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✅ Distributed and Cloud Computing Systems
Built over many autonomous computer nodes.
Interconnected by SANs, LANs, or WANs.
LAN switches: Connect hundreds of machines as a cluster.
WAN: Connects local clusters into a large cluster of clusters.
✅ Classification of Distributed Computing
Clusters of Cooperative Computers
Peer-to-Peer Networks
Grid Computing
Cloud Computing over the Internet
✅ Clusters of Cooperative Computers
Group of servers to provide the same service.
Interconnected standalone computers act as a single resource.
Good for heavy workloads with large datasets.
✅ Cluster Architecture
Built on low-latency, high-bandwidth interconnection (e.g., SAN, LAN).
Hierarchical construction using SAN/LAN/WAN.
VPN gateway connects the cluster to the Internet.
Each node has its own OS → multiple system images.
✅ Single-System Image (SSI)
Merges multiple system images into one.
Middleware or OS supports SSI.
SSI shares CPUs, memory, I/O across nodes.
Appears as one system to the user.
✅ Advantages of Cluster Computing
1. High performance
2. Easy to manage
3. Scalable
4. Expandable
5. Available
6. Flexible
7. Cost-effective
8. Supports distributed apps
✅ Disadvantages of Cluster Computing
1. High cost
2. Fault finding is hard
3. Needs more space
4. Needs strong infrastructure
5. Security is challenging
✅ Grid Computing
Subset of distributed computing.
Connects different systems across domains with varying OS/hardware.
Control node helps them communicate.
✅ Grid Computing Infrastructure
Includes computers, middleware, instruments, people, sensors.
Built over LAN, WAN, or Internet at global level.
Uses servers, clusters, supercomputers.
PCs/laptops/PDAs as access devices.
Developed by IBM, Microsoft, etc.
✅ Advantages of Grid Computing
1. Solves complex problems faster
2. Full use of hardware
3. Easier collaboration
✅ Disadvantages of Grid Computing
1. Needs fast connections
2. Software licensing may be costly
✅ Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Networks
Computers share files directly without a central server.
Client-oriented, distributed model.
Implemented at physical and logical (overlay) levels.
✅ Physical Network
Peers form ad hoc networks using Internet protocols.
✅ Overlay Network
Logical mapping of peers via peer IDs.
Peer joins/leave updates the overlay.
Types: structured and unstructured
✅ Cloud Computing over the Internet
Pool of virtualized computer resources.
Handles both batch and user-facing workloads.
Allows fast scaling with virtual/physical machines.
Supports redundancy and recovery.
Monitors resources in real time for balancing.
✅ a. Internet Clouds
Virtualized platform with elastic resources.
Moves desktop computing to service-oriented platforms.
Low-cost, simple for users and providers.
Uses server clusters and large databases.
Supports many user applications.
✅ b. The Cloud Landscape
Must be secure, trustworthy, dependable.
Some see cloud as centralized resource; others as distributed clusters.
Traditional distributed systems are on-premises and autonomous.
Cloud offers on-demand solutions to avoid these limitations.
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