Control and Coordination

1. What is the function of the medulla in the human brain?

2. Differentiate between sensory and motor neurons.
3. What is the role of pituitary gland?
4. Why is coordination necessary in living organisms?
5. How does the spinal cord help in reflex actions?
6. What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary actions?
7. What is the effect of auxin on plant growth?
8. What is the difference between central nervous system and peripheral nervous system?
9. How do hormones help in coordination in animals? Give examples. / How hormones acts as
chemical messengers in controlling the activities in an animal?
10. List three differences between nervous and hormonal control.
11. Describe the feedback mechanism involved in regulating blood sugar.
OR
a) Write the role of insulin in regulating blood sugar levels in human body. Mention the diseases
caused due to it.
b) How is the timing and the amount of release of insulin in the blood regulated?
12. Differentiate between nastic and tropic movements with examples.
13. Explain how endocrine glands are different from exocrine glands.
14. Plants do not have nervous system but yet, if we touch a sensitive plant, some observable
changes take place in its leaves. Explain how could this plant respond to the external stimuli and
how it is communicated.
15. What constitute the central and peripheral nervous system? How are the components of central
nervous system protected?
16. How is Venus flytrap plant traps an insects?
17. When do women face a greater risk of abnormal TSH level?
18. Write the name and the location of the hormone which helps a person to respond when chased
by a dog. Mention the responses in the body which help him to deal with this situations.
19. A sunflower plant kept on a windowsill was seen to gradually bend toward the light entering
through the window. This movement was observed over a few days and was not immediate.
a) What kind of movement is shown by the sunflower plant?
b) Name the plant hormone responsible for this movement.
c) Why is this movement called "phototropism"?
d) How does the plant hormone cause the bending of the stem?
20. When Ravi runs for a long distance, he starts breathing faster, and his heart rate increases. This is
the body’s natural response to supply more oxygen and energy to his muscles. Once he stops
running, his breathing and heart rate slowly return to normal.
a) What type of mechanism helps maintain stability in Ravi’s body?
 b) Why does the heart rate increase during physical activity?
c) Which part of the brain regulates breathing and heartbeat?
d) What is homeostasis?
21. Seema was diagnosed with a condition related to her thyroid gland. She complained of fatigue,
weight gain, and feeling cold all the time. After some tests, doctors confirmed that she had
hypothyroidism.
a) Which hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland?
b) What element is essential for the proper functioning of the thyroid gland?
c) What is the result of the deficiency of thyroxine in adults?
d) Name a disease caused by excess secretion of thyroxine.
22. A touch-me-not (Mimosa pudica) plant folds its leaves when touched. A student tried this and
observed that the leaves closed quickly and then reopened after some time.
a) What kind of movement is shown by the Mimosa plant?
b) Does this movement involve growth? Why or why not?
c) What internal mechanism allows the leaves to fold on touch?
d) How is this different from tropic movements in plants?
21. Riya was diagnosed with high blood sugar levels. Her doctor explained that her body was not
producing enough insulin, a hormone that helps in the metabolism of glucose.
a) Name the gland responsible for secreting insulin.
b) What is the disease caused due to the deficiency of insulin?
c) Which organ in the body is affected due to high blood sugar levels in the long term?
d) How does insulin help in controlling blood sugar levels?

22. During adolescence, children experience several changes such as the development of facial hair in
boys and the start of menstruation in girls. These changes are due to the action of specific
hormones.
a) Which gland is called the "master gland" in the human body?
b) Name the hormone that triggers changes in girls during puberty.
c) What is the function of testosterone in boys?
d) Why are endocrine glands also called ductless glands?
23. During a biology class, the teacher showed a model of the human brain and explained the
functions of different parts. She highlighted the cerebellum, medulla, and cerebrum, explaining
how each contributes to human coordination.
a) Which part of the brain controls voluntary actions like writing and walking?
b) What is the function of the cerebellum?
c) Name the part of the brain that controls involuntary activities like heartbeat and breathing.
d) How is the brain protected in the human body?
 Plant Hormone Main Functions Examples / Applications
- Stimulate cell elongation in stems
- Promote phototropism (growth towards light) IAA (Indole-3-Acetic
Auxins - Inhibit lateral buds (apical dominance) Acid); Used in rooting
- Synthesised at the shoot and root tip powders
- Promotes fruit growth
- Stimulate stem elongation
- Break seed dormancy Gibberellic Acid; Used to
Gibberellins
- Brings delay in senescence increase sugarcane yield
- Promote flowering and fruit development
- Promote cell division
Zeatin; Used in tissue
- Delay leaf senescence (aging)
Cytokinins culture to promote
- Opening of stomata
shoot growth
- Stimulate lateral bud growth
- Inhibits growth
ABA accumulates during
Abscisic Acid - Induces seed dormancy
drought to prevent
(ABA) - Closes stomata during water stress
water loss
- Stress hormone
- Promotes fruit ripening
Used commercially to
- Causes leaf fall (abscission)
Ethylene ripen fruits like bananas
- Breaks seed dormancy
and mangoes
- Gaseous plant hormone

Feedback mechanism
Endocrine Hormone(s) Function Target Deficiency / Disorder
Gland Site(s)
Pituitary Growth Controls growth of Bones & Low GH: Dwarfism;
Gland Hormone bones and tissues. muscles. Excess (in childhood):
(GH) Gigantism.
Thyroid Thyroxine Regulates Most body Goitre (often due to
Gland metabolism, cells. iodine deficiency);
growth & slowed growth &
development; lethargy.
maintains energy
balance.
Parathyroid Parathormon Regulates calcium Bones, Low blood calcium →
Glands e (PTH) & phosphorus kidneys, muscle cramps &
levels in blood. intestines. twitching (tetany).
Pancreas Insulin Lowers blood Liver, Diabetes mellitus (high
(Islets of sugar by helping muscles & blood sugar).
Langerhans) glucose enter cells most body
cells.
Adrenal Adrenaline Adrenaline: 'Fight Heart, Adrenal insufficiency
Glands (epinephrine) or flight' – muscles, (fatigue, low BP);
& Cortisol increases heart blood severe: Addison’s
(basic rate, BP, vessels; disease.
awareness) breathing,help many body
maintain salt– tissues.
water balance &
stress response.
Testes Testosterone Development of Male Delayed puberty;
(Male) male secondary reproductive reduced masculine
sexual characters; organs, features.
sperm production muscles,
support. hair follicles,
voice box.
Ovaries Estrogen & Estrogen: Female Female Delayed puberty;
(Female) Progesterone secondary sexual reproductive irregular menstrual
(basic characters. organs, cycles.
awareness) Progesterone: uterus,
Prepares uterus breasts.
for pregnancy.