A STUDY ON FUZZY B-ALGEBRA

Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for

the award of the Degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MATHEMATICS

(Under Choice Based Credit System) to the
Periyar University
Periyar Palkalai Nagar,
Salem - 636 011.
By
Ms. S. AARTHI
(Reg No: C23PG117MAT001)
Under the Guidance of
Dr. S. REVATHY, [Link]., [Link]., Ph.D.,
Assistant Professor in Mathematics

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
TRINITY COLLEGE FOR WOMEN
(ARTS AND SCIENCE)
NAMAKKAL - 637 002
APRIL - 2025
CERTIFICATE
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “A STUDY ON
FUZZY B-ALGEBRA” submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirement of the award of the degree of Master of Science in
MATHEMATICS (Under Choice Based Credit System) to the
Periyar University, Salem is a record of Bonafide research work
carried out by Ms. S. AARTHI under my supervision and
guidance and that no part of the project has been submitted for the
award of any degree, Diploma, fellowship or other similar titles or
prizes and that the work has not been published in part or full in
any scientific or popular journals or magazines.

Date:

Place: NAMAKKAL

Signature of the Guide

Signature of the Head of the Department

Viva-Voce Examination held on ……………………………

Internal Examiner External Examiner

DECLARATION
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project entitled as “A STUDY ON
FUZZY B-ALGEBRA” Submitted to PERIYAR UNIVERSITY,
in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree
of Master of Science in MATHEMATICS (Under Choice Based
Credit System) is a record of original research done by me under
the supervision and guidance of Dr. S. REVATHY, [Link]., [Link].,
Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Trinity
college for Women (Arts and Science), Namakkal and this
dissertation has not formed the basis for the award of any Degree /
Diploma / Associate ship / Fellowship of other similar titles to any
candidate of any University.

Date:

Place:

Signature of the Candidate

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I wish to extend my heart-felt gratitude and
respectful regards to the CHAIRMAN, the SECRETARY, the
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR and the other Management Members of
Trinity College for Women, Namakkal with their blessings and holy
spirits, I was able to conclude my projects in time in good shape.

I have a great pleasure in expressing my sincere thanks to our

beloved principal, Dr. M.R. LAKSHIMINARAYANAN, [Link].,
M.B.A., [Link]., Ph.D., PGDCA., Trinity College for Women,
Namakkal for his inspiration to carry out my project successfully.

I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. B. LENA, [Link].,

[Link]., M.B.A., PGDCA., [Link]., Ph.D., Assistant Professor and
Head of the Department of Mathematics, Trinity College for Women,
Namakkal.

I am indebted to my guide Dr. S. REVATHY, [Link]., [Link].,

Ph.D., for her benevolent guidance, unfailing encouragement and
entire help and critical reading of the manuscript which helped the
compaction of her project in a better way.

I convey my sincere thanks to OTHER STAFF MEMBERS and

MY FAMILY MEMBERS, FRIENDS who helped me for the
successful completion of my project work.

Above all I thank God, the ALMIGHTY, who has a great

inspiration throughout my endeavour to complete this work of mine
successfully.

S. AARTHI
CONTENT
 CONTENT

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

INTRODUCTION 1

I PRELIMINARIES 2

II DOT SUB ALGEBRA 7

NORMAL B -
III 21
ALGERBA

CHARACTERIZATION
IV 28
OF FUZZY

CONCLUSION 39

REFERENCES 40
INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION
Fuzzy algebra is a branch of algebra that deals with the
study of fuzzy sets and their operations, which extend classical
algebraic structures to accommodate uncertainty and imprecision.
It is a mathematical framework that generalizes traditional
algebraic concepts by incorporating fuzziness, a concept that arises
when the boundaries of sets are not clear-cut but rather represent
gradations of membership.

Fuzzy algebra is an extension of the study of fuzzy ideal

in which every set of functions is associated with a unique number.
This correspondence is called is called B-algebras. The value of
any functional can be determined only by considering all
possible behaviours of the sub algebras.

In this project our main study is about dot algebras

between B- algebras and their various properties. we shall also
discuss briefly a class of fuzzy sub algebras which are related to
several classes of algebras.

This project divided into four chapters.

• Chapter-I Deals with basic definitions and its examples.

• Chapter-II Dot Sub algebras and bits related theorems

• Chapter-III Normal B-algebras and its related theorems.

• Chapter-IV Characterization of Fuzzy and its related theorems.

1
CHAPTER -I
 CHAPTER-I

PRELIMINARIES

Definition: 1.1

A B-algebra is a non-empty set X with a constant 0

and binary “∗”satisfying the following axioms.

1. x ∗ x = 0
2. x ∗ 0 = x
3. (x ∗ y) ∗ z = x ∗ z ∗ (0 ∗ y) for all x,y,z in X.

Definition:1.2

Let X be a non-empty set. A function A: X → [0,1] is called

a Fuzzy set on X

Definition:1.3

A fuzzy set μ in X is called a fuzzy B-algebra if it

satisfies the Inequality.

μ(x ∗ y) ≥ min{μ(x), μ(y)} for all x,y,z in X.

Definition:1.4

A non-empty subset N of a B-algebra X is called a

B-sub algebra of X. if x∗y ∈ N for any x,y ∈ N.

Definition:1.5

A non-empty subset N of a B-sub algebra X is called a

Normal of X. If it is B-algebra of X if it is both a B-sub algebra
and normal.

2
Definition: 1.6

Let X be a non-empty set. A fuzzy set A in X is

characterized by its Membership function μA : x → [0,1] and
μA (x) is interrupted as the degree of membership of element x in
fuzzy set A for each x ∈ X.

Definition:1.7

Let s be any non-empty set. A mapping μ: s→ [0,1] is

called a Fuzzy subset of S.

Definition:1.8

The empty fuzzy subset of x is defined as the fuzzy

subset v of X such that

v(x) = 0, for each x ∈ X.

Definition:1.9

The largest fuzzy set in X is called Universal fuzzy set

in x, denoted by Ix is defined by,

Ix (t) = 1 ∀ t ∈ X.

Definition:1.10

A Fuzzy interval is an uncertain set A ⊆ R with a mean

interval whose elements poset (partially ordered set) the member
function value,

μA (x) = 1.

3
Definition: 1.11

A mapping f: x → y of B-algebra is called a

Homomorphism if f(x ∗ y) = f(y) ∗ f(x) for all x,y ∈ X.

Definition:1.12

Let X be the collection of objects denoted generally by

x. Then a fuzzy set A in x is defined by, A = {< x, μA (x) >: x ∈
X}, where μA (x) is called the Membership value of x in X and
0 ≤ μA (x) ≤ 1.

Definition:1.13

Let X be a group and G be a fuzzy set in x with

membership function G, then G is fuzzy group in X if and only if
the following conditions are satisfied.

1. μG (xy) ≥ min{μG (x), μG(y)} ∀ x,y ∈ X.

2. μG (x −1 ) ≥ μG (x) ∀ x ∈ X.

Definition:1.14

Let G be a group and μ be a fuzzy subgroup of G.

if ∀ x,y ∈ G

1.μ(x,y) ≥ min{μ(x), μ(y)}

2.μ(x −1 ) = μ(x).

4
Definition:1.15

The Fuzzy union of A and B is defined by

(A∪B) (t) = max {A(t), B(t)}

(A∪B) (t) = A(t)∪B(t) ∀ t ∈ X

Definition:1.16

The Fuzzy intersection of A and B is defined by

(A∩B) (t) = min{A(t), B(t)}

(A∩B) (t) = A(t)∩B(t) ∀ t ∈ X

Definition:1.17

A fuzzy subgroup A of G is said to be Normal fuzzy

subgroup, if it is satisfies one of the equivalent conditions.

1. A(xyx −1 ) ≥ A(y)
2. A(xyx −1 ) = A(y)
3. A(xy) = A(yx)
4. xA = Ax
5. xAx −1 = A

Definition:1.18

A fuzzy set A of the universe of discourse X is called

Normal fuzzy set implying That there exists atleast one x ∈ X

such that

μA (x) = 1.

5
Definition: 1.19

A fuzzy subgroup μ of a group G is called a Fuzzy

normal. If it fulfills the following condition.

µ(xy) = µ(yx) ∀ x,y ∈ G.

Definition:1.20

A non-empty subset N of a B-algebra X is said to be

Normal if (x ∗ a) ∗ (y ∗ b) ∈ N, whenever x∗y ∈ N and a∗b ∈ N.

Definition: 1.21

A fuzzy set μ in X is called a Fuzzy normal B-algebra

if it is a fuzzy B-algebra which is fuzzy normal.

Definition:1.22

Let A be a fuzzy set in a B -algebra X. Then A is called a

Fuzzy dot ideal of X if it satisfies

1. μA (0) ≥ μA (x)

2. μA (x) ≥ μA (x ∗ y). μA (y) for all x,y ∈ X.

6
CHAPTER -II
 CHAPTER-II
DOT SUBALGEBRA
In this chapter we discuss the basic definitions of dot
sub algebra and Some theorem.

Definition:2.1

Let A be a fuzzy set in a B-algebra X. Then A is called

a Fuzzy dot sub algebra of X if for all x,y ∈ X,

μ(x∗y) ≥ μ(x). μ(y) Where “.” denotes ordinary multiplication.

Definition:2.2

A non-empty subset S of a B-algebra X is called a

Sub algebra of X. if x∗y ∈ S for any x,y ∈ S.

Definition:2.3

A fuzzy set A in X is called a Fuzzy sub algebra if it

satisfies the inequality,

μA (x ∗ у) ≥ min{μA (x), μA (y)} for all x,y ∈ X.

Definition:2.4

A fuzzy set A in X is called a Fuzzy ideal of X if it

satisfies the inequality,

1. μA (0) ≥ μA (x)

2. μA (x) ≥ min{μA (x∗y), μA (y)} all x,y ∈ X.

7
Definition:2.5

Let A be a fuzzy set in a B-algebra X. Then A is called

a Fuzzy normal dot sub algebra of X. if

μA ((x∗a) ∗ (y∗b)) ≥ μA (x∗y). μA (a∗b) for all x,y ∈ X.

Definition:2.6

A fuzzy set A in X is called a Fuzzy normal dot

B-algebra if it is a fuzzy dot B-algebra which is fuzzy normal.

Theorem:2.7

Every fuzzy dot sub algebra A of X satisfies the inequality

μA (0) ≥ (μA (x))2 for all x ∈ X.

Proof:

For all x,y ∈ X

we have x ∗ x = 0

μA (0) = μA (x ∗ x)

≥ μA (x). μA (x)

≥ (μA (x))2

∴ μA (0) ≥ (μA (x))2

Hence the proof.

8
Theorem:2.8

Let A be a fuzzy dot sub algebra of X. If there exists a

sequence {xn} in X such that

lim (μA (xn))2 = 1, Then μA (0) = 1.

n→∞

Proof:

We know that

μA (0) ≥ (μA (x))2 for all x ∈ X

μA (0) ≥ (μA ((xn ))2 for every positive integer n.

Consider,

1 ≥ μA (0) ≥ lim (μA (x))2

n→∞

lim (μA (x))2 =1

n→∞

∴ μA (0) =1

Hence the proof.

Theorem:2.9

Let A1 and A2 any two fuzzy dot sub algebra of

X. Then A1∩A2 is a fuzzy dot sub algebra of X.

Proof:

Let x,y ∈ A1∩A2 then

x,y ∈ A1 and x,y ∈ A2

μA1∩A2 (x ∗ y) = min{μA1 (x ∗ y), μA2 (x ∗ y)

9
 ≥ min{μA1 (x). μA1 (y), μA2 (x). μA2 (y)}

= (min{μA1 (x),μA2 (x)}). (min{μA1 (y),μA2 (y)})

= μA1∩A2 (x). μA1∩A2 (y)
∴ μA1∩A2 (x∗y) = μA1∩A2 (x). μA1∩A2 (y).
Hence,
A1∩A2 is a fuzzy dot sub algebra of X.
Hence the proof.

Theorem:2.10

Let {Ai/i = 1,2,...,n} be a family of fuzzy dot sub

algebra of X. Then ∩ Ai is also a fuzzy dot sub algebra of
X, where ∩ Ai = min μAi (x).

Proof:

Let x,y ∈ A1∩A2∩...∩An

Now,

μA1 (x∗y) = min{μA1 (x∗y), μA2 (x∗y),..., μAn (x∗y)}

≥ min{μA1 (x). μA1 (y), μA2 (x). μA2 (y),..., μAn (x). μAn (y)}

= (min{μA1 (x), μA2 (x),..., μAn (x)}).(min{μA1 (y), μA2 (y),...,μAn (y)}

μ𝐀𝟏 ∩𝐀𝟐 ∩….∩𝐀𝐧 (x∗y)= μ𝐀𝟏 ∩𝐀𝟐∩….∩𝐀𝐧 (x). μ𝐀𝟏 ∩𝐀𝟐 ∩….∩𝐀𝐧 (y)

∴A1∩A2∩…∩An is also a fuzzy dot sub algebra of X.

Hence the proof.

10
Theorem:2.11

Every fuzzy normal dot sub algebra is a fuzzy dot sub

algebra.

Proof:

Let A be a fuzzy normal dot sub algebra and x,y ∈ X.

Then,

μA(x∗y) = μA((x ∗ y) ∗ (0∗ 0))

≥ μA(x ∗ 0). μA(у ∗ 0)

= μA(x). μA(y)

∴ μA(x∗y) = μA(x). μA(y)

Consequently,

A be fuzzy dot sub algebra.

Hence the proof.

Theorem:2.12

If a fuzzy set A in X is a fuzzy normal dot B-algebra

with μA(0) = 1. Then,

μA(x∗y) = μA(у∗x) for all x,y ∈ X.

Proof:

Let x,y ∈ X.

By the definition of B-algebra,

11
 μA(x∗y) = μA((x∗y) ∗ (x∗x))

≥ μA(x∗у). μA(y∗x))

= μA(0). μA(у∗x)

= μA(y∗x)

∴μA(x*у) = μA(у∗x).

Hence the proof.

Theorem:2.13

Let A1 and A2 be two fuzzy normal dot sub algebras of X.

then A1∩A2 is a fuzzy normal dot sub algebra of X.

Proof:

Let x,y ∈ A1∩A2.

Now,

μA1∩A2 ((x∗a) ∗ (y∗b)) = min{μA1 ((x∗a)∗(y∗b)), μA2 ((x∗a)∗(y∗b))}

≥ min{μA1 (x∗y). μA1 (a∗b), μA2 (x∗y). μA2 (a∗b)}

= (min{μA1 (x∗y), μA2 (x∗y)}).({ μA1 (a∗b), μA2 (a∗b)})

= μA1∩A2 (x∗y). μA1∩A2 (a∗b)

μA1∩A2 ((x∗a) ∗ (y∗b)) = μA1∩A2 (x∗y). μA1∩A2 (a∗b)

∴ A1∩A2 is a fuzzy normal dot sub algebra of X.

Hence the proof.

12
Theorem:2.14
Let {Ai/ i = 1,2,...,n} be a family of fuzzy normal dot sub
algebra of X. Then ∩Ai is also a fuzzy normal dot sub algebra of

X, where ∩Ai = min μAi(x).

Proof:

Let x,y ∈ A1∩A2∩…∩An

Now,

μ𝐀𝟏 ∩𝐀𝟐 ∩….∩𝐀𝐧 ((x∗a) ∗ (y∗b)) = min{μA1 ((x∗a)∗(y*a)),...,

μAn ((x∗a) ∗ (y∗b))

≥ min{μA1 (x∗y). μA1 (a∗b),..., μAn (x∗y). μAn (a∗b)}

= (min{μA1 (x∗y), μA2 (x∗y),...., μAn (x∗y)}.

(min{μA1 (a∗b), μA2 (a∗b),..., μAn (a∗b)})

= μ𝐀𝟏 ∩𝐀𝟐 ∩….∩𝐀𝐧 (x∗y). μ𝐀𝟏 ∩𝐀𝟐 ∩….∩𝐀𝐧 (a∗b)

∴ μ𝐀 ((x∗a) ∗ (y∗b)) = μ𝐀𝟏 ∩𝐀𝟐∩….∩𝐀𝐧 (x∗y).

𝟏 ∩𝐀𝟐 ∩….∩𝐀 𝐧

μ𝐀𝟏 ∩𝐀𝟐∩….∩𝐀𝐧 (a∗b)

A1∩A2∩…∩An is a fuzzy normal dot sub algebra of X.

∴∩Ai is also a fuzzy normal dot sub algebra of X.

Hence the proof.

13
Theorem:2.15

If A and AC are both dot ideal of X. then A is constant

function.

Proof:

Let A and AC be both fuzzy dot ideal of X

μA(0) ≥ μA(x) and

μAC(0) ≥ μAC (x)

⇒ 1-μA(0) ≥ 1-μA(x)

⇒ μA(0) ≤ μA(x) for all x∈X

μA(0) = μA(x)

∴A is a constant function

Hence the proof.

Theorem:2.16

If A fuzzy ideal of X such that μA(0∗x) ≥ μA(x) for all x∈X.

Then A is a fuzzy dot ideal of X.

Proof:

Let x,y ∈ X.

Then,

(x∗y) ∗ (0∗y) = x.

X is a B-algebra.

14
 Since,

(x∗y) ∗ (0∗y) = x for all x,y ∈ X

We have,

μA(x) = μA((x∗y) ∗ (0∗y))

≥ μA(x∗y). μA(0∗y)

≥ μA(x∗y). μ(y)

∴μΑ(x) ≥ μA(x∗y). μΑ(y)

A is a Fuzzy dot ideal of X.

Hence the proof.

Theorem:2.17
Let A be a fuzzy dot ideal of X. if x ≤ y in X, then
μA(x) ≥ μA(0).μA(y) for all x,y ∈ X.
Proof:
Let x,y ∈ X
Since, x ≤ y
then, x∗y = 0
Thus,
μA(x) ≥ μA(x∗y). μA (y)
∴μA(0) ≥ μA(0). μA(у)
Hence the proof.

15
Theorem:2.18

If A is a fuzzy dot ideal of X, then Am is a fuzzy dot ideal of

X.

Proof:

For any x ∈ X,

Am is a fuzzy set in X defined by,

Am(x) = μAm(x), where m is any positive integer.

Let A be a fuzzy dot ideal of X.

Then,

μA(0) ≥ μA(x) and

μA(x) ≥ μA(x∗y). μA(y) for all x,y∈X.

We have, μA(0) = [μA(0)]m ≥ [μA(x)]m

μAm(0) = μAm(x) and

μAm(x) = [μA(x)]m

≥ [μA(x∗y). μA(y)]m

= [μA(x∗y)] m. [μA(y)]m

= μA(x∗y). μAm(y)

∴μAm(x) = μAm(x∗y). μAm(y)

Am is a fuzzy dot ideal of X.

Hence the proof.

16
Theorem:2.19

Let A be a fuzzy dot ideal of X. If x ≤ y in X, Then

μA(x) ≥ μA(0). μA(y) for all x,y ∈ X.

Proof:

Let x,y ∈ X such that

Since,

x ≤ y, then x∗y = 0,

Thus,
μA(x) ≥ μA(x∗y). μA(y)
≥ μA(0). μA(y)
∴ μA(x) ≥ μA(0). μA(y)
Hence the proof.

Theorem:2.20
Let A be a fuzzy ideal of X. If the inequality x∗y ≤ z holds
in X, then μA(x) ≥ μA(0). μA(y). μA(z) for all x,y,z ∈ X.

Proof:

Let x, y, z ∈ X such that

(x∗y) ∗z = 0

Thus,

μA(x) ≥ μA(x∗y). μA(z)

≥ μA((x∗y) ∗z). μA(z).μA(y)

≥ μA(0). μA(z)μA(y)

17
 ≥ μA(0). μA(y). μA(z)

∴μA(x) ≥ μA(0). μA(y). μA(z)

Hence the proof.

Theorem:2.21

If A1 and A2 be two fuzzy dot ideals of X, then A1∩A2 is

also a fuzzy dot ideal of X.

Proof:

Let A1 and A2 be a fuzzy dot ideals of X.

μA1 (0) ≥ μA1 (x) ≥ and μA2 (0) ≥ μA2 (x) for any x ∈ X.

Now,

μA1 ∩ μA2 (0) = min{μA1 (0), μA2 (0)}

≥ min{μA1 (x), μA2 (x)}

≥ μA1∩A2 (x)

∴ μA1∩A2 (0) ≥ μA1∩A2 (x)

Again for any x,y ∈ X.

We have,

μA1∩A2 (x) = min{μA1 (x), μA2 (x)}

≥ min{μA1 (x∗y). μA1 (y), μA2 (x∗y). μA2 (y)}

= (min{μA1 (x∗y),μA2 (x∗y)}). (min{μA1 (y), μA2 (y)})

= μA1∩A2 (x∗y). μA1 ∩A2 (y)

∴ μA1∩A2 (x) = μA1∩A2 (x∗y). μA1∩A2 (y)

18
Hence,

A1∩A2 is a fuzzy dot ideal of X.

Hence the proof.

Theorem:2.22

Let {Ai/i=1,2,3,....,n} be a family of fuzzy dot ideal of X.

Then ∩Ai is also a fuzzy dot ideal of X, where ∩Ai = min μAi (x).

Proof:

Let A1,A2,....,An be a fuzzy dot ideal of X.

μA1 (0) ≥ μA1 (x), μA2 (0) ≥ μA2 (x),...., μA𝑛 (0) ≥ μAn (x)

for any x ∈ X.

μ𝐀𝟏 ∩𝐀𝟐 ∩….∩𝐀𝐧 (0) = min{μA1 (0), μA2 (0),…., μAn (0)}

≥ min{μA1 (x),μA2 (X),....,μAn (x)}

μ𝐀𝟏 ∩𝐀𝟐 ∩….∩𝐀𝐧 (0) = μ𝐀𝟏 ∩𝐀𝟐 ∩….∩𝐀𝐧 (x)

Again for any x, y ∈ X, we have

μ𝐀𝟏 ∩𝐀𝟐∩….∩𝐀𝐧 (x) = min{μA1 (x), μA2 (x),....,μAn (x)}

≥ min{μA1 (x∗y). μA1 (y), μA2 (x∗y).

μA2 (y),...,μAn (x∗y), μAn (y)}

= (min{μA1 (x∗y), μA2 (x∗y),.... μAn (x∗y)}).

(min{μA1 (y), μA2 (y),..... μAn (y)})

= μ𝐀𝟏 ∩𝐀𝟐 ∩….∩𝐀𝐧 (x∗y). μ𝐀𝟏 ∩𝐀𝟐 ∩….∩𝐀𝐧 (y)

19
∴ μ𝐀 (x) = μ𝐀𝟏 ∩𝐀𝟐∩….∩𝐀𝐧 (x∗y). μ𝐀𝟏 ∩𝐀𝟐∩….∩𝐀𝐧 (y)
𝟏 ∩𝐀𝟐 ∩….∩𝐀 𝐧

Hence,

A1∩A2∩…∩An is a fuzzy dot ideal of X.

∴∩Ai is also a fuzzy dot ideal of X.

Hence the proof.

20
CHAPTER -III
 CHAPTER-III

NORMAL B-ALGEBRA
In this chapter we discuss some basic theorems in

B-algebra and some applications.

Theorem:3.1

Every fuzzy normal set μ in X is a fuzzy B-algebra.

Proof:

For any x,y ∈ X

Since, μ is fuzzy normal.

We have

μ(x∗y) = μ((x∗y) ∗ (0∗0))

≥ min{μ(x∗0), μ(y∗0)}

= min{μ(x), μ(y)}

Hence,

∴μ(x∗y) = min{μ(x), μ(y)}

Hence the proof.

21
Example:3.2

If we define a fuzzy subset

V: X → [0,1] by

V(0) = V(1) = V(2) = 0.8 and

V(3) = V(4) = V(5) = 0.3

∴V is a fuzzy normal set in X.

Example:3.3

Let X = {0,1,2,3} be a set with the following table.

∗ 0 1 2 3
0 0 1 2 3
1 1 0 3 2
2 2 3 0 1
3 3 2 1 0

Then
(x,∗,0) is a B-algebra
If we define a map μ: X → [0,1] by
∴μ(0) > (1) > μ(2) > μ(1) = μ(3)
μ is a fuzzy normal set in X
if we define a map σ(0) = σ(2) > σ(1) = σ(3)
∴σ is also a fuzzy normal set in X.

22
Theorem:3.4

If a fuzzy set μ in X is a fuzzy normal B-algebra, then

μ(x∗y) = μ(y∗x) for all x,y ∈ X.

Proof:

Let x,y ∈ X

μ(x∗y) = μ((x∗y) ∗ (x∗x))

≥ min{μ(x∗y), μ(x∗x)}

Since,

μ is fuzzy normal.

μ(x∗y) ≥ μ(y∗x) → (1)

Interchanging x with y, we obtain

μ(y∗x) ≤ (x∗y) → (2)

From (1) and (2) we get,

∴μ(x*y) = μ(y*x)

Hence the proof.

23
Theorem:3.5

Let μ be a fuzzy normal B-algebra, Then the set

Xμ = {x∈X/ μ(x) = μ(0)}

is a normal B-sub algebra of X.

Proof:

It is sufficient to show that

Xμ is normal.

Let a,b,x,y ∈ X be such that

x∗у ∈ Xμ and a∗b ∈ Xμ

Then,

μ(x∗y) = μ(0) = μ(a∗b)

Since,

μ is a fuzzy normal.

It follows that

μ((x∗a) ∗ (y∗b)) ≥ min{μ(x∗y), μ(a∗b)} = μ(0)

We conclude that,

μ((x∗a) ∗ (y∗b)) = μ(0)

Which shows that

∴ (x∗a) ∗ (y∗b) ∈ Xμ.

Hence the proof.

24
Theorem:3.6

The intersection of any set of fuzzy normal B-algebras is

also a fuzzy normal B-algebra.

Proof:

Let {μα / α∈A} be a family of fuzzy normal B-algebra and

Let a,b,x,y ∈ X.

Then,

inf
(∩α∈A μα) ((x∗a) ∗ (y∗b)) = μα((x∗a) ∗ (y∗b))
αϵA

inf
≥ {min{μα(x∗y), μα(a∗b)}}
αϵA
inf inf
= min{ μα(x∗y), μα(a∗b)}
αϵA αϵA

= min{(∩αϵA μα)(x∗y),( ∩αϵAμα)(a∗b)}

Which shows that,

∩αϵA μα is a fuzzy normal set in X.

We conclude that,

∩αϵA μα is a fuzzy normal B-algebra.

The union of any set of fuzzy B-algebras need not be a

fuzzy B-algebra.

If we define a fuzzy set σ: X → [0,1] by

We know that,

σ (0) = σ (4) = 0.8 > 0.2 = σ (1) = σ (2) = σ (3) = σ (5)

Then,

25
 It is a also a fuzzy B-algebra.

Since,

(μ ∪ σ) (3∗4) = 0.2 and

min{(μ∪σ) (3), (μ∪σ) (4)} = 0.7

∴μ∪σ is not a fuzzy B-algebra.

Since,

every fuzzy normal B-algebra is a fuzzy B-algebra.

The union of fuzzy normal B-algebra need not be a fuzzy

normal B-algebra.

Hence the proof.

Theorem:3.7
Every fuzzy B-algebra μ satisfies the inequality
μ(0) ≥ μ(x) for all x ∈ X.
Proof:
Since,
x∗x = 0 for all x ∈ X,
We have,
μ(0) = μ(x∗x)
≥ min{μ(x), μ(x)}
≥ μ(x)
μ(0) ≥ μ(x).

26
For any elements x and y of X.
Let us write,
n
𝜋 x∗y for x∗ (.......∗ (x∗ (x∗y)))
Where x occurs n times.
Hence the proof.

27
CHAPTER -IV
 CHAPTER-IV

CHARACTERIZATION OF FUZZY
In this chapter we discuss some application and

characterization fuzzy theorems.

Theorem:4.1

If a fuzzy set μ in X is a fuzzy B- algebra, Then

1. μ(0∗x) ≥ μ(x)

2. μ((x∗ (0∗y)) ≥ min{μ(x),μ(y)}

Proof:

For any x,y ∈ X. we have,

μ(0∗x) ≥ min{μ(0), μ(x)}

≥ μ(x)

∴ µ(0∗x) ≥ μ(x)

And

μ(x∗ (0∗y)) ≥ min{μ(x), μ(y)}

We know that,

If X is a B-algebra,

μ(x∗y) = μ{x∗ (0∗ (0∗y))}

≥ min{μ(x), μ(y)}

∴μ(x∗ (0∗y)) ≥ min{μ(x), μ(y)}

Hence the proof.

28
Theorem:4.2

Let N be a non-empty subset of X and let μN be a fuzzy set

in X defined by

𝛼 if x ϵ N,
µN(X): = {
𝛽 otherwise

For all x∈N and α,β ∈ [0,1] with α > β. Then µN is a fuzzy
normal B-algebra if and only if N is a normal B-sub algebra of X.
Moreover in this case XµN =N.

Proof:

Assume that

µN is a fuzzy normal B-algebra

Let a,b,x,y ∈ X such that

x∗y ∈ N and a∗b ∈ N

µN((x∗a) ∗ (y∗b)) ≥ min{µN(x∗y), µN(a∗b)} = α

This implies that

µN((x∗a) ∗ (y∗b)) = α

Which shows that,

(x∗a) ∗ (y∗b) ∈ N

Hence,

N is a normal B-sub algebra of X.

29
Conversely,

Suppose that N is a normal B-sub algebra of X and

Let a,b x,y ∈ X

If x∗y ∈ N and a∗b ∈ N

Then,

(x∗a) ∗ (y∗b) ∈ N

μN((x∗a) ∗ (y∗b)) = α = min{μN(x∗y), μN(a∗b)}

If x∗y ∉ N or a*b ∉ N

Clearly,

μN((x∗a) ∗ (y∗b)) ≥ β = min{μN(x∗y), μN(a∗b)}

This shows that,

μN is a fuzzy normal set.

It follows that,

μN is a fuzzy normal B-algebra.

XμN = {x ∈ X/μN(x) = μN(0)}

= {x ∈ X/μN(x) = α}

=N

∴XμN = N

Hence the proof.

30
 Theorem:4.3

Let μ be a fuzzy set in X. then µ is a fuzzy normal

B-algebra if and only if the set

U(x;α) ={x ∈ X/ μ(x) ≥ α}

is called an upper level cut of μ is a normal B-sub algebra of X for

all α ∈ [0,1], where U(µ; α) ∉ ∅.

Proof:

Let μ be a fuzzy normal B-algebra and

Assume that,

U(μ; α) ≠ ∅ for all α ∈ [0,1]

Let a,b,x,y ∈ X such that

x∗y ∈ U(μ; α) and a∗b ∈ U(μ; α)

μ((x∗a) ∗ (y∗b)) ≥ min{μ(x∗y) ∗ μ(a∗b)} ≥ α

Thus,

(x∗a) ∗ (y∗b) ∈ U (µ; α)

Hence,

U(µ; α) is a normal B-sub algebra of X.

Conversely,

Suppose that U(µ; α) (≠ ∅) is a normal B-sub algebra of X

for every α ∈ [0,1]

It is sufficient to show that

μ is a fuzzy normal set in X.

31
 If there are a0,b0,x0,y0 ∈ X such that

μ((x0∗a0) ∗ (y0∗b0)) < min {μ(x0∗y0), μ(a0∗b0)}

Taking,
1
α0 = (μ((x0∗a0) ∗μ(y0∗b0)) + min{μ(x0∗y0), μ(a0∗b0)}
2

We have,

μ((x0∗a0) (y0∗b0))α0 < min{μ(x0∗y0), μ(a0∗b0)}

It follows that,

x0∗y0 ∈ U(μ; α) and a0∗b0 ∈ U(μ; α)

But

(x0∗a0) ∗ (y0∗b0) ∉ U(μ; α0)

Which is a contradiction.

∴ μ is fuzzy normal.

Hence the proof.

Theorem:4.4

Let μ be a fuzzy normal B-algebra with Im(µ) = {αi/ i∈A}

and β = {U(μ; α)/ i∈A} where A is an index set,Then

1. There exists a unique i0 ∈ A such that

αi0 ≥ α1 for all i∈A;

2. Χμ = ∩iϵA U(μαi) = U(μ; αi0);

3. X = ∩iϵA U(μ; α);

4. The members of B from a chain;

32
5. B contains all upper levels cut of μ if and only if μ

attains its infimum on all normal B-sub algebra of X.

Proof:

1. Considering that,
μ(0) ∈ Im(μ)

There exists a unique i0 ∈ A such that

μ(x) ≤ μ(0) = αi0 for all x ∈ X.

It follows that,

μ(x) ≤ μ(0) = αi0 for all x ∈ X.

So that

αi0 ≥ αi for all i∈A

2. U(μ; a) = {x ∈ X/ μ(x) ≥ αi0}

= {x ∈ X/ μ(x) = αi0}

= {x ∈ X / μ(x) = μ(0)}

Since,

αi0 ≥ αi for all i ∈ A

U(μ; α) ⊆ U(μ; αi) for all i ∈ A

Hence,

U(µ; α) ⊆ ∩iϵA U(μ;αi) and so

U(μ; αi0) = ∩iϵA U(µ;αi) because i0 ∈ A

33
3. ∪iϵA U ⊆ X for every x ∈ X

There exists

i(x) ∈ A such that

μ(x) = αi(x)

This implies

x ∈ U(μ; αi(x)) ⊆ ∩iϵA U(µ;αi)

4. Considering that, either αi ≥ αj; or αi ≤ αj; for all i,j ∈ A

We have,

U(μ; αi) ⊆ U(μ;αj)

or

U(μ; αj) ⊆ U(μ;αi)

5. B contains all upper level cuts of μ and Let N be a

normal B-sub algebra of X

If μ is constant on N

Assume that

μ is not constant on N

The following two cases:

1) N = X
2) N ⊆ X

Case (1)

Let β = inf {αi/ i ∈A}

β ≤ αi

34
X = U(μ; 0) ∈ B because β contains all upper level cuts of μ.

There exists j ∈ A such that

αj ∈ Im(µ) and U(µ; αj) = X

U(μ; β) ⊆ U(µ;αj) = X

U(μ; β) = U(µ;αj) = X

Every upper level cut of μ is a normal B-sub algebra of X.

It is sufficient to show that

β = αj

If β < αj then there exists k ∈ A such that

αk ∈ Im(µ) and β ≤ αk < αj

U(μ; αk) ⊇ U(μ;αj) = X

Which is a contradiction.

β = αj

Case (2)

Consider the restriction μN of μ to N

μN is a fuzzy normal B-algebra,

Let

AN = {i∈A/ µ(y)= αi; for some y ∈ N} and

βN = {U(μN; αi) /i ∈ AN}

βN contains all upper level cuts of μN

there exists z ∈ N such that

35
 μN(z) = inf{μN(x)/ x ∈ N}

Which implies

μ(z) = inf{μ(x)/ x ∈ N}

Conversely,

Assume that,

μ attains its infimum on all normal B-subalgebra of X.

U(µ; αi) be an upper level cuts of μ

If α = αi for some i∈A

Assume that,

α ≠ αi for all i∈A

There does not exist x ∈ A such that

μ(x) = α

Let N = {x ∈ X/ μ(x) > α}

a,b,x,y ∈ X such that

x∗y ∈ N and a∗b ∈ N

μ((x∗a) ∗ (y∗b)) ≥ min{μ(x∗y), μ(a∗b)} > α

(x∗a) ∗ (y∗b) ∈ N

N is a normal B-sub algebra of X there exists y ∈ N such that

μ(y) = inf{μ(x)/ x ∈ N} = αi for some i ∈ A

μ(y) ∈ Im(µ)

μ(y) = αi for some i ∈ A

36
We get,

inf {μ(x)/ x ∈ N} = α1α ≥ αα1 ≥ α

There does not exist z ∈ X such that

α ≤ μ(z) < αi

It follows that,

U(μ; α) = U (μ;αi) ∈ β

Hence the proof.

Theorem:4.5

Let μ be a fuzzy set in X with a finite image

Im(µ) ={α0,α1,...,αk} where αi < αj whenever i > j.

Let {Nn/n = 1,2,...,k} be a family of normal B-sub algebras of X

such that

1. N0⊂N1⊂N2⊂…⊂Nk = X

̃ n) = αn, where N
2. μ(N ̃ n = Nn/Nn-1 and Nn-1 = ∅ for

n=0,1,2,..,k. then μ is a fuzzy normal B-algebra.

Proof:

It is sufficient to show that

μ is a fuzzy normal set in X.

Let a,b,x,y ∈ X

̃ n and a∗b ∈ N
If x∗y ∈ N ̃ n for every n.

(x∗a) ∗ (y∗b) ∈ Nn

37
Since Nn is a normal B-sub algebra of X

Hence,

μ ((x∗a) ∗ (y∗b)) ≥ αn = min{μ(x∗y), μ(a∗b)}

̃ n, and a∗b ∈ N
If x∗y ∈ N ̃m

Where 0 ≤ m < n ≤ k,

x∗у ∈ Nn, and a∗b ∈ Nm ⊆ Nn

it follows that,

(x∗a) ∗ (y∗b) ∈ Nn

∴μ((x∗a) ∗ (y∗b)) ≥ αn = μ(x∗y)

Since m<n, implies that,

αn < αm

we have,

μ(a∗b) = αm< αn

Consequently,

μ((x∗a) ∗ (y∗b)) ≥ αn = min{μ(x∗y), μ(a∗b)}

Similarly,

̃ m and a∗b ∈ N
x∗y ∈ N ̃ n for 0 ≤ m < n ≤ k.

Hence the proof.

38
CONCLUSION
 CONCLUSION
The study of fuzzy algebra has shown that traditional
algebraic operations can be generalized to accommodate degrees of
membership, making it a valuable tool in various mathematical and
applied disciplines. Future research in this field may focus on further
generalizations, computational approaches and real-world
applications in engineering, economics and data science.
Fuzzy algebra is one of the most important subject in
mathematics. It contains many of the concepts of other subjects
like linear algebra, morden algebra.
Fuzzy B-algebras briefly explain the concept of fuzzy
dot sub algebras between fuzzy normal dot sub algebras and some
important properties. Sometimes, the nth term of fuzzy dot sub
algebras concept is used in many places of B-algebras.

Fuzzy algebra provides a powerful mathematical tool

for dealing with imprecise and uncertain information. As research
in this area advances, its applications will continue to expand,
reinforcing its importance in both theoretical and applied
mathematics.

39
REFERENCES
 REFERENCES

1. Jun, Y.B., Roh, E.H., and H.S. Kim, on Fuzzy B-algebras,

Czechoslovak Mathematical Jornal, vol.52, no.2, pp.375-
384, 2002.
2. Neggers, J., and H.S. Kim, On B-algebras, Matematicki
vesnik, vol.54, nos. 1-2, pp.21-29, 2002.
3. J. Neggers, and H.S. Kim: On B-algebras. Int. J. Math.
Math. Sci. 27 (2001), 749-757.
4. Senapati, T., Bhowmik, M., and [Link], Fuzzy closed ideals
of B-algebras with Interval-valued membership function,
International Jornal of Fuzzy Mathematical Archive,
vol.1,pp. 79-91, 2013.
5. Saeid , A.B., Interval-valued fuzzy B-algebras, Iranian
Journal of Fuzzy Systems, vol.3, no.2, pp.63-73,2006.
6. Y.B. Jun, E.H. Roh and H.S. Kim: On BH-algebras. Math.
(1998), 347-354.

40