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M. Serra, J. Vétel and G. Haller: Supplementary Movies

The document discusses a kinematic theory applied to compressible flow, identifying a spiking point that connects a material spike to the boundary, which differs from the classic Prandtl separation point. It highlights that this phenomenon occurs in both steady and unsteady flows, emphasizing the universal nature of material spike formation. Additionally, the theory offers insights into the transition from on-wall to off-wall separation and provides a framework for monitoring and controlling separation in various flow conditions.

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25 views1 page

M. Serra, J. Vétel and G. Haller: Supplementary Movies

The document discusses a kinematic theory applied to compressible flow, identifying a spiking point that connects a material spike to the boundary, which differs from the classic Prandtl separation point. It highlights that this phenomenon occurs in both steady and unsteady flows, emphasizing the universal nature of material spike formation. Additionally, the theory offers insights into the transition from on-wall to off-wall separation and provides a framework for monitoring and controlling separation in various flow conditions.

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asdafg_fewerwr
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76 M. Serra, J. Vétel and G.

Haller
is advected under a general compressible flow. Our purely kinematic theory can be
applied to arbitrary numerical, experimental or model velocity fields.
We have also identified a previously undetected spiking point where the backbone of
a material spike connects to the boundary. We have shown that this spiking point can
be computed from averaged wall-based quantities. Remarkably, even in steady flows,
the spiking point differs from the classic Prandtl separation point. Although in the
aerodynamic community the spike formation has generally been associated exclusively
with unsteady separation (Van Dommelen 1981; Van Dommelen & Shen 1982), here
we have shown that the same phenomenon exists also in steady flows. This underlines
the fact that material spike formation is a universal phenomenon that is unrelated to
the time dependence of the flow and to the presence of singularities in the flow.
Similarly to the asymptotic Lagrangian definition of the separation point (Haller
2004), the spiking point identified here is constant in steady flows and in time-periodic
flows analysed over a time interval that is a multiple of their period, while it moves
in general unsteady flows. Our backbone of separation, instead, evolves materially
under all flow conditions, serving as the core of the separating spike. Our theory
is effective also over short time intervals and admits a rigorous instantaneous limit.
These properties, inaccessible to existing criteria, make the present approach promising
for monitoring and controlling separation.
We have also illustrated how our curvature-based approach explains the perception
of off-wall separation in unsteady flows, and provided conditions under which such
a perception is justified. Specifically, we have found that for a relatively short time
interval T, the backbone of separation consists of a single connected component
joining the off-wall portion of the material spike to the spiking point. For longer
T, instead, the backbone bifurcates into two disconnected components: one passing
through the off-wall region characterized by the highest curvature change and the
other one connected to the wall at the new spiking point location. This suggests
that for longer T, the Lagrangian spike is driven by off-wall dynamics, losing its
connection with its original on-wall signature. This analysis offers a way to identify
the limiting T at which transition from on-wall to off-wall separation occurs.

Supplementary movies
https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.206 Published online by Cambridge University Press

Supplementary movies are available at https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.206.

Appendix A. Proof of Theorem 1


Here we derive a formula for the time evolution of curvature and curvature
rate along a material curve γ advected under the flow map F tt0 . We denote the
parametrization of γ at the initial time by r(s), s ∈ [s1 , s2 ], and its local tangent
vector by r 0 (s) := dr/ds.

A.1. Curvature along a material curve


Substituting (3.1) and (3.3) into (3.4), we obtain the following expression for the
curvature of γ advected by the flow F tt0 :

hr̃ 00 (s), R ∇ F tt0 (r(s))r 0 (s)i


κtt0 (s) = . (A 1)
hr 0 (s), C tt0 (r(s))r 0 (s)i

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