’s commercial pellets for adequate fiber, wet a few pellets and
mash them with your finger: you should be able to clearly distinguish fibers of varying
lengths within the mush. Take a look at the fine fibers (fines) that fall out of the feeder:
besides dust, you should be able to easily distinguish several lengths of fibrous pieces.
 10 Q When my rabbit sleeps, her stomach moves strangely.
What’s going on?
[Link]

A You’re seeing the rhythmic rolling motions of the intestinal

tract as the muscles lining the intestines contract and relax
in order to move masses of nutrients and liquid toward their desti-
From Wild to Domestic

nation. This is normal unless your rabbit is acting oddly or seems

uncomfortable.

Q Why do rabbits chew on wood?

A Rabbit teeth grow throughout the animal’s life, so rabbits are
hardwired to chew in order to keep their teeth worn down to
All About Rabbits |

correct lengths. The chewing motion grinds the teeth against one
another, creating normal wear patterns that keep the teeth working
effectively. Rabbits nibble on grass, bushes, twigs, and branches in
summer, and on tree bark in winter. Bring them inside, and they will
chew on baseboards, furniture legs, potted plants, and carpets. They
may electrocute themselves when they start in on those delectable-
looking electrical cords. Extensive rabbit-proofing must take place
before rabbits can live indoors!
Rabbits in hutches may destroy their surroundings in their need to
chew, so it’s important to provide branches or nontoxic scrap wood
as an alternative.

Q Do rabbits store food in their mouths?

A Unlike hamsters and chipmunks, rabbits do not carry food

around in their mouths or cache it for later consumption.
Instead, they chew well and swallow their food right where they are.
Wild rabbits don’t store food; rather than hibernating, they must eat
all winter long.
 Q How many teeth does a rabbit have? 11

A
[Link]

Rabbits are born with 16 baby teeth, which fall out within days
of birth. These are replaced by 28 permanent teeth, some of
them almost immediately and the remainder by around 4 weeks of

Chapter One |
age. The permanent teeth include the front incisors, the peg teeth
(two small peg-shaped teeth located directly
behind the front incisors that keep the lower
incisor tips sharpened into wedges), and the
cheek teeth in the back of the jaw.
All 28 teeth grow continually throughout

The Nature of the Beast

the life of the rabbit at a rate of 1 to 5 mm per
week. The constant chewing and grinding
of fibrous plant material and the gnawing
of branches or wood serve to keep all these
teeth worn smoothly to correct lengths.
Rabbit teeth

Family and Social Life

Q Are female rabbits attentive mothers?
A If by attentive you mean hanging out with the babies all the time,
then no, rabbits are not attentive mothers. In the wild, the doe
leaves her babies well secured in a burrow with the opening closed
off by dirt and bedding. She doesn’t continually check up on the kits
because she knows they are safe in the burrow. When her teats fill
with milk or night falls, she knows to feed the babies. Like their wild
cousins, domestic does typically enter the nest every 12 to 24 hours
and only long enough to feed the kits, approximately 5 to 10 minutes.
That’s not attentive by our standards, but it is normal maternal behav-
ior for rabbits that are trying to ensure their offspring survive until they
can fend for themselves. (See Not Peter Rabbit’s Mother, page 190.)

Q How do rabbits say hello?

A Rabbits greet each other by touching noses and sniffing, but
there is so much more to rabbit communications than saying
howdy. Along with encountering each other, rabbits also test or rein-
force the dominance waters if they think they need to. Their vocal
repertoire is limited, so they communicate more through body lan-
guage than with sounds. (See What Is That Rabbit Saying?, page 12.)
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