Many alternative ways (casual, formal and funny) to greet someone or to say: How are you?

With a superior: the greeting is formal.

1. How are you doing? 2. How have you been? 3. How do you feel?
4. I hope you are well? 5. How are you? 6. How’s life?
7. How’s your day doing? 8. How’s your health? 9. Are you alright?

With family (relatives), colleagues (co-workers): the greeting is casual

1. What’s going on? 2. How’s thing? 3. What are you up to?
4. What’s new? 5. What’s new with you? 6. What are things going?
7. What’s up? 8. How’s it going? 9. How’s everything?
10. How do you do? Or Howdy? 11. How’s everything coming together?
12. What are you fare? 13. What have you been up to 14.How are things coming along?

With friends. The greeting is funny.

1. Howdy? 2. How’s it hanging? 3. What’s sizzling? 4. How’s trick? How ya been?

You can answer in different ways

1. Good. 2. I’m good. 3. I’m well. 4. I am quite well. 5. I’m pretty good.
6. I’m so -so. 7. I don’t feel well. 8. I’m not in good mood. 9. I’m not too much.
10. I’m ecstatic 11. I feel good/well/ bad.

To greet (to salute for military, to wave to for hands or shake hands, to nod to for head): to
welcome someone with a particular words or actions, to reach to something in the stated way.
Example: The professor greets each student with a friendly “Hello!”
To raise one’s hat to somebody: Saluer quelqu’un d’un coup de Chapeau.
To take off one’s hat to somebody: Saluer quelqu’un chapeau bas.
To bow to somebody: Saluer quelqu’un.
Hi (salut, bonjour): used as an informal greeting, usually to people who you know.
Hello (hallo, hullo British) (hello, salut, bonjour): Used when you meet someone or greet
someone. Example: Hello Peter, I haven’t seen you for ages.
To kiss (embrasser, s’embrasser, baiser, faire la bise): to touch with your lips, especially as
greeting, or to press your mouth onto another person’s mouth in sexual way.
To embrace (embrasser, ceinturer, enlasser): To hold someone tightly with both arms to
express love, liking or sympathy when greeting or leaving someone.
To shake someone’s hands/ to shake someone by the hands (Serrer la main à quelqu’un): To
hold someone’s hand and move it up and down, especially when you meet them for the first
time or when you make an agreement with them
To cuddle (Câliner, cajoler): To put your arms around someone and hold them with a loving
way, or (of two people) to hold each other close to show love or for comfort.

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 INDEFINITE ARTICLE: A/ AN.
Indefinite articles refer to non-specific nouns. You might say, “I need a pen, or “I want an
orange. In both cases, you aren’t referring to a specific pen or orange. The indefinite articles
communicate the fact that you’d accept any pen or orange.
We use A (a) before a consonant sound: (usually start with a letter that are not vowels) and An
(an) before a vowel sound: (usually start with a, e, i, o, u). Examples:
A boy An apple A car An orange A house An opera An hour A university

NOTE. An before an h mute: an hour, an honor, an honest

A before u and eu when the sound like “you”: a European, a university, a unit. But in other
cases they use an before u.
Examples: an umbrella, an uninhabitable house, a unbelievable experience.

Notice that the choice of a or an depends on sound, not spelling.

Then a and an don’t have the plural only the nouns can have the plural form and use this
symbol: ø. Examples: a cat cats or ø cats, an apple apples or ø apples.
This morning I ate apples, mangos, an apricot, a tomato, a coconut, bananas and oranges.

Exercise. Use a or an as possible in front of the nouns or adjectives

1) ……… sheet of paper ……….…..house ……………..cars ………….furniture.
2) ……… bread ………..information ………........sugar …………..airplane.
3) ……...umbrella …………..universe …………hospital …….…….mansion.
4) ……….uncomfortable place ………. belt …..…honest person ………..…trees.
5) ………..ultimate occasion …….…avocado ………………… mirror ………… year
6) …………horror movie ……………..bus ……………….dog ………...men.
7. …………European club …………..euphoria ……….idiom ……….…euphemism
8) ………….stars ………..elephants …………schools …… unique child.
9. ……….people …..…… hair …………pencil ………………flower.

THE DEFINITE ARTICLE: THE

Articles in English are invariable. That is, they don’t change according to the gender or number
of the nouns they refer to. Examples: the boy, the girl, the woman, the children, the women.
The is singular and plural. The horse the horses the elephant the elephants.
The leaf the leaves the ox the oxen the datum the data the kitten the kittens.
a) The janitor cleans all the rooms. b) The man who wrote this book is famous.
c) Which car did you scratch yesterday? The red one
d) My house is the one with a blue door

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 The pronunciation of THE:
a) THE= Th-uh in front of consonant, o and u voiceless: Examples: the pencil, the one, the year,
the umbrella, the hospital, the communication, the windows, the chair, the bus, the vibration.
a) The menu is over there. b) The one who loves me more in the classroom
c) I want the fried chicken. d) The umbrella is near the chair.
b) THE can be pronounced (THEE) in front of vowels: a, e, i, o, u and h mute. Examples: the
apple, the end. The university, the unit, the elephant, the original, the idiom, the hour.
a) This is the end of the film.
b) The traffic is terrible in the afternoon
c) The employees are at the meeting.
d) You’re the only person who knows the truth.
e) I don’t have the answer to the question.

Singular and Plural of nouns

To transform the singular to plural, you can add: s, es, ies.
a) If the nouns end by a consonant and y follow a vowel they add s for the plural. Examples:
friend  friends apple  apples phone  phones Toy  toys buy buys

b) If the nouns end and consonants: s, sh, ch, z, x, they add es for the plural. Examples
class classes wash washes watch watches buzz buzzes box boxes

c) Some nouns that end in o, they add es to form the plural. Examples:
Echo echoes hero heroes potato potatoes tomato tomatoes.

c1) Some nouns that end in o, they add only s to form the plural. Examples: video videos
Auto autos kilo kilos memo memos photo photos radio radios zoo zoos
Piano pianos solo solos sopranosopranos studio studios tattoo tattoos

c2) Some nouns that end in o, they add either es or s to form the plural. Examples:
Mosquito mosquitoes/ mosquitos Tornado tornadoes/ tornados.
Volcano volcanoes/ volcanos zero zeroes/ zeros

e) If the nouns end by y follow a consonant they remove y and add ies. Examples:
babybabies cry cries Trophy  trophies enemy enemies.

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 IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS.
a) The nouns have irregular plural forms: man men woman women child children
Ox oxen mouse mice louse lice foot feet goose geese tooth teeth.

b) Some nouns that end in f or fe, they change f to ves in the plural. Examples: Calf calves
Life lives half halves Knife knives leaf leaves loaf loaves
Self selves shelf shelves thief thieves wolf wolves scarf scarves/ scarfs.

c) Some nouns that end in f simply they add s to form the plural. Examples:
cliff cliffs belief beliefs roof roofs chief chiefs

d) Some nouns have the same singular and plural form: Examples: one deer two deer
one fish  five fish means means series series sheep sheep species species

Some nouns that English has borrowed from other languages have foreign plurals. Examples:
a) Criterion criteria phenomenon  phenomena.
b) analysis analyses Basis bases hypothesis hypotheses crisis crises
oasis oases parenthesis parentheses thesis theses
c) Cactus cacti/cactuses stimulus stimuli/stimulises syllabus syllabi/ syllabuses
d) Bacterium bacteria curriculum curricula datum data
Medium media memorandum memoranda
e) Formula formulae/formulas vertebra vertebrae
f) Appendix appendices/ appendixes index indices/indexes.

Exercise. Write the plural of the regular or irregular nouns.

1. a passenger: passengers 2. the car: the cars 3. one apple: two apples
4. the shoe: …………………… 5. an orange: …………………….. 6. a baby: …………………….
7. a river: ………………………. 8. A star: …………………………… 9. an airplane: …………….
10. a flash: …………………….. 11. the press: ……………………… 12. One toy:………………….
13.a guy: ………………………… 14. a sandwich: ……………………. 15. One man: …………..…..
16. the child: …………………… 17. A goose: ………………………… 18. The mouse: …………….
19. the belief: …………………. 20. the syllabus: ………………….. 21. the chief: ……………….
22. the datum: …………………... 23. One leaf: ……………………… 24. a fish: ……………………
25. a thesis: ………………………… 26. a formula: ……………………. 27. An index: ……………..
28. one tomato: …………………… 29. One tattoo: …………………… 30. one louse: …………….
31. a curriculum: ………………….. 32. An ant: …………………………. 33. The stimulus: ………….
34. a bacterium: …………………. 35. a sheep :……………………… 34. a phenomenon:………..
37. a book: …………………………. 38. One car: ………………………. 39. a home: ………………..

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 POSSESSIVE NOUNS.
To show the possession, they add an apostrophe (‘) and s to a singular noun.
Examples: The girl the girl’s book is on the table
A lady a lady’s car. a man  a man’s ball
If a singular noun ends in s, there are two possessive forms.
Examples: Thomas Thomas’s phone/ Thomas’ phone.

They add only an apostrophe to a plural noun that ends in s. The girls’ dolls are on the table.
The wives’ scarves are in the wardrobe. The ladies’ belts are nice.

They add an apostrophe and s to plural nouns that do not end in s. Examples:
The men’s cars are neat. My children’s marbles are new.

Exercise. Complete the sentences with the possessive form of the nouns in parentheses.
1. (Mrs Smith). Mrs Smith’s husband often gives her flowers.
2. (boy). The boy’s hat is red.
3. (boys). The …………………………………………………… hats are red.
4. (children). The …………………….……………toys are all over the floor.
5. (child). I fixed the …………………………………………………… bicycle.
6. (babies) The ……………………………………….toys are in their cribs.
7. (wives) Tom and Bob are married. Their………..……. names are Jane and Thamar.
8. (boss) That’s my …………………………………………..………… office.
9. (bosses) Those are my …………………….…………..………… offices.
10. Sally ………………………………….…………… surname is White.
11. (woman) This a …………………………..………………..………………purse
12. (women) That store sells ………………………………...………clothes.
13. (sister) Do you know my …………………………..…………husband?
14. (sisters) Do you know my ……………………………………husbands?
15. (yesterday) Did you read ………………………….………….. newspaper.

USING NOUNS AS MODIFIERS.

Notice. When a noun is used as a modifier, it is singular form. Some examples:
a) The soup has vegetables in it.  It is vegetable soup.
b) The building has offices in it.  It is an office building.

When a noun used as a modifier is combined with a number expression, the noun is singular
and hyphen (-) is used. Examples: a) The test lasted two hours.  It was a two-hour test.

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b) Her son is five years old.  She has a five-year- old son.
c) Bryanna is my daughter and she’s fifteen years old.  I have a fifteen-year-old daughter.

Exercise. Use the italicized noun or noun phrase in the first sentence as a modifier in the
second sentence.
1. My garden has flowers in it.  It is a flower garden.
2. That handbook is for students.  It is …………………………………………………………………………………
3. Their baby is ten months old.  They have …………………………………………………………………………
4. Our trip lasted for three days.  We took ………………………………………………………………………….
5. She is a psychologist for children.  She is ………………………………………………………………………….
6. I wrote a check for fifty dollars.  I wrote ……………………………………………………………………………
7. I will get three credits for that course. It is ……………………………………………………………………………
8. Their house has nine rooms. It is …………………………………………………………………………………………..
9. That food is for dogs. It is ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. That room is for guests.  It is …………………………………………………………………………………………….
11. The professor asked us to write a paper of five pages.  She asked us to write……………………
12. I have a sister who is ten years old and a brother who is twelve years old. 
………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Count Nouns are the items you can be counted. Examples:
a) I bought a chair. Sam bought three chairs.
b) Dany brings one apple. Tarah brings ten apples.

The Count nouns have singular and plural form. They may be preceded by a/an in the singular.
Then they can take a final: s, es, ies.
Singular Plural
a chair, one chair Chairs, two chairs, some chairs, a lot of chairs, many chairs
a baby, one baby Babies, five babies, some babies, a lot of babies, many babies
a box, one box Boxes, seven boxes, some boxes, a lot boxes, many boxes

NonCount Nouns. They are not immediately preceded by a/an in the singular. Then they don’t
have plural and they don’t either a final s or es. Examples:
Furniture some furniture, a lot of furniture, much furniture. Mr Jones bought some furniture
(chairs, tables, desks, etc) for his wedding

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Salt some salt, a lot salt, much salt.

SOME COMMON NONCOUNT NOUNS

a) Whole groups made of similar items: baggage, clothing, equipment, food, fruit, furniture,
garbage, hardware, jewelry, junk, luggage, machinery, mail, makeup, money /cash/change,
postage, scenery, traffic.
b) FLUIDS: water, coffee, tea, milk, oil, soup, gasoline, blood.
c) SOLIDS: ice, bread, butter, cheese, meat, gold, iron, silver, glass, paper, wood, cotton, wool.
d) GASES: steam, air, oxygen, nitrogen, smoke, smog, pollution etc.
e) PARTICLES: rice, chalk, corn, dirt, dust, floor, grass, hair, pepper, salt, sand, sugar, wheat
f) ABSTRATIONS: beauty, confidence, courage, education, enjoyment, fun, happiness, health,
help, honesty, hospitality, importance, intelligence, justice, knowledge, laughter, luck, music,
patience, peace, pride, progress, recreation, significance, sleep, truth, violence, wealth, etc,
* advice, information, evidence, news, proof.
* time, space, energy.
*homework, work.
* Grammar, slang, vocabulary.
g) LANGUAGES: Arabic, English, Chinese, Spanish etc.
h) FIELDS of Study: chemistry, engineering, history, literature, mathematics, psychology.
i) RECREATION: baseball, soccer, tennis, chess, bridge, poker, etc.
j) GENERAL ACTIVITIES: driving, studying, swimming, travelling, walking etc.
k) NATURAL PHENOMENA: weather, dew, fog, hail, heat, humidity, lightning, rain, sleet, snow,
thunder, wind, darkness, light, sunshine, electricity, fire, gravity.

Exercise. Use the plural by adding: s, es, ies if it is possible.

1. Advice:……………………………….………….., tea: ……………………………, baby: ………………………………………
2. table: …………………………………….……….., hair: …………………………., leaf: ………………………………………
3. Information: …………………………….……., rice: ……………………………, homework: …………………………...
4. House: ……………………………………….…., door: ……………………………, fire: ………………………………………
5. sugar: ……………………………………….…., school: …………………..…….., telephone:……………………………
6. kiss: ………………………………………………, flower: …………………………, river: ……………………………………
7. Knowledge: ……………………………………, chief: …………………………….., vocabulary: ………………………..
8. coffee: ……………………………………………., water: …………………………….. air: ………………………………….
9. oxygen: …………………………………………., energy: ……………………………, blood: ……………………………
10. bread: …………………………………………, finger: ………………………………., tree: ……………………………..

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 AMERICAN ACCENT TRAINING.
PRONUNCIATION SILENT LETTERS IN ENGLISH
A silent letter is a part of a word is written but it isn’t spoken.
Silent B Silent T Silent H Silent K Silent W
Comb Butcher Ghost Knee Answer
Climb Castle Honest Knew Sword
Bomb Christmas Hour, technology Knickers Two
Crumb Fasten Mechanic Knife Whole
Debt Hustle Rhythm Knight Wrack
Doubt Listen, glisten Scheme Knit Wrap
Dumb Match School Knitting Wrist
Lamb Mortgage What Knob Wrinkle
Numb Nestle When, echo Knock Wreck
Plumber Often, asthma Where Knot Wrestle
Subtle Rustle Whether Know Writing
Thumb Witch, ricochet While Knowledge Wriggle
Succumb Soften, buffet White Knuckle Awesome
Limb Watch Why, choir Knack Awful
Ballet, gourmet schedule Knead Raw
Rapport, Ghetto Dew
bouquet Honor Wrist
Whistle Rhyme Chew

Silent U Silent C Silent L Silent P Silent G

Guard, wonderfully Conscience Almond Cupboard Sign, trough
Biscuit, beautifully Conscious Talk Pseudo Campaign
Vogue, hopefully Crescent Calf, always Pneumonia Champagne
Building, carefully Descend Half, Psalm Psychologist Cologne
Rogue, successfully Descent Calm Psychotherapy Gnome
Tongue, surface Disciple Chalk Pneumatic Design
Guilty Evanesce Walk Receipt Resign
Guitar Fascinate Half, balm Raspberry Foreigner
Guess Fluorescent Palm Corps Align
Guest Muscle Salmon coup Assign
Buy, catalogue Discipline Would Pterodactyl bangs
Queue Scissors Could Psalm Gnaw
Guide Scene Should Singer
Dull, colleague yolk Light, daughter

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Silent E Silent D Silent A Silent N Silent S
Age, liked Badge Radically Autumn Aisle
Breathe, opened Edge, Logically Column Island
Bridge, helped Handsome Musically Damn Isle
Change, looked Hedge, pledge Physically Hymn Debris
Tape, cake Friendly Basically Condemn Apropos
Hate, kite Sandwich Critically solemn Bourgeois
Peace, taste Wednesday Automatically Islet
Piece, he Adjective Boundary
Interesting Gadget, fridge Parade
Mastery Lodge, budget Practically
Achieve, she Adjust, judge Romantically
Site, mate knowledge Finally
Friend Eternally
porridge Naturally

Silent O Silent T/ voice T Silent M Silent I Silent Z

Comfortable International Mnemonic family Pizza
Sophomore Internet Business Rendezvous
History Interview Parliamentary Laissez-faire
Favorite Winter controversial
Victory Center Beneficial
Factory Enter confidential
Colonel Printer Nuptial
People Advantage Essential
Country Interactive Potential
Leopard Interface Initial
Favor Interrupt Judicial
Twenty Official
Percentage Social
Interfere Special
interstate Sacrificial
Printout Racial
Facial
Artificial

Q, J, F, and R aren’t silent.

Q: quarrel, quarrelsome, quarry, quarter.
J: January, Japan, Japanese, juice, enjoy, judge.
F: follow, false, famish, face, fabricate.
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R: rhyme, rabbit, right, raw, party, race, racing, response, rapid, growth, grueling, car.
X is mute only in a word: Faux pas,
Gh pronounces like F; Tough, draught, laugh, rough, plough.
G doesn’t pronounce after n: sign, resign, foreign. There is exception: ignore magnitude.

CH pronounces as K: Mechanic, schedule, characteristic, charisma, technology, charismatic

CH pronounces as tʃ (ʃ=sh) : champion. Cheese, picture, watch, chocolate, choose, chew, cheap
Kitchen, teacher, chapter, exchange, fortunate, natural, nature, much, such, Chinese.
SH pronounces as ʃ: shoes, sheep, ship, whish, cash, wash, flash, dishwasher.

5 ways to pronounce “T”

1) Normal “T” in the beginning of the words: Top, Ten, Type, Time, Tinny, Tidy, Temperature.
2) Stop “T”, you don’t push the air out: cat, pot, bat.
3) Flap “T” between two vowels tt /t, vowel as soft d: Better, security, party, beautiful, water,
later, city, machete, shorter.
4) “T” before R, it pronounces as /ch/: tree, trick, country.
5) Guttural “T”: button, Manhattan, eaten, written, cotton.

Pronunciation of TH: /θ/ or/ ð /: you push the tongue between your teeth
a) TH pronounces as /θ/ unvoiced with sound f: thing, though, through, thank birthday, fourth,
bath, thunder, something, breath, cloth, earth, mouth, thirst.
Example: Thankfully I thought things through. Breathe in through your mouth.
b) TH pronounces as / ð / voiced with sound d: this, these, that, those, mother, father, clothes,
bathe, they, other, weather, together, teethe.
Example: The brother from another mother. These are mother’s teeth. This is thick leather.

Exercise. Pronunciation the words in the sentences.

1. Have you ever seen a ghost? No, I haven’t.
2. What do you want me to do? I want you to paint the house.
3. When do you want me to paint the house? I want you to paint the house tomorrow.
4. Mr and Mrs John move to USA next weekend.
5. My family is numerous. There are five beautiful girls and three handsome boys.
6. The sauce goes wonderfully well with fish, asparagus or new potatoes.
7. The international coach buys a bouquet of flowers at the mall for his pretty wife.
8. Island of Haiti is a pearl of the West Indies. The love it because it‘s a comfortable country.
9. The psychologists know how to help the mnemonic patients to write well the poems.
10. The plumber climbs practically the wall in order to fix the unused tubes.
11. The royal family lives carefully in a castle, where the queen or king is the perfect ruler.

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Exercise II. The Silent T. [t] and [n] are so close in the mouth that the [t] can simply disappear.
Read the following sentences out loud. Make sure that the underline Ts are silent.
1. He had a great interview [he hædǝ gray dinnerview]
2. Try to enter the information [trydǝ enner the information].
3. Turn the printer on  [trn thǝ prinnerän]
4. Finish the printing *f’n’sh thǝ prinning]
5. She’s at the international center *sheez’ (t) the (y) innernational senner]
6. It’s twenty degrees in Toronto  *‘ts twenny d’greezin tränno]

Exercise. R- Combinations. Don’t think about spelling here. Just pronounce each column of
words as the heading indicates.

ǝr är ɛr or eer æwr
1. earn art air or ear hour
2. hurt heart hair horse here how’re
3. heard hard haired horde Here’s
4. pert part pair pour peer power
5. word where war we’re
6. a word aware award a weird
7. work wear warm weird
8. first far fair four fear flower
9. firm farm fairy form fierce
10. rather cathartic there Thor theory 11th hour
11. murky mar mare more mere
12. spur spar spare sport spear
13. sure sharp share shore shear shower
14. churn char chair chore cheer showder
15. gird guard scared gored geared Gower
16. cur car care core kir cower
17. turtle tar tear tore tear tower
18. dirt dark dare door dear dour
19. stir star stair store steer
20. sir sorry Sarah sore seer sour
21. burn barn bear born beer bower
22. mirror

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Exercise. Pronounce.
The Hurly Burly Mirror Store at Vermont and Bervely featured hundreds of first-rate minors.
There were several mirrors on the chest of drawers, and the largest one was turned toward the
door in order to make the room look bigger. One of the girls who worked there was concerned
that a bird might get hurt by hurtling into its own reflection. She learned by trial and error how
to preserve both the mirrors and the birds. Her earnings were proportionately increased at the
mirror store to reflect her contribution to the greater good.

The sound [i] spelled several ways in American English.

ay quay [ki]
ea heat [hit]
e be [bi]
ee weep [wip]
ei receive [ɹɪ’siv+
eo people *‘pipǝl+
ey key [ki]
ie brief [bɹif]
i police *pǝ’lis+
y busy *‘biz i+
ui build [bɪld]
o women *‘wɪmɪn]
u minute *‘mɪn ɪt]

The sound [u] spelled several ways in American English.

1) oo: boo, woo 2) ue: blue 3) u: stupid 4) o: do 5) oe: shoe 6) eu: sleuth.
7) ew: blew 8) ou: you 9) ui: juice 9) wo: two 10) ough: through.

Diphtong AI [aɪ], spelled several ways in American English.

uy:Buy[baɪ] ye:Bye [baɪ] i:Time[taɪm]
y: My[maɪ] igh:Sight [saɪt] i:Exercise*‘ɛkseɹ,saɪz]
ai:Aisle [aɪl] eigh:Height [haɪ] i: United: *ju’naɪdɪd]
ie:Lie []laɪ], die aye: Aye:[aɪ] i :Mind: [maɪnd]
i: idea : [aɪ’diǝ+

Diphtong AY [eɪ] spelled several ways in American English.

a:shape [ʃeɪp], tame [teɪm], sane [seɪm], ate [eɪt], age [eɪdz], lady [leɪdi]
aid [eɪ d], say [seɪ], eight[eIt], they[ðeɪ]

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Diphtong EW [ju]
1) u: use [juz] 2) eu: feud [fjud] 3) ew: few [fju] 4) eau: beauty *‘bjudi+

Diphtong [æ] as a long a : add [æd], bag[bæg], sap [sæp], bad[bæd], had [hæd], happy[hæp i],
apple *æp.l+, laugh*læf+, savvy*sæv.i+, accept *æk’sɛpt+, action *‘ æk ʃǝn], jam [dzæm], man,
[mæn], family [fæm. ǝl.i]

o pronounced a. Before the consonants: p and d: wobble [wɑb ǝl+, stop *stɑp+, job *dzɑb+,
adoption *ǝdɑpʃǝn+, positive [pɑz.ǝtɪv]

The sound u pronounced [ʌ] several ways in American English: fun [fʌn], stuff [stʌf], love [lʌv],
sun [sʌn+, butter *‘bʌt. ǝr]

Exercise. Pronounce the words.

Same, genre, hour, probably, official, weight, beige, action, crucial, mission, sure, usual, azure,
leisure, pleasure, front of, fun, stop, something, brother, party, enter, internet, with, theme,
job, major, January, age, cheap, always, jam, soldier, adjective, mathematics, human, woman,
sum, thesis naturally, automatically, awfully, wonderfully, hypothesis, triangle, apple, mouth.

Pronunciation of Final L .
üll [ʊl] äll [ɑl] æwl [ʊǝl] ell [el] ale [eɪl] oll [ʊl] eel [[iːl] dl
Bull ball bowel bell bale bowl Beal bottle
hall howl hell hail hole heel huddle
hauled howled held hailed hold healed hurtle
Pull pall Powell pell pail pole peel poodle
Wool wall well whale whole wheel wheedle
Full fall foul fell fail foal feel fetal
Schultz shawl shell shale shoal she’ll shuttle
Tulle tall towel tell tale toll teal turtle
vault vowel veldt veil vole veal vital
You’ll yawl yowl yell Yale yield yodel
call cowl Kelly kale cold keel coddle
full weep cuddle

ool [u:l] ble [bl] ill /il [ɪl]

school charitable ill
fool table fulfill
pool comfortable till/ until

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 Reading comprehension: Schools.
In the United States, most children begin kindergarten at age five. They usually attend
elementary school from kindergarten to fifth grade. From grades six to eight, kids often go to
middle school. From there, they go on to high school, which is usually grades nine to twelve,
and receive their diploma.
Adults can attend an adult school with or without a high school a high school diploma. Adults
who attend a community college must have a high school diploma or GED (General Equivalency
Diploma or General Educational Development certificate).

Exercise of training. Complete with the words: freshman, sophomore, junior, senior,
elementary school, bachelor’s degree, kindergarten, school, university, college, and faculty.
1. In USA, many children begin going to school at the age of five. They attend the ……………………
2. From the kindergarten to fifth grade, the children attend the ………………………………………………
3. The students who are in the fourth year at university, their name is ……………………………………
4. The students who are in the second year at university, their name is ……………………………………
5. The students who are in the first year at university, their name is …………………………….…………
6. The students who are in the third year at university, their name is ………………………………………
7. After passing fourth year at university, the students receive a ……………………………………………..
8. This a college or collection of colleges at which people study for a degree, it’s …………………………
9. Any place for specialized education after the age of 16 where people study or train to get
knowledge and skills, it’s called ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. A place where the children go to learn in order to be well educated, it’s …………………………………
11. A group of departments in a college which specialize in a particular subject or group of subjects,
it’s called …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Vocabulary
School: A place where children go to be educated.
To register (to enroll, to enter = inscrire): Put information, especially your name into an official list.
Nursery school (Preschool= crèche, garderie): school for children between the ages of two and five.
Pupil (élève): a person, especially a child at school who is being taught.
Community college: a two-year college where students can learn a skill or prepare to enter a university.
College: Any place for specialized education after the age of 16 where people study or train to get
knowledge and skills.
Junior college: a college in the US where students study for two years.
University: A college or collection of colleges at which people study for a degree.
Career: a job that someone does for a long time or / series of jobs that you do during your working
life, especially if you continue to get better job and get more money.
Faculty: A group of departments in a college which specialize in a particular subject or group of subjects.
Student (étudiant /élève): a person who is learning at a college or university or sometimes at school.
Diploma: document given by college or university to show that you’ve passed a particular examination
The ranks of people who frequent o work at university: Rector, Vice-rector, Dean, students,
professor.
Rector (recteur): chancellor, the person who is in charge of a university or school.

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Vice-rector, Vice-chancellor: The person who is charge of some parts of college or the university
Dean (doyen): A high-ranking official in a college or university who is responsible for the
organization of departments or departments. Example. Mr. Andy is the dean of computer science.
The ranks of the students: Freshman/ fresh woman, sophomore, junior, senior.
Freshman: A student who is in the first (1st) year of a college or university.
Sophomore: A student who is in the second (2nd) year of university.
Junior: A student who is in the third (3rd) year of university.
Senior: A student who is in the fourth (4th) year of university.
Advanced degrees: Mastery, doctorate.
Mastery: a degree someone can reach (for 1 or 2 year(s)) after his/her bachelor’s degree.
Example: Bryanna gets mastery in law.
Doctorate: the highest degree (qualification) from university. John is a doctor in computer science.
Professor: a teacher in highest rank in a department in a university or college.
Teacher: is someone who is job is to teach in a school or college.
to reach (atteindre but): to accomplish, to get success, to arrive at a place after spending a long time.
To spend (dépenser de l’argent, passer le temps): to give money or use time for doing something. Ex1:
how much money did you spend last year? Example2: I can spend four years to study computer science.
To pass (passer voir qlq’un, passer un examen): to be successful in a examination, course. Example1:
Jennyfer passes all the courses, she gets a good average. Example2: I pass to see you at five o’clock
To go on (poursuivre, continuer): to continue, or move to the next thing.
To begin: to start to do something/ to start to be……
Attend: suivre / assiter un cours: to go officially and usually regularly to a place. I attend the course.
Undergraduate: A student who is studying for his first degree at college or university.
Postgraduate / graduate: a student who has already got one degree and he is studying at university
for a more advanced qualification.

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 Reading: Computer as a teacher.
In the early days of computers and programmed learning, some students set at the terminal for
extended periods following and individualized learning program. Although we have come a long
way from the rather naïve thought, held by some at that time that the computer could
eventually come to replace the teacher, there has been a return to a much more sophisticated
kind of computerized teaching using multimedia CD ROMs. In such programs, students can
listen to dialogues or video clips. They can click on pictures to call up the names of the objects
they see. The can speak into the microphone and immediately hear a recording of what they
have said. The program can keep a record of their progress, the vocabulary learned and offer
remedial help if necessary. Many of these CD ROM programs are offered as complete language
courses. They require students to spend hours on their own in front of the computer screen,
usually attached to a microphone headset.
For this reason alone I prefer not to use them in my language teaching. Another of the serious
drawbacks, in my view, is the fact that in many cases the course content and sequence is fixed.
The teacher has no chance to include materials that are interest and importance to the
particular students in his or her class. As an alternative to large CD ROM packages there is an
increasing number of useful sites on the World Wide Web (WWW), where students can get
instruction and practice in a language skills such as reading, listening and writing.

Exercise of training. 1. What does stand for?

CD ROM: …………………………………………………………………. RAM: ………………………………………………………
WWW: …………………………………………………………………….. PSU: ……………………………………………………….
DVD: ……………………………………………………………………….. USB: ………………………………………………………..
2. The synonym of interface is: A- Screen or monitor B- Power Supply Unit or USB
3. Something that is different from something else, especially from what is usual and offering
the possibility of choice. A- Alternative B- Interrogative C- Positive

Vocabulary
Computer Science: The study of computers and how they can be used.
To teach (professer, enseigner): To instruct, to give somebody knowledge or to train someone
Drawback (inconvénient, désavantage): A disadvantage or the negative part of situation.
Microphone: a piece of equipment that you speak into to make your voice louder or to record your
voice or other sounds. Example: My laptop has a built-in microphone.
Headset: a set of headphones, especially one with a microphone fixed to it.
Multimedia: Using a combination of moving and still pictures, sounds, music and words, especially in
computers or entertainment. Example: multimedia software.
CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read Only Memory): an empty compact disc with that holds large amounts of
information that can be read by a computer but cannot be changed.
CD-RW (Compact disc Re-writable): An empty compact disc which you can use to record the
information on and read from, using a special type of drive (Computer device).
DVD (Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc): a disc used for storing and playing music, films or
information. Is the film available on DVD?
USB (Universal Serial Bus): a part of computer to which extra devices such as printers, scanners and
digital cameras can be connected easily without starting the system.
RAM (Random Access Memory): a type of computer memory which can be searched in any order and

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changed as necessary.
Naïve: Too willing to believe that someone is telling the truth, that people’s intentions general are good
or that life is simple and fair. Young people are often naïve because they haven’t had experience of life.
Alternative (choice): something that is different from something else, especially from what is
usual and offering the possibility of choice. Example. I have an alternative to sleep on the street
Remedial (rattrapage, aide,corrective, curative): In teaching, help people who have difficulties.
Skill (talent): An ability to do an activity or job well, especially because you practiced it.
Computer literate (adj.): Able to use well the computers.
To set up (installer): to fix, to establish, to arrange something, the business, the event or the activity.
Program: A series of instructions with can be put into a computer in order to make it perform an operation
To require (exiger, nécessiter, requérir, demander, réclamer): to ask, to demand, to need or to make
the necessary. Example: You are required by law to stop your car after an accident.
Interface (monitor or screen= écran, interface): A connection between two pieces of electronic
equipment or between a person and a computer. Example: My computer has a network interface, which
allows me to get to other computers.
To replace (remplacer): To substitute for, to take a place for something or to put something or someone
in the place of something or someone else. Ex: The factory replaced most of its workers with robots.
To click on (cliquer): to (cause a computer instruction to) operate by pressing a button on the mouse (=small
control device) of a computer. Ex: If you want to open a file click twice on the icon for it.

Reading comprehension: Using the computers in language teaching.

Computers have made a triumphal entry into education in the past decade, and only a dyed-in-the
wool Luddite would be deny that they have brought the significant benefits to the teachers and the
students alike. However, an uncritical use of the computers can be just as disadvantageous to the
students as a refusal to have anything to do with them. In this article I discuss some of the ways
that computers can be used in English language teaching, with a view to helping the colleagues
make the most of the opportunities they offer to ESL students.
It’s helpful to think of the computers as having the following main roles in the language classroom:
Teacher: The computer teaches the students the new languages.
Tester: It tests the students on a language already learned.
Tool: It assists the students to do certain tasks.
Data Source: It provides the students with the information they need to perform a particular task.
Communication Facilitator: It allows the students to communicate with others in different
locations.

Exercise of Training. Choose the best answer.

1. In the sentence: It allows the students to communicate with others in different locations.
The verb to allow means: A- Blow B- Permit C- Imitate.
2. The word decade means: A period of ten years B- A period of twenty years
3. The synonym of triumphal is: A- losing B- Victorious C- Macrocephalic
4. The small device which you move across a surface in order to move a cursor on your
computer screen is: A-Monitor B- Motherboard C- Mouse
5. The verb of to operate by pressing a button on the mouse (=small control device) of a
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computer. A- To allow B- To click C- To take
6. What does stand for: IETLS, SAT. TOEFL, EFL
……………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………
Vocabulary.
Dyed-in-the wool , adamant,( inflexible)->If someone has dyed-in-the wool opinions, they hold them
strongly and will not change them.
To click on (cliquer): to (cause a computer instruction to) operate by pressing a button on the mouse
(=small control device) of a computer.Ex: If you want to open a file click twice on the icon for it.
Triumphal (adj): describes something that celebrates a great victory (winning a war or competition)
or the success. Example: Shortly after a triumphal entry into Havana in January 1959, Castro spoke on
television for seven hours without a break.
Decade-> A period of ten years, especially as a period such as 1860 to 1869, or 1990 to 1999.
Education-> Is the process of teaching or learning in school or college or the knowledge that you get
from this. Example: As a child he received most of his education at home.
Computer programmer--> developer: a person whose job is to produce (code) the computer programs.
Mouse: Small device which you move across a surface in order to move a cursor on your computer screen
Computer Hacker: Someone who hacks into others people’s programs computer systems.
ESL->English as Second Language: the teaching of English to speakers of the languages who live in a
country where English is an official or an important language.
EFL: English as a Foreign Language: the teaching of English to students whose 1rst language is not
English.
TOEFL: Test of English as a Foreign Language: An Examination of English for speakers of another
language.
SAT->Scholarship Aptitude Test: A test taken in the US to measure students’ abilities before they go to
the college.
Blogger : Someone who writes a blog or shares his / her experience on the internet
IELTS: International English Language Testing System
CAE: Certificate in Advanced English CPE: Certificate of Proficiency in English.
Colleague (collègue, confrère): co-worker is one of a group of people who work together.
Discuss (discuter): To talk or write about a subject with someone and tell each other your ideas or
opinions.
Argue (disputer), to quarrel: To speak angrily to someone, telling them that you disagree with them.
Deny (refuse) Nier, refuser, dementir: To not allow someone to have or do something.
Opportunity: An occasion or situation which makes it possible to do something that you want to do or
have to do, or the possibility of doing something. Ex: He had a golden opportunity to score the goal.
Information: The facts about a situation, person, event. For further information, contact my website.
To allow (permettre): to permit, to give an authorization, to make to do something, to grant, to admit …
View (Noun:vue, opinion): sight, opinion, belief or idea or a way of thinking about something.
View (verb: voir, examiner,contempler, visionner, visiter): to see, to watch something, to look at
something in a complete or careful way. Example: I haven’t had a chance to actually view the house yet.
Interface (monitor or screen= écran, interface): A connection between two pieces of electronic
equipment or between a person and a computer. Example: My computer has a network interface, which
allows me to get to other computers.
To replace (remplacer): To substitute for, to take a place for something or to put something or someone
in the place of something or someone else. Ex: The factory replaced most of its workers with robots.

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 Reading Comprehension: A positive attitude
When you start a new job, it’s important to show that you have a positive attitude. Show that
you want to learn. Read and listen to instructions carefully. Be sure you know the rules of the
company, and be sure you understand. Ask questions. It’s ok to make mistakes, but you should
show that you want to improve. Ask your manager for new tasks. Show that you want to
cooperate. Be on time. Call when you’re going to be late. Do not just complain about problems.
Look for solutions. Look for ways to help co-workers. Answer questions and speak to your co-
workers in a helpful way.
It’s important to do good work, but a positive attitude is also important. A positive attitude can
improve your job evaluation too.
Vocabulary.
Attitude: Your feelings or opinions about something or someone.
To be in good mood (être de bonne humeur): To feel like doing or having something
To complain (se plaindre, réclamer): To say that you’re unhappy with something (wrong).
To improve (to ameliorate = ameliorer): to make something better/ to get better.
To cooperate (coopérer): to act or work well with other people for a particular purpose.
Job evaluation: Job report from your manager.
Positive: Not negative, cheerful, hopeful and confident.
Co-worker (colleague): a person working with another worker, especially as a partner or helper.
Company (Enterprise, corporation or venture = compagnie, enterprise, société ): Organization
which sells goods and services in order to make money.
Rule (règle, instructions, principe): An accepted principle or instruction that states the way
things are or should be done, and tells you what you are allowed to or not allowed to do.
Manager (chef, patron, gérant, responsible, directeur): the person who is responsible for
managing an organization. Or a person whose job is to organize or train a sports team.
To learn (teach= s’instruire, apprendre): to get knowledge or skill in a new subject or activity.
Task (tâche, besogne, devoir(ce qu’on doit faire ou ne pas faire): A piece of work to be done,
especially one done regularly, unwillingly or with difficulty.Task (éprouver, mettre à l’épreuve
Instruction(consigne): Something that someone tells you to do. Or an advice or information
about what to do or use sthg, often written in a small book or the other side of a container.
Understand (comprendre): To know the meaning of something that someone says. Or to know
why or how something happens or works. Example: Do you understand? (Do you get it?).
Classmate(camarade de classe): someone who is the same class as you at school.
Soul mate (sweetie, honey, sweetheart, confident = âme soeur, confident(e)): someone,
usually your romantic or sexual partner who you have a special relationship with, who you
know and love and love very much.
Team-mate (coequipier): A player on the same team
Work (job, travail, ouvrage, oeuvre): An activity, such a job, which a person uses physical or
mental effort to do, usually for money. Example: Caroline does hard work to earn money.
To start: (commencer): To begin doing something. Example: Dayana and Christina start a
business; they are going to sell clothes.
Mistake (error): An action, decision or judgment which produces an unwanted or unintentional
result. Example: I am not blaming you, we all make mistakes.
Resolve (look for solution= résoudre): To solve or end a problem or difficulty

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 Professionals or careers in Computer science/ computer science careers.
1- Computer Programmer 2- Hardware Engineer 3- Software Developer
4- Systems Manager 5- Network Administrator 6-Systems Analyst
7- Security Analyst 8. Information Researcher 9- Video Game Developer
10- Health Information Technician 11- Data scientist 12- Web Designer
13- Web Developer 14- Software Engineer 15- Database Administrator
16- IT Architect/Systems Engineer 17. Hacker 18. Computer Repair Technician

Types of programming Languages.

C, C++, C#, Java, JavaScript, Python, PHP(Personal home Page), Ruby, Object-Oriented
Programming, Assembly language, Swift, SQL (Structured Query Language), Perl, Functional
Programming, Scala, Objective C, Kotlin, Ada, COBOL, MATLAB, Haskel, Machine Language, BASIC,
Lua, GO.
Notice that. The most powerful programming languages includes: C++, Java, Python and Ruby

COMPUTERS & COMPONENTS.

Computer science: The study of computers and how they can be used.
Computer literate: Someone who is able to use very well the computers.
Computer: An electronic machine which is used for storing, organizing and finding words, numbers
and pictures for doing calculations and for controlling other machines. It recognizes the bits: {0, 1}
Binary number: A number that is expressed using 1 and 0.
Bit: A unit information in a computer that most be either 0 or 1. Example: a 64-bit computer.
Convert the Decimal in Binary: 2B=10 ; 6B=110; 17B= 10001; 32B= 100000
Convert the Binary into Decimal: 11D=3 10101D= 21 110010D=50 1010111D= 87
Addition in Binary: 1010+1011=10101 Subtraction in Binary: 10110-10101=1
Multiplication in Binary: 11011*101=10000111 Division in Binary: 1111100/10=111110
Computer Programmer: A person whose job is to produce computer programs.
Program: A series of instructions which can be put into a computer in order to make it perform an
operation. To program is the verb.
Instruction: An advice or information about how to do or use something often written in a small
book, computer, phone, tablet or the side of a container. Example: They need instructions on what
to do next.

Types of computer about the size: Laptop, palmtop, personal, notebook/notepad, desktop.
Laptop: A computer which is small enough to be carried around easily and is designed for use
outside and office. But it can be inside, it depends on the users. Example: A laptop would be really
useful for when I’m working on the train.
Palmtop: A type of computer which is small enough to fit in your hand.
Personal Computer: A medium- sized computer which is used mainly by people at home rather
than by the large organizations.
Notebook computer/ notepad computer: A very small computer which you can carry easily.
Desktop: a type of computer that is small enough to fit on the top of a desk.

A basic computer has at least 8 basic components which include a computer case or tower,
motherboard, Central Processing Unit (CPU), Power Supply Unit (PSU), Random Access Memory

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(RAM), hard Disk drive (HDD), Graphic Processing Unit (GPU) and some type of optical drive which
would be your (CD) Compact Disk/ DVD (Digital Versatile Disc).
There are lots of component that supports the operation of computer. Basically I’d classify it in two
main sections: Hardware and Software.
A- Hardware(materiel physique de l’ordinateur: is the physical and electronic parts of the
computer, rather than the instructions it follows. It’s touchable.
a) CPU (Central Processing Unit) which acts as brain of the computer. It does the computing and
processing words of the computer; such as calculating your data with formulas in Microsoft Excel
worksheet, processing the raw data into a usable one, etc.
b) RAM (Random Access Memory) works a volatile data memory for programs to work. Imagine
this: Program works in an office workspace and RAM is size of the cubicle. Larger cubicle means
program have bigger working space and thus could work faster if it needs to. Who determines
which program needs larger or smaller cubicle? Data stored in RAM won’t survive a power –off.
Although all RAM basically serves the purpose, there are a few different types commonly in the
use:
Static RAM (SRAM), Dynamic RAM (DRAM), Synchronous Dynamic RAM(SDRAM), Single Data Rate
Synchronous Dynamic RAM(SDR SDRAM), Double Date Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM (DDR
SDRAM, DDR2, DDR4)

c) Storage Drive: acts well as data storage where your data and program innards reside. If RAM is
the office cubicle, the storage unit is the office storage room. Obviously, the larger it is then the
more you could store your data. Storage drive usually comes in HDD (Hard Disk Drive) which is quiet
dated but it still largely used; the other one is SSD (Solid-state Disk) which is newer and sports faster
read and write operation. Data stored in storage drive last longer than RAM (if the drive isn’t faulty,
but it will deteriorate as aging kicks in).We can change it in order to increase its capacity as well.
Notice that: USB (Universal serial Bus) USB flash drive or USB key is an extra or external storage.

d) Optical Drive reads (or write) your optical media such as CD, DVD, or BD. Usage trend for f this
media is declining so is for the usage of optical drive.

e) GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) processes any kind of graphical data. Be it your game, the
interface of a program, or the desktop. Some systems have CPU sufficiently process the graphic c or
a combo of CPU+ GPU, but for more demanding program you’ll need a discrete graphic card.

f) PSU (Power Supply Unit) supply power to components of the computer. Without it working
properly, it could impede the performance of whole system and even broke from insufficient and
fluctuating power. Higher efficiency and quality PSU means higher quality power output for
components.

g) Sound card: process audio and route any input audio to proper output.

h) Motherboard is the central of those components above where circuit wonder flows process and
data to appropriate components. If it unable to work properly, it could stop whole system to a
grinding halt.
i) Input device: such as: Mouse, keyboard, scanner, touch –pad/screen, optical drive, microphone,
track pad, Network communication, graphics tablets, cameras, video capture, trackballs, barcode

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reader, digital camera, gamepad, joystick, webcam, pen Input, electronic whiteboard, OMR, OCR,
punch card reader, MICR( Magnetic Ink character reader, Magnetic Tape drive. Anything that gives
input to the system, usually by user.

j) Output device: such as: monitor LED/LCD/CRT (screen, display), printers (all types), plotters,
projector , LCD Projection Panels, computer output Microfilm (COM), speaker, Head phone, Visual
Display Unit, Film Recorder, Microfiche, network communication and speaker. Self-explanatory it
outputs whatever data that has processed by the system.

Both Input- Output Devices (I/O):

Modems, Network cards, Touch Screen, Headsets (Headset consists of Speakers and Microphone
normally the speakers act as output device and Microphone act as Input device), Facsimile (FAX), it
has scanner to scan the document and also have printer to print the document), Audio cards/ sound
Card.
k) Cooling System: works as heat ventilation that is generated by system. Common setup is using
fans and heat-sink pipes which vent the heat from CPU to fan.
l) Computer case or tower: the outer shell that protect the system from elements.

B-Software (Logiciel ou ensemble de programmes): the instructions which control what a

computer does; computer programs. It’s untouchable.
a) BIOS: Basic input and Output System is the most inner, Windows,…) that embedded with
motherboard . BIOS set up the starting sequence and basic working of a system. Crippled BIOS
means you will find you can’t start the system before repairing the BIOS or changing the
motherboard if it unrepeatable.

b) Operating System (OS: mac Os or IOS, Linux (Ubuntu), Microsoft Windows: Windows XP,
Premium, vista, 7, 8, 10) manages the system resource so user could use the system with its
hardware and program installed. The very inner working of OS is called Kernel, which bridges
software-hardware and allocates which process should be prioritized, ran, or stopped. Corrupted
kernel will make the system a mess. There are also others such as: android, CentOs, Red Hat Linux,
macOs Sierra.

The most popular Operating System (OS) by computer:

a) Windows 10(user-friendly): the most popular operating system for desktop & laptop computers.
b) Android is the most popular operating smartphone operating system.
c) IOS is the most popular tablet operating system.
d) Variants of Linux are most widely used in the internet of things and smart devices.
e) Other variants of Linux are the most popular operating system on web servers and
supercomputers.
f) Real-time operating system (RTOS) is an OS that guarantees real-time applications, a certain
capability within a specified deadline. RTOS are designed for critical systems and for devices like
microcontrollers that are timing-specific and are measured in milliseconds.
g) Distributed operating system: is system software over a collection of independent software,
networked, communicating, and physically separate computational. They handle jobs which are
serviced by multiple nodes.
h) Time sharing operating system: is a discontinued operating system for RCA mainframe

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computers of the spectra series.
i) Unix is an operating system analogue to DOS and Windows, supporting multiple concurrent user’s
software for Unix systems.
j) Solaris is the computer operating system that Sun Microsystems provides for its family of Scalable
Professor architecture-based processors as well for Intel-based processors.
k) OS/2. The name standards for “Operating system/2, because it was introduced as part of the
same generation change release as IBM’s personal System/ 2 (PS/2) line of second generation
personal computers.
Notice that. Software package (logiciel fait sur mesure): a computer program that is sold together
with the instructions on how to use it.
Processor
In computing, a processor or microprocessor or processing unit also known as (CPU) is a digital
circuit which performs operations on some external data source, usually memory or some other
data stream. It typically takes the form of a microprocessor, which can be implemented on a single
metal- oxide-semiconductor integrated circuit chip. There are two major manufacturers of
computer processors: Intel and AMD.

Definition of Intel
Intel core is streamlined midrange consumer, workstation and enthusiast computers central
processing unit marketed by Intel Corporation. Identical or more capable versions of Core
processors are also sold as Xeon processors for the server and workstation markets. It consumes
less heat.
Definition of AMD
AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) is an American multinational semiconductor company based in
Santa Clara, California, that develops computer processors and related technologies for business
and consumer markets.
Difference between Intel and AMD is:

Intel AMD
Faster than AMD. Runs cooler for longer It’s not fast compared to Intel. Heats up faster.
duration
It’s clock speed in 2.93 GHz It’s clock speed is 2 GHz

Types de screen (monitor or display= écran)

There are three (3) types of monitor. However, based on the technology used to make computer
monitors, they can be broadly categorized into three types:
CRT(Cathode Ray Tube), LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), LED (Light Emitting Diodes)

CRT( Cathode Ray Tube Monitors) are the conventional computers , large in size and have wide
viewing angles. The working process of CRT is very simple in which the Cathode Ray Tube moves an
electron gun to and fro across the screen. The beam collides on the phosphor dots present on the
screen and emits light. The actives the pixels and makes an image on the screen.

LCD (Liquid Crystal Diode monitors) is the advanced form of CRT monitors. A cold Cathode Ray, the
fluorescent panel is two major components of the LCD. The cold cathode ray technology is used LCD
which emits electrons and light up the fluorescent coated monitor screen. The process is known as

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backlighting. The second component is a fluorescent panel, which is made of liquid crystal that
determines is current sensitive and determines the number of electrons to pass through the screen
to make the shape and image of an object.

LED (Light Emitting Diode Monitors) is an improved version of LCD monitor and manufacturers
have tried to eliminate the drawbacks of LCD monitors. The both monitors are based on the same
display technology and provide better resolution. However the difference comes on backlighting as
LCD monitors use Cold cathode Fluorescent Light and LED monitors are based on light emitting
diode. The backlighting impacts badly on the image and decreases its sharpness and brightness.

CRT and LED Monitors.

Unlike CRT monitors, LCD monitors are slim, occupy less space and consume less energy. The large
screen area makes it perfect for playing games, watching movies while the size of CRT monitor is
always less than the specified size on the paper as its frame around the glass screen more than one-
inch space . The flat screen displays the perfect image while it’s harmless for the eyes as it emits
very small part of the radiation. Unlike LED monitors, LCD monitors are affordable and accessible
for everyone.

Projector.
A projector is an output device that projects an image onto a large surface, such as a white screen
or wall. It may be used as alternative to a monitor or television when showing video or images to
large group of people. The projectors come in many shapes and sizes through they are commonly
about a foot long and wide and a few inches tall. They can be mounted on ceiling or maybe
freestanding and portable

Ceiling-mounted projectors are typically larger, especially ones that project a long distance (such as
30 feet or more. Those projectors are commonly found in classrooms, conference rooms,
auditoriums, and places of worship.
Portable projectors can use wherever there is a bright surface (such as a white or light colored wall).
Most projectors have multiple input sources such as HDMI ports for newer equipment and VGA
ports for older devices. Some projectors support WI-Fi and Bluetooth as well.
In the world of projection technology, there are four main types including: DLP stands for (Digital
Light Processing), LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) and LCOS (Liquid crystal on Silicon). Also, there are
laser projectors that rely on solid-state laser instead of lamp for its light source. LCD is the best
projector.

Connector HDMI (High- Definition Multimedia Interface)

HDMI is a proprietary audio/video interface for transmitting uncompressed video data and
compressed digital audio data from an HDMI- compliant source device, such as a display controller,
to a compatible computer monitor, video projector, digital television or digital audio device.

Connector VGA (Video Graphics Array)

VGA is a three-row 15-pin DE-15 connector. The 15-pin VGA connector was provided on many
video cards, computer monitors, laptop computers, projectors and high definition television sets.

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 Browser
A browser is a software or computer program used to locate and display information on the
internet or intranet. The browsers are most often used to access web pages.

The different types of browsers: Mozilla Firefox, Safari, Opera, Internet explorer, Microsoft Edge,
Chrome, Netscape Navigator, Chromonium, Lynx, Konqueror, Omniweb, Tor Browser, Camino,
Lunascape, Netsurf, Shira, Netscape Browser, GreenBrowser, Comodo IceDragon, Otter Browser,
Opera GX, Puffin Browser.

Search Engines
It is a software program that helps people find the information they are looking for online using
keywords or phrases. Search engines are able to return results quickly even with millions of
websites by scanning the internet continuously and indexing every page they find.

List of popular search engines: Bing, DuckDuckGo, Google, Yandex, Yahoo, Baidu, AOL, Ecosia,
Startpage, WolframAlpha, Google search, Dogpile, Qwant, Yahoo! Search, Yippy, Yandex Search,
WebCrawler, Youtube, Gigablast, Metacrawler, HotBot, TinEye, Google Images, Google scholar

Notice that. You can go to the browser and type www search engine.com. Examples (
www.bing.com), (www.DockDockGo.com) , (www.yahoo.com),

Exercise . What does stand for: PSU, HDMI, AMD, VGA, Wi-Fi, CPU, DVD, CD-ROM, OS, HDD?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Choose the best answer. The computers recognize the bits: A- {0, 1} B- {1, 9} C- {1, 8}
3. The list of the Operating System (OS) is:
A- Linux, Opera, Tik Tok, WhatsApp B- Windows, Linux, Android, Mc Os
4. The type of computer’s processor that heats up faster: A- Intel B- AMD
5. The instructions which control what a computer does; computer programs. It’s untouchable.
A- Software B- Hardware C- Software package.
6. A computer program that is sold together with the instructions on how to use it.
A- Software B- Hardware C- Software package.
7. The physical part or touchable on the computer such as: HDD, Tower, screen is
A- Software B- Hardware C- Software package
8. Put the words in their best class: Mozilla Firefox, Safari, Bing, DuckDuckGo, Yahoo, Baidu,
AOL, Opera, Internet explorer, Microsoft Edge, Chrome, Netscape Navigator, Chromonium,
Google, Yandex, Google Scholar

Search Engines Browsers

DuckDuckGo Mozilla firefox

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9. Convert in BINARY:
8B = …………………………., 14B= …………………………… 30B= ………………… 45B= ………………………
10. Convert in DECIMAL
a) 10011= ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
b) 11001101= ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
c) 1000111110= ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Reading Comprehension: Smartphone.

A smartphone is a mobile phone that includes advanced functionality beyond making phone
calls and sending text messages. Most smartphones have the capability to display photos, play
videos, check and send e-mail, and surf the Web. Modern smartphones, such as the iPhone and
Android based phones can run third-party applications, which provides limitless functionality.
While smartphones were initially used mostly by business users, they have become a common
choice for consumers as well. Thanks to advancements in technology, modern smartphones are
smaller and cheaper than earlier devices. Users also have a much rider range of smartphones to
choose from than before. While the RIM Blackberry dominated the smartphone market for
many years, other manufacturers like Apple, HTC, and Samsung now offer a wide variety of
smartphone options as well. This increase in smartphone availability has led to a corresponding
decline in the usage of standard PDAs, which do not include phone capabilities.
Since smartphones have wide range of functionality, they require advanced software, similar to
a computer operating system (OS). The smartphone software handles phones calls, runs
applications, and provides configuration options for the user. Most smartphones include a USB
connection, which allows users to synchronize data with their computers and update their
smartphone software.

Exercise. Understanding the reading and answer the following questions.

1. Cite the manufacturers of smartphone they mention in the text .

R. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Give the definition of smartphone.
R. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. The smatphone can provide the …………………………………………………………………….….functionality.
A- Limitless B- Limited C- Little D- Long
4. The operating system (OS) of smartphone is: A- Android B- Windows C- Linux
5. To cause to something happens at the same time is the synonym of the verb:
A- To call B- to synchronize C- To Chat
6. Summarize the text.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 Vocabulary.
Advantages of using Smartphone: Instant Communication, Learn a language, preparation for test,
entertainment, Research, Improve knowledge, Become a better speaker, to handle the business, Easy
access to information, Education, Listening to music, GPS, Useful applications, Privacy.
Disadvantages of using Smartphone: Distraction, Cost, Health problems, Addiction, Risk of data loss,
Uncensored contents, poor interaction.
Phone: (telephone): is a device which uses either a system of wires, along with electrical signals are
sent, or a system of radio signals to make it possible for you to speak to someone in other place who has
a similar device. Example: we speak on the phone about twice a day.
Smartphone: A mobile phone that can be used as small computer
Android: This robot (machine controlled by computer) which is made to look like a human
To chat: to talk to someone in a friendly informal way. To take part in discussion with someone in the
Internet. Example: Leila spends hours on the phone chatting to her friends.
To text: to send someone a text message. Example: I texted her to arrange a time to meet
Decline (déprimer, déperir, décroître, décliner): refuse, to go down, to gradually become less or lower.
To handle (manupiler, traiter,s’occuper, executer): to operate or control something which could be
difficult or dangerous. To pick something up and touch, hold or move it with your hands.
Firmware: A set of instructions which form part of an electronic device and which allow it to
communicate or with other electronic devices. (into Operating System: OS).
PDAs: A Palmtop computer functions as a personal organizer but also provides email and internet access
To configure (configurer): To arrange something or change the controls on a computer or other device
so that it can be used in a particular way. Example: Some software can be configured to prevent
children from giving out their phones numbers on the Internet.
To synchronize (synchronizer, être synchronisé): To (cause to) happen at the same time.
Manufacturer (Fabricant, industriel): A company that produces goods in large numbers.
Example: Germany is a major manufacturer of Mercedez cars.
To update (actualiser, mettre à jour): To make something more modern or suitable for use now by
adding new information or changing its design. To give someone the most recent information.
To upgrade(revaloriser): to improve the quality of usefulness of something, such as a machine or
computer program, or give a person a more important job or state that their job is more important than
it was in the past. Example: Congratulations! I hear that you’ve been upgraded to divisional manager.
Freeware: Computer programs then you can often copy from the Internet and do not have to pay for.
Shareware: Computer programs that you are allowed to use for a short period before you decide
whether or not to buy them.
To choose (choisir): to pick out, to decide what you want from two or more things or possibilities.
Example: Mary had to choose between the two men in her life.
User (utilisateur): Someone who uses a product, machine or service.
Application: Is a computer program that is designed for a particular purpose.
Hobby: An activity which someone does for pleasure when they are not working.
Addict: a person who can’t stop doing or using something, especially something harmful.
Obsolete (périmé): Not in use anymore, having been replaced by something newer and better or more
fashionable. Example: The studio photo became obsolete when the smartphone was appeared.

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 Reading: The Technology.
Technology is seen nowadays as one of the best thing humanity has developed. It enables us to
keep in touch permanently with our relatives, to spend the good time with friends by playing
the video games….However; our life seems today to be dependent of technologies. Should we
live without the technologies? First, I will try in this talk to bring out the possible aftermaths of
power-cuts. Then, I will try to tell you the different problems we would get during tech-free
day. To finish, I will give you my opinion on this topic.
To begin with, we studied in class a video about Blackout. They happened when the electricity
goes off. One happened in California. As a consequence, the majority of citizens can’t cook or
watch TV anymore. People’s witnesses expressed how hard it was to having not electricity.
They quickly get bored and can’t just live their life. It shows us how we’re today dependent of
technology. Many things require the electricity to function and in the case of the blackout, the
society gets paralyzed.
That’s why some people have started to think about the danger of a world like that. Indeed
they decided to experiment a tech-free day. It means they didn’t use anything requiring the
technology during one whole day. They had to get their own food or to find activities which
don’t use electricity for instance. It has developed their imagination skills. After this experiment
they understood how influential on our life technologies were.
As far as I’m concerned, I would consider the technology as a very important thing. A lot of
people would not agree with me but I think that we don’t have to stop using the technology.
Just see what improvements it has given us: we’re now able to speak with Asian people, for
example. We could even say that we belong to the world and no more to our country. We have
an access to all the knowledge existing. Despite it, I can admit that some people often prefer to
chat by smartphone than going outside. That’s pity and dangerous. If we continue in this way
we will forget to enjoy your existence which shouldn’t be on internet. A tech-less world would
make us regress but at the same time, it should give us the possibility to live our life in a better
way.
As a conclusion, the technology enabled us to improve our life. However, we must use it in
moderation and pay attention to the dangers. A transatlantic tunnel is currently being built. It
must link Paris to New York so the people would be able to reach the other part in only few
hours.

Exercise of training. Part I. Choose the best answer

1. The synonym of the verb to reach is
A- To accomplish, to arrive at a place, especially after spending a long time or effort travelling
B- To do something easily in order to arrive at a top place in your life, without making effort.
2. As a conclusion, the technology enabled us to improve our life. The verb to improve means
A- to ameliorate, to make something better way than before, and to get better
B- To go slowly, to deal with someone in an easy way or to go down.
3. Bryanna chats every night with her classmates. The verb to chat means
A- To take part in a discussion with someone on the internet.
B- To take the discussion with someone by sending the message without internet.
4. Technology enables us to keep in touch permanently with our relatives, the word relatives
mean: A- Friends or family B- Family or parents C- Parents or classmates.

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5- In this sentence: A tech-less world would make us regress but at the same time, the verb
regress is the synonym of:
A- To come back, to return to a previous state B- To go forward positive way.

PART II. Match the word to its synonym

1. Freshman ( ) A) A person who illegally copies the computer programs and sells them.
2. Hardware ( ) B) Someone who hacks into other people’s computer systems.
3. Junior ( ) C) Basic components of basic computer: CPU, PSU, Tower, GPU, HDD
4. Hacker ( ) D) Someone who writes a blog, who shares his experiences on the internet.
5. Blogger ( ) E) Chancellor or person who is in charge of a university or school.
6. Rector ( ) F) A student who is in the first (1st) year of a college or university.
7. To code ( ) G) Is a computer program that is designed for a particular purpose
8. Pirate ( ) H) A student who is in the second (2nd) year of university.
9. Application ( ) I) To write the programs by using the computer or phones or other devices.
10. Sophomore ( ) J) A student who is in the third (3rd) year of university.

Vocabulary.
Technology: (The study and knowledge of) the practical, especially the industrial, use of scientific
discoveries. Example: The modern technology is amazing, isn’t it?
What this country needs is a long- term policy for investment in science and technology.
Example: A thriving economy built on high technology.
Information Technology (IT) = the science and activity of using the computers and other electronic
equipment to store and send the information.
NTIC (NICT): New Information and Communication Technologies (share, store, receive the info)
High technology: the most advanced and developed machines and methods. Or any technology
requiring the most sophisticated scientific equipment and advanced engineering techniques, as
microelectronics, data processing, genetic engineering or telecommunications
Advanced Technology: is defined as a new or developing IT innovation that still has relatively few users,
yet promises to provide future, significant.
Chat: to take part in a discussion with someone on the internet. To talk to someone in a friendly
informal way. Example: Cassadra spends hours on the phone chatting to her friends.
Reach: To accomplish one’s purpose (objective, aim, goal), to get success, to arrive at a place, especially
after spending a long time a lot or a lot efforts travelling. Samantha works so hard to reach her goal in
culinary art.
To Improve: to ameliorate, to make something better way than before, and to get better.
To link (Relier, unir, lier, enchainer): to make a connection between two or more people, things or ideas.
Belong to sb (appartenir à qlqu’un): To someone’s property. Example: This book belongs to Sarah.
Blackout (power-cut): (unconsciousness: Syncope) or hide: A time when all lights must be hidden by
law, or when there’s no light or power because of an electricity failure. The war-time there’s blackout.
Regress ( to come back): to return to a previous & less advanced or waste state, condition or way of
behaving
Require(ask, demand: exiger, necessiter, demander): to need or to make the necessary.
Agree ( accepter, être d’accord, consentir): to have the same opinion, to accept a suggestion or idea.
Experiment (experimenter): To try something in order to discover what it is like or find out more about it.

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Paralyze (paralyser): to cause a person or animal or a part of the body to lose the ability to move or feel.
Example. The drugs paralyze the nerves so that there is no feeling or movement in the legs.
To function (fonctionner): to work or to operate. Ex: You’ll soon learn how the office functions.
Relative (parent, famille): member of your family. Ex: My relatives assisted to the wedding.

Reading comprehension: Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science that aims to create intelligent machines. It
has become an essential part of the technology industry. Research associated with artificial
intelligence is highly technical and specialized. The core problems of artificial intelligence
include programming computers for certain traits such as: Knowledge, Reasoning, Problem
solving, Perception, Learning, Planning, and Ability to manipulate and move objects.
Knowledge engineering is a core part of AI research. Machines can often act and react like
humans only if they have abundant information relating to the world. Artificial intelligence
must have access to objects, categories, properties and relations between all of them to
implement knowledge engineering. Initiating common sense, reasoning and problem-solving
power in machines is a difficult and tedious task. AI is an imperative for digital transformation
and the best programming languages for developing AI include python and Java. Java is one of
the popular coding language which as a multitude of open source libraries. Java is user-friendly
and provides an independent platform and hence is considered good for developing the
Artificial Intelligence. The python programming is the ideal coding language used for machine
learning, Natural Language Processing (NLP), and neural network connections.
Machine learning is also a core part of AI. Learning without any kind of supervision requires an
ability to identify patterns in streams of inputs, whereas learning with adequate supervision
involves classification and numerical regressions. Classification determines the category an
object belongs to and regression deals with obtaining a set of numerical input or output
examples, thereby discovering functions enabling the generation of suitable outputs from
respective inputs. Mathematical analysis of machine learning algorithms and their performance
is a well-defined branch of theoretical computer science often referred to as computational
learning theory.
Machine perception deals with the capability to use sensory inputs to deduce the different
aspects of the world, while computer vision is the power to analyze visual inputs with a few
sub-problems such as facial, object and gesture recognition. Robotics is also a major field
related to AI. Robots require intelligence to handle tasks such as object manipulation and
navigation, along with sub-problems of localization, motion planning and mapping.

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. Exercise of Training. Match up the word to its synonym.
1. To react ( ) A- To behave a similar way to someone or something or to copy
2. To act ( ) B- To act in a particular way as a direct result of something else.
3. To initiate ( ) C- To cause something to begin.
4. Behave ( ) D- to act in a particular way, to be good by acting in a way which has society’s approval
5. Compile ( ) E- To recognize someone or something and say and prove who or what they are.
6. Identify ( ) F- To change a computer program into a machine language
7. To imitate ( ) G- To do something for a particular purpose or to behave in the stated way
8. Privacy ( ) H- someone’s right to keep their personal matters and secret relationships.
9. Restore ( ) I- To reboot, to return something or someone to an earlier good condition or position
10. Reach ( ) J-To achieve, to accomplish, to arrive at a place after spending a long time or efforts
Vocabulary.
Artificial Intelligence: a branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of intelligent
behavior in computers or the capacity of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior.
The types of AI are: Reactive machines, Limited memory, theory of mind, self-awereness.
The different types of AI technology as examples: Automation, Machine learning, Machine
vision, Natural Language Processing (NLP), Robotics, self-driving cars.
The AI applications use into a number of areas: AI in healthcare, AI in business, AI in education,
AI in finance, AI in Law, AI in manufacturing(automotive Industry), AI in Games, Ai Data security,
AI in travel & Transport
To implement (implementer, mettre en exécution): to put a plan or system into operation.
Robotics: A field of engineering focused on the design and manufacturing of robots (Robot:
machine use to perform a job). Robots are often used to perform tasks that are difficult for
humans to perform or perform consistently. There are used in assembly lines for car production
or by NASA to move large objects in space. Researchers are also using machine learning to build
robots that can interact in social settings.
Robot: A machine used to perform jobs automatically, which is controlled by a computer.
Common sense (bon sens): The basic level of practical knowledge and judgment that we all
need to help us live in a reasonable and safe way. The opposite is nonsense (stupid and silly
idea or behavior)
Core(noyau, centre, coeur): The basic and most important part of something. Example: The
Intel core X-series processor family is our most powerful ever. Example: I try the core of the
problem to solve it.
Input: To enter the data (information) into a computer or other piece of electronic equipment.
Path-breaking programmer: The innovative programmer who is unprecedented and
established a new standard for the future. And he usually achieves when is done something
differently and new.
Algorithm: A set of mathematical instructions that must be followed a fixed order, especially if
given to a computer will help to calculate an answer to a mathematical problem.
Platform: The type of computer system you’re using, in connection in the type of software
(computer programs) you can use on it.
To identify: to recognize someone or something and say or prove who or what they are.
To compile: To change a computer program into a machine language
Open-source (logiciel ibre): Software is free to use, and the original program can be changed by
anyone.
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Deduce (déduire): to reach and answer or decision by taking carefully about the known facts.
Artificial (artificial, factice): Made by people, often as a copy of something natural.
(Act, to do something: agir): To do something for a particular purpose, to behave in the stead
way. It’s also means to perform: to play a part, to play a film.
To react: to act in a particular way as a direct result of something else. She slapped him, but he
didn’t react.
Interact (interagir): to communicate with or react to. Example: It’s good to interact in class.

Reading comprehension: BIOMETRICS.

Biometrics is the technical term for body measurements and calculations. It refers to metrics
related to human characteristics. Biometrics authentication (or realistic authentication) is used
in computer science as a form of identification and access control. It is also used to identify
individuals in groups that are under surveillance.
Biometric identifiers are the distinctive, measurable characteristics used to label and describe
individuals. Biometric identifiers are often categorized as physiological versus behavioral
characteristics. Physiological characteristics are related to the shape of the body. Examples
include, but are not limited to fingerprint, palm veins, face recognition, DNA, palm print, hand
geometry, iris recognition, retina and odor/scent. Behavioral characteristics are related to the
pattern of behavior of a person, including but not limited to typing rhythm, gait, and voice.
Some researchers have coined the term behaviometrics to describe the latter class of
biometrics.
More traditional means of access control include token-based identification systems, such as
a driver's license or passport, and knowledge-based identification systems, such as
a password or personal identification number. Since biometric identifiers are unique to
individuals, they are more reliable in verifying identity than token and knowledge-based
methods; however, the collection of biometric identifiers raises privacy concerns about the
ultimate use of this information.
Exercise of training. 1. Cite the physical characteristics of biometrics.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Define the word of biometrics
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. John and Joe are twins, their biometric system must be:
A- Unique B- Different C- Equal D- Half
4.The role of the biometrics is:
A- It validates user identify by measuring their unique physiological and behavioral characteristics.
B- It validates user identify by measuring their specific physiological and behavioral characteristics.
C- It validates user identify by measuring their more physiological and behavioral characteristics.
5. Summarize the last or third (3rd) paragraph
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Vocabulary
Biometrics (biométrie) is physical or behavioral human characteristics to that can be used to
digitally identify a person to grant access to systems, devices or data. Examples of
these biometric identifiers are fingerprints, facial patterns, voice or typing cadence.
The role of biometrics: It validates user identify by measuring their unique physiological &
behavioral characteristic.
A biometric system: Système biométrique: is a technological system that uses information
about a person (or other biological organism) to identify that person. Biometric systems rely on
specific data about unique biological traits in order to work effectively.
Unique: Being the only existing one of its type, more generally, unusual or special in some way
Authenticate (authentifier, légaliser): To prove that something is real, true, or what people say
is this. Example: The expert programmer authenticates the applications before delivering them.
DBMS: Database Management System(SGBD= Système de Gestion de Base de Données): is a
software designed to store, retrieve, define, and manage data in a database
Data (données, information): Information, especially facts or numbers, collected to be
examined, considered and used to help decision-making or information in an electronic from
that can be stored and processed by the computer. Example: The data was/ were collected by
various researchers.
Database (base de données): large amount of information stored in a computer system in such
a way that is can be easily looked at or changed. Ex: We’re linked on the online database on our
head office
Data bank: Large collection of information which can be searched through quickly, mainly by
computer
Data processing (traitement des données): a use of computer to perform calculation on data.
To store (sauvegarder, mémoriser, emmagasiner, conserver): To put, to preserve, to guard, to
keep things in special place for use in the future. Ex. The data is stored on a hard disk and
backed up on a CD.
MIS: Management Information System is a computerized database of financial information
organized and programmed in such a way that it produces regular reports on operations for
every level of management in a company.
Static data (données statiques): It refers to a fixed data set or data remains the same after
collecting. Ex: newspaper. As once it has been printed, the information on it can’t be updated
Dynamic data: (données dynamiques): Data can be changed after recording in order to
maintain its integrity. Or Dynamic data or transactional data is the information that is
periodically updated, meaning it changes asynchronously over time as new information
becomes available. Ex: Website
Privacy: someone’s right to keep their personal matters and secret relationships.
Behave: to act in a particular way, or to be good by acting in a way which has society’s
approval.
Indentify: To recognize someone or something and say and prove who or what they are.

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Surveillance: The careful watching of a person or place, especially by the police, army because
of crime that has happened or is expected..
Gait (demarche): A particular way of walking.
Knowledge: Understanding of or information about a subject with a person gets by experience
or study and which either in person’s mind or known by people generally. Ex: He gets good
knowledge in programming.
To coin (monnayer, inventer, fabriquer): To invent a new word or expression, or use one in a
particular way for the first time.
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid: The chemical at the centre of the cells of living things, which
controls the structure and purpose of each cell and carries the genetic information during the
reproduction.
Restore: To return something or someone to an earlier good condition or position.
Physiology: The scientific study of the way in which the bodies of living things work.

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 Reading Comprehension: Numerical Data.
We all know that numbers are an important part of our lives. Now we are going to learn how to talk
about numbers in charts, tables, and graphs and how to differentiate the way we express decimals,
fractions and percentage.
First let’s give numbers their complete names: Cardinal number: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9, 10, 11,12,
13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20, 30, 40, 50,60, 70, 80, 90,100, 200, 500, 800, 1 000, 10 000, 1 000 000 ……
The ordinal numbers: 1st (first), 2nd (second), 3rd (third), 4th (fourth), 5th (fifth), 67th (sixty-
seventh)……....
Even numbers: (Formula: 2N).The ones that can be divided by two (2) such as: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 80,
Odd numbers:(Formula:2N +1) the ones not divisible by 2, such as:1,3,5,7,9,13,15,19,21,31, 89, ..
When speaking of hundreds, thousands and millions, we have to remember that there is a
difference between British and American English; for example, in British English they use the word
“and” between hundreds and tens. Thus, 759 is read seven hundred and twenty and fifty-nine.
1368 is read one thousand, three hundred and sixty-eight. But in American English they don’t use
the word “and”
Another important difference is the word “billion”. In British English a billion used to be twelve
zeros after the number, that is to say: 1,000,000,000,000. In many countries we say that a billion is
ten to the power of twelve (1012). But now, due to business transactions and globalization in
general, it’s very common to think of billion in the American usage, that’s, ten to the power of nine
(109), thus 12 billion is 12,000,000,000. In some cases, numerical information is easier to be
understood if it is given in a graphic representation, a pie chart, a bar graph, a graph, a table.
FRACTIONS
Sometimes the information must be extremely accurate. When we deal with numbers, we also use:
a) Decimals, such as 6.43 and we read six point four-three, or 9.02 and we read nine point 0 (oh)
two. In English we use a full stop (.) and not a coma(,) for decimals. When the numbers refer to
money, $ US 15.30, w say fifteen dollars thirty.
b) Percentages, such as 25% and we read twenty-five per cent, 3% we read three per cent.
c) Fractions, such as 3/8 we read as three eighths or 4/9 we read as four ninths. But look at these ¼
we read as one quarter, ½ we read as one half, and 1/3 we read as one third. As you can see, the
top number is read as cardinal number. The bottom number is read as ordinal number.
d) The information about years is also read in a special way. We say: 1675, sixteen seventy-five. But
in the millennium we read the year as 2000: two thousand, or 2003: two thousand and three.
Probably from the year 2010 onwards, we will say two thousand and ten or maybe twenty ten,
which seems more probable if we compare the other dates example, the year 1016, is read ten
sixteen.
e) Finally, mathematical symbols are read like this: 4 + 5: four PLUS five, 7 * 3: seven TIMES three, 8
– 2: eight MINUS two, 10 / 5: ten DIVIDED BY five.
Squares like 52: five squared or 82 is read eight squared. Cubes like 73: Seven cubed 93: nine cubed.
95: nine power of five. The symbols for the square root are read, for instance, √4: the square root
of four.
Types of variables
Byte : too Short whole relative (-128 et 127) Short : Short whole relative (-32768 and 32 767)
Integer (int) : whole relative (-2 147 483 648 and 2 147 483 647) Char : represents a character
Long : Long whole relative (-9 223 372 036 854 776 808 and 9 223 372 036 854 776 807)
Float : decimal numbers (-3.4.1038 and 3.4.1038) String : represents a string of de character
Double : decimal numbers with double precision (-1.7.10308 and 1.7.10308)

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Binary numbers (Boolean): a number that is expressed using 1 (true) and 0 (false).
NOTICE THAT. The zero (0) has got a number of nicknames: Love: in tennis scores. OH: in
telephone/ hotel rooms/ years/ hours. Zero: For temperature/ count back. Naught: Before the
decimal point. NIL: in football scores.
Decade: A period of ten years (2010 to 2019).
Teenager (adolescent): A young person between thirteen (13) and nineteen (19)
Teens: In your teens: A person’s teens are the period in which they aged between thirteen and
nineteen
Twenties: A person’s twenties are the period in which they are aged between 20 and 29.
Thirties (30-39), forties (40-49), Fifties (50-59), Sixties (60 and 69)
Septuagenarian (septuagénaire): A person who is between 70 and 79 years old.
Octogenerian (octogénaire): A person who is between 80 and 89 years old.
Nonagenarian (nonagénaire): A person who is between 90 and 99 years old.
Centenarian (Centenaire pr personne): Person who is one hundred years old or more.
Century (siècle), centenary (centenaire, siècle, evenement, anniversaire).
Birthday: The day that is exactly a year or number of year after a person was born
Anniversary: The day on which an important event happened in a previous year. (Wedding,
meeting)
To count: To say the names of numbers one after the order, to calculate the number of people or
things in a group. Example: the professors count the numbers of the students in the classroom.

Exercise. Write suitably the numbers in letter and translate in English.

a) 1h 00:……………………………………………………………………….. b) 2h:10 ……………………………………………………
c) 4h08: ………………………………………………………………………… a) 5h 15……………………………………………………
e) 10h 30 :………………………………………………………………………. f) 7h 45……………………………………………………
g) 8h50 : ………………………………………………………………………… h) 12 h 00 AM …………………………………………
i) 12h 00 PM: ……………………………………………………………….… J) 2h 58 : ………………………………………………

k) Ma mère est hospitalisée dans la salle A- 238906…………………………………………………………………………

l) Mon anniversaire est le 10 Janvier …….……….………………………………………………………………………..……….
m) Aujourd’hui est 10 mars 2023 …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
n) Le numéro de téléphone de mon père est : 3706 1259 …………………………………………………………………
o) Mon anniversaire de mariage est le 12 décembre ……………………………………………………………..…………
p) Je suis né le 7 Novembre 1990 et mon petit frère est né en 2001 ………….…………………………..…………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………..…………………
q) Mon grand frère a une fortune estimée à 2 220 dollars USD………………………….………………………………
r) INUKA est fondée le 21 Décembre 1988 ……………………………………………………………………………………….

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 1- Reading comprehension: How to prepare a CV.
A CV is a Curriculum Vitae. This Latin expression means “information about your skills and
qualifications, that is, everything you have studied and achieved”. Americans use a similar
document: they call it a “résumé”. What do these documents include? In a CV you must write
relevant information about you as a person. That is: age, marital status, address, telephone
number.
Apart from this, you must also include details about you as a professional, stating your degree,
previous jobs, experience, courses for professional improvement, and general qualifications,
such as other languages of which you have a good knowledge and whether you can use a
computer. The way you organize all this information is very important, because your
prospective employers will get an idea of you through this document, in many cases before
meeting you in person.

2- Reading comprehension: A Job interview.

What’s a job interview? Well, generally it is what fallows after you have sent your CV to a
prospective employer, and the people who are offering the job want to know more about you.
The future employers now want to meet you in a person and see what you look like, discuss
your qualifications, and so on.
There are several things you have to be very careful about: for example, the way you dress for
that first meeting. If you are a boy, it’s better to wear formal clothes a shirt is preferable to a T-
shirt and it may be appropriate to wear a jacket or blazer. Make sure your hair is tidy and your
hands are very clean. If you are a girl, it’s more appropriate not to wear a mini-skirt and not too
much make up!
Another important point is the punctuality. Make sure you arrive on time. Never be late! They
may think you are not very reliable. When you are in the actual interview, answer the questions
clearly and directly, and, if there is something you do not understand, ask them to repeat the
question instead of giving the wrong answer. Show that you are interested in the job, but do
not be overanxious. Relax, do your best and …. Good luck!

Exercise of Training. 1. What is a curriculum vitae?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………
2. The synonym of curriculum vitae is: A- Résumé B- Profession C- Letter
3. Cite the personal information in the résumé
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Conceive your Résumé.
5. What is an interview?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. What difference between an interviewee and interviewer.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………
7. Describe how an applicant or candidate should be for an interview.

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
8. The synonym of hire is: A- Remove someone from a job B- Employ someone for a job

Vocabulary
Qualification: An ability, characteristic, experience that makes you suitable for a particular job,
activity. Or an official record showing that you have finished a training course, you have the
necessary skills.
To qualify (se qualifier, devenir capable, obtenir son diploma, qualifier): to successfully finish
training finish a training course so that you are able to do a job. Or to have, or achieve
necessary skills, to have a legal right.
To Hire (embaucher, engager comme employé): To employ someone or to pay them to do a
particular job. Example: I was hired by the first company I applied to.
To fire: To revoke, to dismiss, (révoquer, limoger): To remove someone from their job, either
they’ve done
something wrong or badly. Example: She was fired after she was caught stealing 1,500 $ us.
Interview: To ask someone question in an interview.
Interviewee (interviewé, candidat): The person who answers the questions during an interview.
Interviewer (enquêteur, interviewer): The person who asks the questions during an interview.
Background: Your family, your experience, your education your skills, your devotion.
To keep/get in touch: To keep in contact: Garder contact, rester en contact: To communicate
or continue to communicate with someone by using telephone or writing to them.
To keep posted: Mettre au courant: To make sure that someone always knows what’s
happening
Reliable (ad): Serious: Someone you can be trusted or believed because they work or behave
well in the way you expect. Example: zenda is reliable girl; if she’ll do sthg she’ll do it.
Make up (fard, marquillage): Colored substances used on your face to improve or change your
appearance.
To dress up (être bien habillé): to be in spick-and-span (impeccable= parfaitement propre) to
put on formal clothes for special occasion or to put on special clothes in order to change your
appearance.
To be (as) good as gold (se comporter bien): to behave very well.
Employee (employé, salarié): Someone who is paid to work for someone else.
Employer (Patron, employeur): a person or organization that employs people.
Employment, job (emploi): when someone is paid to work for a company or organization.
Document: A paper or a set of papers with written or printed information, especially of an
official type. Or a text that is written and stored on a computer. Or to record the details of
event, a process etc….
Casual (familier, négligent: Describes clothes that are not formal or not suitable for special occasions.
Bespoke or tailor-made (sur mesure, sur commande): Specially made for a particular person.
To bespeak (Commander= order, announcer, prouver, retenir): To suggest or show.
Cover letter (lettre de motivation): a letter which contains information about the thing it’s sent with.

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 Reading Comprehension: Communication.
Human communication is both social and cognitive because it is a process by which individuals
exchange information and influence one another through a common system
of symbols and signs. Compared with the study of language more generally, the study of the
psychology of language is relatively new, and, when it did emerge as a field in the middle of
the twentieth century, more attention was paid to understanding the psychology
of grammar than to understanding language use or communication per se. Moreover, what
attention was paid to understanding communication reflected a mostly
cognitive perspective rather than a social perspective. The social psychological perspective on
communication, then, is a very recent development within the study of language.
Humans often display other social communication skills before evidence of
language acquisition. Two-day-old newborns are sensitive to visual cues with purposeful
movements suggesting that a primitive form of sensory–motor association is already present.
Then, during the first year of life, infants begin to obtain a “social sense.” Within months
newborns direct special attention to humans over other objects, as well as displaying the ability
to attribute beliefs to others. Older infants even show pragmatic functions such as requesting
by pointing.

Vocabulary
Communication: the act of communicating with people. Example: There’s very little communication
between mother and daughter (they do not have a good relationship).
Communicator: Someone who is able to tell about their ideas and emotion in a way that other people
understand. Example: Obviously teachers have to be good communicators.
Orator, speaker: Someone who is good at public speaking. John is skilled orator I’ve never seen.
To communicate: To convey, to express, to share information with others by speaking, writing and
moving your body or using other signals. Example: Ted communicates with his fingers.
Autocommunication: Is a term used in communication studies, semiotics (signes de communiquer) and
other cultural studies to describe communication from and to oneself. Contrary: heterocommunication
Symbol: a sign, shape or object which is used to represent something else. Ex. Flag, heart,……….
Cognitive (cognitif, connaissance): connected with thinking or conscious mental processes.
Cognitive Psychology: The study of how people think.
Cognitive therapy (cognitive behavioral therapy): A treatment for people suffering from mental
illnesses that tries to change the way they think (Alzheimer disease)
Pragmatic (pragmatique ou aspect pratique, positif): Solving problems in a realistic way which suits the
present condition rather obeying fixed theories, ideas or rules. Examples: In business the pragmatic
approach to problems is often more successful than an idealistic one.
Psychology: The scientific study of the way the human mind works and how it influences the behavior or
the influence of a particular person’s character on their behavior.
Infant (enfant en bas âge): a baby or a very young child.
Belief (conviction, croyance): the belief of being certain that something exists or is true.
Sensory- motor: the foundation of growth, development, and learning in a child starts with sensory and
motor interaction with the world. Sensory stimulation and feedback drive the brain, but the motor
system drive sensory stimulation.
Common sense (good sense): The basic level of practical knowledge and judgment that we all need to
help us live in reasonable and safe way.
Brainstorming: An activity or business in which a group of people meet to suggest a lot of new ideas for

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possible development. Ex: We need to do some brainstorming before we get down to detailed planning
Cue: A signal for someone to do something. Ex. They started washing up, so that was cue to leave party
Sign: written or printed mark with has a standard meaning, something showing. Ex. + - * / maths sign.
Sensory ( sens, sensoriel): connected with the physical senses of touch smell, taste, hearing and seeing.
Attention span (durée d’attention): the length of time a person is able to concentrate on a particular
activity or subject. Used effectively humor can prolong the attention span of the students.
Mime (mimic= mimer, imiter): To act or to tell a story in mime.

Forms of Communication – Listening

This may come as a surprise, but often times listening is the most important part of
communicating. Listening is not the same as simply hearing. When you listen to someone
speak, you are engaged with them, and making an effort to understand exactly what they are
trying to say. Listening is a crucial skill in the workplace. When people don’t listen to each
other, the entire communication process breaks down. In order to be an effective
communicator you must first learn to be a good listener.
It is important to note that there is a difference between simply hearing and listening. We use
our sense of hearing every day. When people speak to us, we hear them talking. We hear music
on the radio, and we hear the birds chirping when we walk outside. So then, what does it mean
to listen? Here are five tips to ensure you’re receiving the message loud and clear.

 Focus on the person speaking: Avoid distraction by making eye contact with the
speaker. If your mind begins to wander, force your attention back to the present
moment.
 Make sure you understand: Sometimes, no matter how well you listen, you just can’t
quite understand what is said. In this situation, be sure to ask follow- up questions for
clarification.
 Wait for your turn to speak: Avoid interrupting, or cutting others off when you have
something to say. If a thought pops into your head, write it down for later so you can
return your attention to the person speaking.
 Show interest: When you fail to show interest while listening, it is distracting to the
person speaking. Instead of focusing on what they want to say, they will wonder
whether or not you’re paying attention.
 Repeat what was said in your own words: Repeating it in your own words forces you to
put thought into what was said. This will help you to better understand the message and
will help make it stick in your mind. It also gives the speaker a chance to correct you if
you heard wrong or didn’t quite understand the message.

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 Reading Comprehension: Communications in a global world.
E-mail. In the business world, postal mail and telephone calls are now being replaced by
electronic mail messages that move across the internet. E-mail and virtual private networks
(VPNs) are used worldwide. These services allow end-users to reduce the communication costs
and improve efficiency.
But how does e-mail work?
a. A message sender uses mail software to compose a document.
b. The message is sent to a mail server previously chosen by the sender.
c. Internet mail addresses are used. Routers read the message to find the destination and place
the message in the receiver’s mailbox.
d. The receiver’s software can then open the message
Effective communication in a Business.
Consider the following means: a text message, a voice mail, a passing comment, a Facebook
post, an unreturned phone call. Have you ever had one of these communications be
misinterpreted? You meant one thing, but your friend thought you meant something else?
Sometimes the miscommunication can result in confusion about meeting time or place. Or
worse, it can be entirely misunderstood and have a negative impact on our relationship. The
communication is the exchange of information or ideas between sender and receiver can be
challenging in one’s personal life.
Technology in the global world: The globalization of development.
Branching and lying are two fundamental developmental patterns. Their relations change as
globalization proceeds. Elsewhere, I have described two styles of design corresponding to
different stages in this process. What I call “mediation centered design” characterizes the
earlier stage in which each develops its technology relatively independently of the others.
Vocabulary.
E-mail (Electronic mail): The system for using computers to send messages over the internet.
Cable: A set of wires, cover by plastic that carries the electricity, telephone signals.
Optical Fiber (optic fiber, fiber optics): a long thin glass rod through which every large amounts
of information can be sent in the form of light. There are two types: Monomode and
multimode.
Server: A central computer from with other computers get the information.
Globalization: the increase of trade around the world, especially by large companies producing
and trading goods in many different countries.
Reduce: decrease, to attenuate or to make something smaller, thinner or weaker.
Allow: to permit or give an authorization or privilege to do something.
Firewall: A device or program that stops people getting access to a computer without
permission while it is connected to the internet.
Cable: A set of wires, covered by plastic that carries electricity, telephone signals etc.
Signal (wave= onde): A series of electrical or radio waves with are sent to a radio or TV in order
to produce a sound, picture or message. Digital signal (signal numérique), audible signal (signal
Sonore).
Miscommunication: Failure to communicate ideas or intentions successfully.
Rollover cable: (also known as a Yost cable or a Console cable, CISCO cable) is a type of null-
modem cable that is often used to connect a computer terminal to a router's console port. This

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cable is typically flat (and has a light blue color) to help distinguish it from other types of
network cabling.
Telecommunications: The sending of receiving of messages over distance especially by
telephone, radio, TV
Message: A short piece of information that you give to a person when you cannot speak to
them directly.
Modem: an electronic device which allows one computer to send information to another
through a standard telephone wires and therefore over long distances.
WiFi stands for Wireless Fidelity and is the same thing as saying WLAN which stands
for "Wireless Local Area Network. It’s a system for connecting the electronic equipment such as
computers and electronic organizers to the internet without using the wires.
CISCO (Computer Information System Company provides IT products and services across five
major technology areas: Networking (including Ethernet, optical, wireless and mobility),
Security, Collaboration (including voice, video, and data), Data Center, and the Internet of
Things.
CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) is an information technology (IT) certification from
Cisco Systems. CCNA certification is an associate-level Cisco Career certification.
Bug: a mistake (error) or problem in a computer program.
Cybercrime: Crime or illegal activity that’s done using the internet.
To debug: To remove the bugs or mistakes from computer program
Mailbox: A computer file where the emails are stored.
LAN: Local Area Network is a system for connecting the computers of people who work in the
same building.
WAN: Wide Area Network is a computer that connects separate machines over a wide area, for
example in different countries, using telecommunication systems.
MAN: metropolitan area network is a computer network that connects computers within a
metropolitan area, which could be a single large city, multiple cities and towns, or any given
large area with multiple buildings. A MAN is larger than a local area network (LAN) but smaller
than a wide area network (WAN).
Pattern: way, arrangement, example.
Satellite: A device sent up into space to travel around the Earth, used for collecting information
or communicating by radio, television, etc.

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 Reading: Education
Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values,
beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training,
directed research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators and also
learners may also educate themselves. Education can take place in formal or informal settings
and any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be
considered educational. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy.
Formal education is commonly divided formally into such stages
as preschool or kindergarten, primary school, secondary school and then college, university,
or apprenticeship.
A right to education has been recognized by some governments and the United Nations. In
most regions, education is compulsory up to a certain age.
Formal education occurs in a structured environment whose explicit purpose is
teaching students. Usually, formal education takes place in a school environment
with classrooms of multiple students learning together with a trained, certified teacher of the
subject. Most school systems are designed around a set of values or ideals that govern all
educational choices in that system. Such choices include curriculum, organizational models,
design of the physical learning spaces (classrooms), student-teacher interactions, and methods
of assessment, class size, educational activities, and more.
Vocabulary
Education (instruction, schooling, tuition): Is the process of teaching or learning in a school or college,
or the knowledge that you get from this. Example: As a child, he received most of his education at home.
Educate (to instruct: former, instruire, éduquer): to teach someone, especially using the formal system
of school, college or university. Example: the form says he was educated in USA.
Co-education (mixed education): the teaching of male and female students together.
Storyteller (narrator, fabulist, author, poet: conteur): A person, who writes, tells and reads stories.
Storytelling: describing the social and cultural activity of sharing stories, sometimes with improvisation.
University: A college or a collection of colleges at which people study for a degree.
College: Any place for a specialized education after the age of 16 where people study or train to get
knowledge or skills. Example: A teacher training college, a secretarial college.
Community College: Two- year colleges where students can learn a skill, prepare to enter a university
Assessment (evaluation, bilan, appreciation, estimation): When you judge and decide the amount,
value, quality or importance of something or the judge or decision that is made.
Pedagogy (apprenticeship, brainwashing, discipline): The study of the methods and activities of teaching
Classmate (comrade, fellow= camarade): Someone who is in the same class as you at school.
Interaction: When two or more people or things communicate with or react to each other. Example:
There’s not enough interaction between the management and the workers.
Occur: to happen (arriver, avoir lieu, survenir).Ex. An accident of motorcycle has occurred this morning
To occur to somebody: (Venir à l’esprit de quelqu’un) It occurs to me that… (il vient à l’esprit que …… ).
Choice: (alternative, option: choix, alternative): an act or the possibility of choosing.
To choose: (To select, to pick out: Choisir, designer): To decide what you want from two or more things
or possibilities. Example: Danny had to choose between the two men in her life in order to get married.
To include: (To embody, involve: inclure, contenir, englober,). To contain something as a part of

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something else or to make something as a part of something else. Ex: the bill includes tax and service.
System: A set of connected things or devices which operate together/ way of doing something (method)
To register: to record, to enroll( rentrer, inscrire): To put information, especially your name into an
official list or record. Example: I would like to register my son in American standard school this year.

PayPal
PayPal was founded in December 1998, in Palo Alto, California, United States by six
people: Max Levchin, Peter Thiel, Luke Nosek, Ken Howery, Yu Pan and Russel Simmons. PayPal
Holdings Inc. is an American company operating a worldwide online payments system that
supports online money transfers and serves as an electronic alternative to
traditional paper methods like checks and money orders. The company operates as a payment
processor for online vendors, auction sites, and many other commercial users, for which it
charges a fee in exchange for benefits such as one-click transactions and password memory.
PayPal's services allow people to make financial transactions online by granting the ability
to transfer funds electronically between individuals and businesses. Through PayPal, users can
send or receive payments for online auctions on websites like eBay, purchase or sell goods and
services, or donate money or receive donations. It is not necessary to have a PayPal account to
use the company's services. PayPal account users can set currency conversion option in account
settings. PayPal can be used in more than 200 countries/regions. Unfortunately, PayPal is not
currently serving in Haiti. It's free to use PayPal to purchase goods or services.
From 2009 to 2016, PayPal operated Student Accounts, allowing parents to set up a student
account, transfer money into it, and obtain a debit card for student use. The program provided
tools to teach how to spend money wisely and take responsibility for actions. PayPal
discontinued Student Accounts in August 2016. In November 2009, PayPal opened its platform,
allowing other services to get access to its code and to use its infrastructure in order to enable
peer-to-peer online transactions.
Vocabulary.
PayPal is an electronic commerce (e-commerce) company that facilitates payments between parties
through online funds transfers. ... PayPal attempts to make online purchases safer by providing a form
of payment that does not require the payor or payee to disclose credit card or bank account numbers
Transfer (transferer, faire un virement): When something or someone moves or is moved from
place, position to another. Ex. The official transfer of ownership will take a few days to complete
Check (US), cheque (Br) Chèque: A printed form, used instead of money, to make payments from
your bank account. Example I don’t have any cash from me, so could I pay with a/by a check?
Checkbook (US) Chequebook (Br)= Chéquier, carnet de chèques: a book of checks with your name
printed on them which is given to you by your rank to make payments with.
Currency: The money that is used in a particular country at a particular time.

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Transaction (transaction, negociation): When someone buys and sells something, when money is
exchanged. Example: We need to monitor the transaction of smaller deals.
Transact (traiter commerce): to do and complete a business activity.
E-Commerce (commerce électronique): the business of buying and selling goods and services on the internet .
Purchase (to pay for, to buy= acheter): to get something by paying money for it.
Online: describes products, services or information that can be bought or used on the internet.
Auction (vente aux enchères): A usually public sale of goods or property, where people make higher
and higher bid (offers of money) for each thing, until the thing is sold to the person who’ll pay most
Donate (donner, faire des donations): to give money or goods to help a person or organization
Spend (to consume, to waste= dépenser, gaspiller): To give money as a payment for something.

Reading: Remote Desktop

A remote desktop is a separate program or feature found on most operating systems that
allows a user to access an operating computer system's desktop. The access occurs via the
Internet or through another network in another geographical location and allows users to
interact with that system as if they were physically at their own computer. USB devices with
the ability to recreate a remote user’s desktop are commonly called secure portable offices.

A remote desktop allows users to access a workplace workstation when at home or vice versa,
fix a computer problem remotely, perform administrative tasks easily and accomplish
demonstrations of a process or software application. Protocols for remote desktop connectivity
include Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP), virtual network computing, NX technology and
independent computing architecture. In addition, headless computers (without monitor,
keyboard or mouse) can easily be remotely accessed by administrators. A remote desktop is
used by many computer manufacturers’ tech support personnel to access, diagnose, repair or
reconfigure a user’s OS, application or hardware problem.
In a remote desktop setup, the controlling computer receives a copy of the image, updated on
a timed interval or when a change is detected by the software, from the controlled computer’s
display. The controlling computer’s keyboard and mouse inputs are transferred to the
controlled computer, where the remote desktop software implements the instructions. Often,
the controlled computer’s keyboard and mouse can be disabled to prevent interference with
the remote user’s actions.
With an Internet connection and special USB (Universal Serial Bus) hardware devices or with an
Internet-connected local area network (LAN), a router and support software a controlling
computer user can turn on the controlled computer remotely. This is one capability that is not
addressed with remote desktop software.

Exercise of training.
1. Summarize the text.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.What is a remote desktop?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. What does stand for: WAN, MAN, LAN, RDP?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Vocabulary
Remote desktop: Bureau à distance: is a program or operating system feature that allows a
user to connect to a computer in another location, see that computer's desktop and interact
with it as if it were local.
Operating system (OS): Système d’exploitation: A special program that controls the way a
computer system works, especially how its memory is used and timing of other programs
(windows XP, 7, 8, 10, lunix, Mac OS).
Workstation:Poste de travail: A keyboard and screen with which a person can use a computer
system or an area in an office, factory,…etc. Where a single person works.
Router: Is a device that analyzes the contents of data packets transmitted within a network or
to another network connection.
USB: Universal Serial Bus: A part of a computer to which extra devices such as printers,
scanners and digital cameras can be connected easily without restarting the system.
Protocol: A computer language allowing computers that are connected to each other to
communicate.
Feature (device): Dispositif: A typical quality or an important part of something.
Cookie: A piece of information stored on your computer which contains information about all
the internet documents that you have looked at.
Telecommuting (Teleworking, remote work, telework or Work from home =WFH): the activity
of working at home, while communicating with your office by telephone, computer or fax.
Online: Describe products, services or information that can be bought or used in the internet.
To fix sth up: To repair or change something in order to improve it. Example: I love fixing up old cars
To interact: To communicate with or react to. Example: I’m so delighted when the students interact
Freelancer: A person who are doing particular pieces of work for different organizations, rather than
working all the time for a single organization. Example: The developer can be worked as freelancer.
To allow (permettre, octoyer): to permit, to authorize, to grant, to give permission, privilege to do sthg.
Instruction:advice or information about how to do or use something, often written in small
book on the side of a container. Or something that someone tells you to do.
Application: A computer program that is designed for a particular purpose.
Prevent (interdire): forbid, prohibit, to stop something from happening or someone from doing sthg.
Template (gabarit, patron): a system that helps you arrange information on a computer screen.
Install (installer): To put a computer program onto a computer so that the computer can use it.
Uninstall (désinstaller): To remove a computer program from a computer.
Delete(supprimer): To remove or draw a line through something, especially a written word or file.
Erase(effacer): to rub out, to remove something, especially a pencil mark by rubbing it.
Efface(effacer): to remove something intentionally.

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To access: To open a computer file (a collection of information stored on a computer) in order
to look at or change the information in it.
Cancel (biffer, supprimer, annuler): To decide that an organized event will not happen or to
stop an order for goods or services that you no longer want.
Perform (operate: accomplir, executer, effectuer): to do an action or a piece of work. Ex. The
computers can perform a variety of tasks. Or to perform (representer un spectacle) means also
to entertain people by dancing, singing or playing music.
To occur (avoir lieu, survenir, arriver): To happen especially of accident and other unexpected
events.
To program( to code): to write a series which make a computer perform a particular operation.
LAN: A system for connecting the computers of people who works in the same building.
WAN: Wide Area Network. Is a computer network that connects separate machines over wide
area, for example in different countries using telecommunication systems
MAN: Metropolitan Area Network. Is a computer network that interconnects users with
computer resources in geographic region of the size of a metropolitan area.

Reading: What is cloud computing?

The practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the internet to store, manage, and
process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer.
Simply put, cloud computing is the delivery of computing service, servers, storage, databases,
networking, software, analytics, intelligence and more over the Internet (“the cloud”) to offer
faster innovation, flexible resources and economies of scale. You typically pay only for cloud
services you use, helping lower your operating costs, run your infrastructure more efficiently
and scale as your business needs change.
Top benefits of cloud computing
Cloud computing is a big shift from the traditional way businesses thinks about IT resources.
Here are six (6) common reasons organizations are turning to cloud computing services:
Cost. Cloud computing eliminates the capital expense of buying hardware and software and
setting up and running on site datacenters, the racks of servers, the round-the-clock electricity
for power and cooling, the IT experts for managing the infrastructure. It adds up fast.
Speed. Most cloud computing services are provided self service and on demand, so even vast
amounts of computing resources can be provisioned in minutes, typically with just a few mouse

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clicks, giving businesses a lot of flexibility and taking the pressure off capacity planning.
Global scale. The benefits of cloud computing services include the ability to scale elastically. In
cloud speak, that means delivering the right amount of IT resources for example, more or less
computing power, storage, bandwidth, right when it is needed and from the right geographic
location.
Productivity. On-site datacenters typically require a lot of “racking and stacking”, hardware set
up, software patching and other time-consuming IT management chores. Cloud computing
removes the need for many of these tasks, so IT teams can spend time on achieving more
important business goals.
Performance. The biggest cloud computing services run on a worldwide network of secure
datacenters, which are regularly upgraded to the latest generation of fast and efficient
computing hardware. This offers several benefits over a single corporate datacenter, including
reduced network latency for applications and greater economies of scale.
Security. Many cloud providers offer a broad set of policies, technologies and controls that
strengthen your security posture overall, helping protect your data, apps and infrastructure
from potential threats.
1. What’s the definition of cloud computing?
R. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

. Choose the best answer.

2. The role of the cloud computing is:
A- To store, manage and process data in a personal server.
B- To store, manage and process data on the internet by using remote servers hosted.
3. The bandwith is the amount of information that can be sent between computers, over a
phone line, using radio signals, in a particular amount of time. It is measured as a bit rate
expressed in:
A- It measures in Pixels (px). B- M/s, Km/s, mph. C- Bps (bit/s), (Kbit/s), Mbit/s
4. The Computer programs with automatically create copies of the information on a computer
system so that it can’t be stored separately and use to replace the original information if it’s
damaged or lost. It’s: A- Backup B- Internet C- Drone.
5. The basic systems and services, such as transport and power supplies, that a country or
organization uses in order to work effectively.
A- Infrastructure B- Structure C- Progeniture
6. The length of time a person is able to concentrate on a particular activity or subject
A. Attention span B- Span C- Attention
7. The practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the internet to store, manage,
and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer.
A- Remote Desktop B- Biometric C- Cloud computing.
8. A device send up into space to travel around the Earth, used for collecting information by
radio, Tv, telephones and the internet. The name is: A- Satellite B-Drone C- Optic fiber
9. This is an activity or business in which a group of people meet to suggest a lot of new ideas

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for possible development: A-Brainless B- Brainstorming C- Storming.

Vocabulary.
Cloud Computing: Infonuagique , informatique en nuage (nuagique) ou informatique
dématerialisée : is the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the internet to
store, manage and process data rather than a local server or a personal computer. Le
terme Cloud (nuage en anglais), particulièrement dans l'air du temps, recouvre l'ensemble des
solutions de stockage distant. En clair, vos données, au lieu d'être stockées sur vos disques durs
ou mémoires, sont disponibles sur des serveurs distants et accessibles par internet.
Host:ordinateur central, hébergeur: A company which hosts a website on the internet. To store
(a website or other data) on a server or other computer so that it can be accessed over the
internet (Avis LWS, Avis OVH, Avis Hostinger….)
Security (safety): Securité: A state in which where you are safe and not in danger or at risk.
To lodge (héberger): to accommodate, to put something in a safe place (data). To pay rent to
stay somewhere
Worldwide: mondial: Existing or happening in all parts of the world.
Data center: is repository that houses computing facilities like servers, routers, switches and
firewalls, as well as supporting components like backup equipment, fire suppression facilities
and air conditioning. A data center is also known as a datacenter or data centre.
Bandwidth: Is the amount of information that can be sent between computers, over a phone
line, using radio signals, etc. in a particular amount of time. It is measured as a bit rate
expressed in bits per second
bps (bit/s) or bytes per second multiples of it is (Kbit/s, Mbit/s etc).
Infrastructure: The basic systems and services, such as transport and power supplies, that a
country or organization uses in order to work effectively.
Satellite: A device send up into space to travel around the Earth, used for collecting
information by radio, Tv, telephones and the internet.
Backup: Computer programs with automatically create copies of the information on a
computer system so that it can’t be stored separately and use to replace the original
information if it’s damaged or lost.
Peer-to-peer (P2P): Denoting or relating to networks in which each computer can act as a server for
others, allowing shared access to files and peripherals without the need for a central server.
Innovate (innover): To introduce changes and new ideas by using also the new technologies.
Big data is a field that treats ways to analyze, systematically extract information from, or
otherwise deal with data sets that are too large or complex to be dealt with by traditional data-
processing application software.
Data science: is the field of study that combines domain expertise, programming skills, and
knowledge mathematics and statistics to extract meaningful insight from data.
Virtual (virtuelle, de fait): describes something that can be done or seen using a computer and
therefore without going anywhere or talking to anyone.
Virtual Memory: Space that can be used on the hard drive of a computer to store the
information temporally so that there is more RAM available when it is needed by software,
such as a computer game.
Virtual reality (réalité virtuelle): A set of images and sounds produced by a computer, which

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seem to represent a place or a situation that a person can take part in

Reading: Zombie Computer (Zombie bot).

A zombie (also known as a bot) is a computer that a remote attacker has accessed and set up
to forward transmissions (including spam and viruses) to other computers on the internet. The
purpose is usually either financial gain or malice. Attackers typically exploit multiple computers
to create a botnet, also known as a zombie army. Typically, a zombie is a home-based PC
whose owner is unaware that the computer that the computer is being exploited by an
external party. The increasing prevalence of high speed connections appealing targets for
attack. Inadequate security measures make access relatively easy for an attacker. For example,
if an internet port has been left open, a small Trojan horse program can be left there for future
activation.
There are a few other kinds of zombies: In one form of denial of service attack, a zombie is an
insecure Web server on which malicious people have placed code that when triggered at the
same time as other zombie servers, will launch an overwhelming number of requests toward an
attack Web site, which will soon be unable to service legitimate requests from users. A pulsing
zombie is one that launches requests intermittently rather than all at once. On the Web, a
zombie is an abandoned and sadly out-of-date Web site that for some reason has been moved
to another Web address. Such zombies contribute to linkrot.
In the UNIX operating system world, developers sometimes use the term to refer to a program
process that has died but hasn’t yet given its process table entry back to the system. The term
originated in the West Indies where a zombie is a will-less, automaton like person who is said to
have been revived from dead and must now do the will of the living.
Exercise of training.
Read carefully the text and choose the best answer.
1. The purpose of the hackers is to hack:
A- For financial gain or malice B- For helping the companies to earn more money.
2. The word "botnet" is a combination of two words………………….. The term is usually used with
a negative or malicious connotation.
A- “boot” and “network” B- “robot" and "network" C- “Home “and “work”
3 .The ……………………………..……………..… is any crime activity that involves a computer, networked device.
A- Cybercrime B- Network C- Computer program.
4. There are three (3) giant hackers but they called them:
A- Write hats, Black hats, Grey hats B- Write hats, Yellow hats, Red hats C- Multicolor hats.
5. To describe something that can be done or seen using a computer and therefore without
going anywhere or talking to anyone. This thing can be: A- Re B- Virtual C- Natural.
6 A network of private computers infected with malicious software and controlled as a group
without the owners’ knowledge to send spam: A- Botnet B- Internet C-Network.
7. The ……………………. a computer program which can make copies of itself and it intended to
prevent the computer from working normally: A- Antivirus B- Virus C- Obsolete.
8. The ……………..… works with organizations to keep his computer information systems secure.
A- Hacker B- Scammer C- Cybersecurity specialist

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 Vocabulary
Zombie: In computing, a zombie is a computer connected to the internet that has been
compromised by a hacker, computer virus or Trojan horse program and can be used to perform
malicious tasks of one sort or another under remote direction.
Hacker= remote attacker: Someone who hacks other people’s computer system .
To Hack: to damage, to harm, to get into someone else’s computer system without in order to
find out information or to do something illegal.
Cybersecurity specialists work with organizations to keep their computer information
systems secure.
Cybercrime is any crime activity that involves a computer, networked device or network.
Botnet: A network of private computers infected with malicious software and controlled as a
group without the owners’ knowledge to send spam.
Linkrot (linkrot): Is the process by which hyperlinks on individual websites or the internet in
general point to web pages, servers or other resources that have become permanently
unavailable.
Trojan horse: A person or thing that joins or deceives a group or organization in order to attack
it from the inside.
Troll: Someone who leaves an intentionally annoying message on the internet, in order to get
attention or cause trouble.
Linux: Is a free open source operating system (OS) based on UNIX that was created in 1991 by
Linus Torvalds. Users can modify and create variations of the source code, known as
distributions, for computers and other devices.
Developer: A developer is an individual that builds and creates software and applications. He or
she writes debugs and executes the source code of a software application. A developer is also
known as a software developer, computer programmer, programmer, software coder or
software engineer.
Botnet: is a number of Internet-connected devices, each of which is running one or more bots.
Botnets can be used to perform distributed denial-of-service attack, steal data, send spam, and
allows the attacker to access the device and its connection. The owner can control the botnet
using command and control software. The word "botnet" is a combination of the words
"robot" and "network". The term is usually used with a negative or malicious connotation.
Virus: a computer program which can make copies of itself and it intended to prevent the
computer from working normally.
To boot (boot up= reinitialiser): When a computer boots up, it becomes ready for use by
getting the necessary information into its memory, and when you boot up a computer, you
cause it to do this.
Internet user (web surfer= internaut= net surfer): is a frequent user or habitual user of the internet.
Scammer= spammer, grafter, fraudsters, defrauder, chiseler, swindler, gouger, conmen,
phisher (arnaqueur): A person who commits fraud or participates in a dishonest scheme (complot)
Anti-virus: Produce and used to protect the main memory of a computer against infection by virus.
Unaware: is without knowledge of or information about.
To configure (configurer): To arrange something or change the controls on a computer or other
device so that it can be used in a particular way.

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52 | P a g e
 GRAMMAR RULES
SIMPLE PRESENT
The simple present says that something was true in the past, is true in the present, and will be
true in the future. It’s used for general statement. Examples:
a) Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.
b) Most animals kill only for food.
c) The world is around.

The simple present is used to express habitual or everyday activity. Examples:

d) I study for two hours every night.
e) My classes begin at ten.
f) He always eats a sandwich for lunch.

Certain verbs are not used in the progressive tenses. With these verbs, the simple present may
indicate a situation that exists right now, at the moment of speaking. Examples:
g) I have only one dollar right now.
h) I don’t recognize that man.
i) He needs a pen right now.

The adverbs that require to use the Simple Present are: always, still, generally, today, often,
scarce, seldom, rarely, never, until, occasionally, habitually, every (day, year, time, hour, month,
week), once, twice, thrice.
Examples: a) Ryan opens the doors twice a day. b) Every morning we go to school. c) I seldom
study my lessons before the exams. d) The mothers always cuddle their children.

In the simple present tense, they use two auxiliaries: Do for all subject pronouns (I, you, we,
they) and Does, they use only for the third (3rd) person singular. The negative of Do is do not or
don’t and the negative of Does is does not or doesn’t.
Do for interrogative sentences and affirmative (Positive short answer= PSA). Examples:
a) Do you always go to school at 7 o’clock? Yes, I do (Positive short answer= PSA).
Yes, I always go to school at 7 o’clock (Positive long answer= PLA).
No, I don’t (Negative short answer=NSA).
No, I don’t go to school at 7 o’clock (Negative Long answer= NLA)

b) Does Sabrina do the household every day? Yes, she does (Positive Short Answer= PSA)
Yes, she does the household every day (Positive Long Answer= PLA).
No, she doesn’t (Negative short answer= NSA)
No, she doesn’t do the household every day (Negative long Answer= NLA).

In the simple present the verbs can end by: s, es, ies for the third (3rd) person singular.

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 s: If the verbs end by a vowel e, consonant or y followed a vowel. Examples: a) Schama
invites (invite) me to the pool party. b) She works (work) hard. c) Sarafina often plays
(play) soccer in the afternoon. d) My dad prays (pray) the lord every night.

es: If the verbs end by o, double o (oo), ss, sh, ch, x, z. Here are some examples:
Go: she goes Coo: the dove cooes Kiss: She kisses me Finish: He finishes writing.
Touch: She touches me smoothly Fix: The mechanic fixes the car Buzz: The bee buzzes

ies: If the verbs end by y followed a consonant, they remove y and add ies. Examples:
a) Study: Generally, John studies in the evening Cry: She cries all the time.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR CONTINUOUS

The present progressive expresses an activity that is in progress at the moment of speaking. I
began in the recent past, is continuing at present, and will probably end at some point in the
future. Examples: a) John is sleeping right now. b) I need an umbrella because it’s raining.
c) Kerby and Mary are talking on the phone right now.

FORMATION OF PRESENT PROGRESSIVE.

You should conjugate the verb to Be into simple present and add the main verb with ing form.
a) Clara is speaking (speak) Spanish. a1) I am preparing (prepare) the breakfast.
b) We are kissing (kiss) our granny. b1) The dog is eating (eat) the bone.
c) They are doing (do) the dishes. c1) You are not planning (plan) the trip.

Often the activity is of general nature: something is generally in progress this week, this month,
this year. Some examples:
d) I am taking five courses this semester. e) Mary is trying to improve his work habits.
f) Dayana is writing a book this year.
The adverbs that require using the present progressive are: now, right now, immediately, at
the moment, currently, at present, still

NONPROGRESSIVE VERBS
Some verbs are nonprogressive: they are not used in any of the progressive tense. These verbs
describe states (conditions that exist); they do not describe activities that are in progress.
Example: a) Ali knows this grammar rules. b) I understand the English course now.

COMMON NONPROGRESSIVE VERBS

1) Mental state: know, realize, understand, recognize, believe, feel, suppose, think*,
imagine, doubt, remember, forget, want, need, prefer, mean.
2) Emotional state: love, like, appreciate, hate, dislike, fear, envy, mind, care.
3) Possession: possess, have, belong, own.
4) Sense perceptions: taste*, smell*, hear, feel*, see*.

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 5) Other existing states: seem, look*, appear*, cost, owe, weigh*, be*, exist.

EXERCISE I. Use either the SIMPLE PRESENT or the PRESENT PROGRESSIVE of the verbs in
parentheses.
1. Diane can’t come to the phone because she (wash) …………………………………....….. her hair.
2. Sendy (wash) …………………………………………………………………..her hair every other day or so.
3. Kathy (sit, usually)……………………………………………… in the front row during class, but
today she (sit)…………………………………………………………………………………………. in the last row.
4. Please be quiet. I (try) ……………………………………………………………………………..to concentrate.
5. (Lock, you, always)………………………………… the door to your apartment when you leave?
6. I wrote my friend last week. She hasn’t answered my letter yet. I (wait, still)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..for a reply.
7. After three days of rain, I’m glad the sun (shine) ………………………….…………. again today.
8. Every morning, the sun (shine) ……………………………………………………………………………………..
in my bedroom window and (wake) ……………………………………………………………………. me up.
9. A: Look! It (snow)………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
B: It is beautiful! This is the first time I’ve ever seen snow. It (snow, not)………………….....
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….in my country.
10. Mike is a student, but he (go, not) ………………………………………………………………… to school
right now because it’s summer. He (attend) …………………………………………………. College
from September to May every year, but in the summers he (have, usually) ………………… a
job at the post office. In fact, he (work) ……………………………………..……. there this summer.
11. I can’t afford that ring now. It (cost) ………………………………………………………………. too much.
12. Dennis (fix) ……………….…………………………. The roof of his house right now, and he (need)
………………………………………………………………………………………..some help. Can you help him?
13. A: who is that woman who (stand)……………………………………………….. next to the window?
B: Which woman? (talk, you) ………………………………………………….. about the woman who
(wear)……………………………………………………………………………………… the blue and gold dress?
A: No, I (talk, not) …………………………………………………… about her. I (mean) ……………………..
the woman who (wear) ……………………………………………………………………………..the blue suit.
14. My dad (have) …………………….a new car now. We (go)…………………… to the supermarket.
15. This food (smell)………………. and (taste) …………………. good right now. We can buy some.

Basic Difference between Do and Make.

Using DO for actions, obligations and repetitive tasks.
Using MAKE for creating or producing something, and for actions you choose to do.
DO generally refers to the actions itself and MAKE usually refers to the result. For example: if
you “make breakfast”, the result is an omelet! If you “make a suggestion”, you have created a
recommendation.
How they use MAKE.

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We use the verb “make” for constructing, building, creating (something we can touch) or refer
to the result. Make a dress/ food/ a cup of tea/ coffee

Common English Collocations with MAKE

Food. Make is often used when referring to preparing food of any kind. Make a meal/
breakfast/ lunch/ dinner. Make a sandwich/ soup/ herb tea.
Money. Make money. I enjoy my job, but I don’t make very much money.
Make a profit. The new company made profit within its first year.
Make fortune. He made a fortune after his book hit number 1 on the bestseller list.
Make $ -----------------
I made $ 2500 selling my old CDs on the internet.

RELATIONSHIPS
Make friends. It’s hard to make friends when you move to a big city.
Make love (have sex). The newlyweds made love on the beach during their honeymoon.
Make a pass at (flirt with someone). My best friend’s brother made a pass at me. He asked me
if I were single and try tried to get my phone number.
Make fun of someone (tease/ mock someone). The other kids made fun of Jimmy when he got
glasses, calling him “for eyes”
Make up (resolve a problem in a relationship). Karen and Jennifer made up after the big fight
they had last week.

COMMUNICATION
Make a phone call. Please, excuse me. I need to make a phone call.
Make a joke. He made a joke, but it wasn’t very funny and no one laughed.
Make a point. She made some good points during the meeting; we should consider her ideas.
Make a bet. I make a bet with Peter to see who could do more push-ups.
Make a complaint. We made a complaint with our internet provider about their terrible
service, but we still haven’t heard back from them.
Make a confession. I need to make confession: I was the one who ate the last piece of cake.
Make a speech. The company president makes a speech about ethics in the workplace.
Make a suggestion. Can I make a suggestion? I think you should cut your hair shorter. It would
look great on you!
Make a prediction. It’s difficult to make any predictions about the future of the economy.
Make an excuse. When I asked him if he’d finished the work, he started making excuses about
how he was too busy.
Make a promise. She made a promise to help me whenever I need it.
Make a fuss (demonstrate annoyance). Stop making a fuss. He’s only late a couple minutes. I
am sure he will be here soon.
Make an observation: I would like to make an observation about our business plan. It’s not set
in stone, so we can be flexible.
Make a comment (to comment): the teacher makes a few critical comments on my essay.
Notice that: Don’t say “Make a question”. The correct phrase is “ask question”.

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PLANS AND PROGRESS
MAKE plans. We’re making plans to travel to Australia next year.
Make a decision/ choice. I’ve made my decision. I’m going to New York University.
Make a mistake. You made a few mistakes in your calculations. The correct total is $ 5 430, it is
not $ 4 530.
Make progress. My students are making good progress. Their spoken English is improving a lot.
Make an attempt/ effort (try). I’m making an effort to stop smoking this year.
Make up your mind (decide). Should I buy a desktop or laptop computer? I can’t make up my
mind.
Make a discovery. Scientists have made an important discovery in the area of genetics.
Make a list. I’m making a list of everything we need for the wedding: invitations, decorations, a
cake, a band, the dress, Etc.
Make sure (confirm). Can you make sure we have enough copies of the report for everybody at
the meeting?
Make difference. Getting eight hours of sleep makes a difference in my day. I have more energy
Make an exception. Normally the teacher doesn’t accept late homework, but she made an
exception for me because my backpack was stolen with my homework inside it.

DO. We use the verb Do when someone performs an action, activity or task.
Do a crossword/ the ironing/ the laundry/ the washing/ the washing up.

Do is often used when referring to work of any kind.

Do your work/ homework/ housework/ household/ your job.

DO for general ideas. We use ‘do’ when speaking about thing in general. In other words, to
describe an action without saying exactly what the action is. This form is often used with the
words: something, nothing, anything, and everything.
I am not doing anything today. He does everything for his mother. She’s doing nothing.

Common English Collocations with DO

HOUSEWORK, clear or obvious
Do the housework. After I got home from the office, I was too tired to do the housework.
Do the laundry. I really need to do the laundry. I don’t have any clean clothes left.
Do the dishes (wash the dishes). I’ll make dinner if you do the dishes afterwards.
Do the shopping. I went to the bank, did shopping, and mailed a package at the post office.
Exception: make a bed= putting blankets, sheets, and pillows in the correct place so that the
bed looks nice and not messy.

WORK/ STUDY
Do work. I can’t go out this weekend. I have to do some work on an extra project.
Do homework. You can watch any TV until you’ve done your homework.
Do business. We do business with clients in fifteen countries.
Do good/ great/ terrible job. She did a good job organizing the party.

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Do a report (write a report). I am doing a report on the history of American foreign policy.
Do a course (take a course). We’re doing a course at the local university.

TAKING CARE OF YOUR BODY.

Do exercise. I do at least half an hour of exercise every day.
Do your hair (style your hair). I will be ready to go in 15 minutes. I just need to do my hair.
Do your nails (paint your nails). Can you open this envelope for me? I just did my nails and
they’re still wet.

GENERAL GOOD OR BAD ACTIONS.

Do anything/ something/ everything/ nothing.
Are you doing anything especial for your birthday?
You can’t do everything by yourself. Let me help you.
Do well. I think I did pretty well in the interview.
Do badly. Everyone did badly on the test. The highest grade was 68.
Do good. The non-profit organization has done a lot of good in the community.
Do the right thing. When I found someone’s wallet on the sidewalk, I turned it into the police
because I wanted to do the right thing.
Do your best. Don’t worry about getting everything perfect. Just do your best.

Important expression with DO

There are a number of standard expressions that take the verb ‘Do’. The best solution is to try
to learn them. Do a favor. Do time (to go to prison.)

Exercise of training. Using the verb Do or Make to complete the sentences.

1. The life is so difficult, I have to …………………………………………….….…………my best to survive.
2. Every morning, Tarah and Sarah ……………………………………………………..………….. the dishes.
3. The students always ……………………………………….. their homework before they go to play.
4. We should ……………………………………………………………..difference between wrong and bad.
5. John ………………………………. the business and he …………………………………a lot of money
because he gets potential clients and he …………………………………………. fortune every year.
6. Every afternoon my father and I …………………………do the exercise in order to be wealthy.
7. Sophy and Jim …….……………………. friends sometimes they ……....………..fun of themselves.
8. Peter is going to pass an interview, he has to……………………………….. his nails and his hair.
9. You should …………………………………sure you understand the questions before answering.
10. ……………………………… me a favor to ………………………………..……. my exams, I know I’m late.

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 SIMPLE PAST
The simple past indicates that an activity or situation began and ended at a particular time
in the past. Examples: a) I walked to school yesterday. b) I lived in Paris for ten years, but
now I am living in Rome. c) I bought a new car three days ago.

If a sentence contains when and he has the simple past in both clauses, the action in the
‘’when clause” happens first. Examples: a) I stood under a tree when it began to rain.
b) When she heard a strange noise, she got up to investigate.
d) When I dropped my cup, the coffee spilled on my lap.

In the simple past, they use only Did as auxiliary for asking questions in the interrogative form
and reply positive short answer and the negative of Did is did not or didn’t . Examples:
Did you work yesterday? Yes, I did (Positive short Answer= PSL)
Yes, worked hard yesterday (Positive Long Answer= PLA).
No, I didn’t (Negative short Answer).
No, I didn’t work hard yesterday (Negative Long Answer= NLA).

The adverbs that require the simple past are: in the past, traditionally, before, yesterday, the
day before yesterday, ago, last (week, time, month, year,………..etc). Examples:
a) Last week , I met my English professor at the airport and we spent to minutes together.
b) Yesterday morning, my cousins and I visited the national pantheon.

In the simple past, we can add: d, ed, ied for the regular verbs. For the irregular verbs we can
memorize them. Examples: invited (invite), worked (work), played (play), dried (dry).
a) If the verbs end by a vowel, they add d, in the simple past. Example: He judged (judge)
me badly. b) She believed (believe) in God.
b) If the verbs end by consonant or y followed a vowel, they add ed in the simple past.
Examples: The concert lasted (last) three hours. He prayed (pray) well yesterday.
c) If the verbs end by y followed a consonant and they removed y and replace it by ied (y=
ied) in the simple past. Example. She relied (rely) on me because I was her best friend.

They use the conditional after if as condition into simple past. Examples: If I were happy I could
talk to you. If she had money, she would buy a new car.
Notice that. If + to be in the simple past= were. If (I, he she, you) were, for all subject pronouns.
Simple past of the verb to Be
I was I were
You were You were
She, He, It was IF She , He, It were
We were We were
You were You were
They were They were

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 SOME IRREGULAR VERBS

Simple Form Simple Past Past Participle Simple Form Simple Past Past Participle
Arise arose arisen Forbid forbade forbidden
Be Was, were been Forecast Forecast Forecast
Bear bore born Forget forgot forgotten
Become became become Forgive forgave forgiven
Beat beat Beaten/ beat Forsake forsook forsaken
Begin began begun Freeze froze frozen
Bend bent bent Get got got/ gotten
Bet bet bet Give gave given
Bid bid bid Go went gone
Bind bound bound Grind ground ground
Bit bit bitten Grow grew grown
Bleed bled bled Hang hung hung
Blow blew blown Have had had
Break broke broken Hear heard heard
Breed bred bred hide hid hidden
Bring brought brought Hit hit hit
Broadcast broadcast broadcast Hold held held
Build built built Hurt hurt hurt
Burst burst burst Keep kept kept
Buy bought bought Know knew knew
Cast cast cast Lay laid laid
Catch caught caught Leave left left
Choose chose chosen Lead led led
Cling clung clung Lend lent lent
Come came come Let let let
Cost cost cost Lie lay lain
Creep crept crept Light Lit/lighted Lit/lighted
Cut cut cut Lose lost lost
Deal dealt dealt Make made made
Dig dug dug Mean meant meant
Do did done Meet met met
Draw drew drawn Mislay mislaid mislaid
Eat ate eaten Mistake mistook mistaken
Fall fell fallen Pay paid paid
Feed fed fed Put put put
Feel felt felt Quit quit quit
Fight fought fought Read read read

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Find found found Rid rid rid
Fit fit fit Ride rode ridden
Flee fled fled Ring rang rung
Simple Form Simple Past Past Participle Simple Form Simple Past Past Participle
Fling flung flung Rise rose risen
Fly flew flown Run ran run
Say said said Sting stung stung
See saw seen Stink stank/stunk stunk
Seek sought sought Strive strove striven
Sell sold sold Strike struck Struck/stricken
Send sent sent String strung strung
set set set Swear swore sworn
Shake shook shaken Sweep swept swept
Shed shed shed Swim swam swum
Shine Shone/shined Shone/shined Swing swung swung
Shoot shot shot Take took taken
Show showed Showed/shown Teach taught taught
Shrink shrank/shrunk shrunk Tear tore torn
Shut shut shut Tell told told
Sing sang sung Think thought thought
Sit sat sat Throw threw thrown
Sleep slept slept Thrust thrust thrust
Slide slid slid Understand understood understood
Slit slit slit Undertake undertook undertaken
Speak spoke spoken Upset upset upset
Speed sped/speeded sped/speeded Wake Woke/waked Woken/waked
Spend spent spent Wear wore worn
Spin spun spun Weave wove woven
Spit Spit/spat Spit/spat Weep wept wept
Split split split Win won won
Spread spread spread Wind wound wound
Spring Sprang/sprung sprung Withdraw withdrew withdrawn
Stand stood stood Wring wrung wrung
Steal stole stolen write wrote written
Stick stuck stuck
Swagger Swaggered swaggered

Pronunciation of ed sound for the regular verbs in Simple Past.

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Group A: Final ed is pronounced / t / after voiceless sounds. When the infinitive of the verbs en
by: x, sh, ch, gh, ss, k, p. Examples: Fixed (fix), finished (finish), watched (watch), laughed
(laugh), kissed (kiss), worked (work), stopped (stop).
Group B: Final ed is pronounced / d / after voiced sounds: Examples: Sobbed, believed, judged,
enjoyed, dried, poured, filled, roamed.
Group C: Final ed is pronounced / id=əd/, when the verbs the infinitive of the verbs end by d
and t. Examples: Needed (need), rested (rest), loaded (load), waited (wait), added (add).

Exercises. Use the simple past of the verbs by using the regular and irregular verbs.
Model 1: Did you sit down? Yes, I sat. No, I didn’t sit down.
Model 2: Did she reply the questions? Yes, she replied them. No she didn’t reply them.
1. Did you work hard yesterday?...................................................................................................
2. Did you drink some coffee before class? ………………………….…………………………………………………
3. Did you drive to school? ……………………………………………………….…………………………………………….
4. Did you climb the mountain? ……………………………………………….……………………………………………..
5. Did you tell the truth? ………………………………………………………….……………………………………………..
6. Did you fly to this city? ………………………………………………………….…………………………………………….
7. Did you kiss your mom yesterday? ………………………………………….………………………………………….
8. Did you lose your book last week? ……………………………………………..……………………………………...
9. Did you make a mistake? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Did you steal my wallet? ………………………………………………………………..…………………………………..
11. Did you feed your cat? …………………………………………………………………………………….…………………
12. Did the mechanic fix the car? ………………………………………………………………………………..…………..
13. Did John speak Spanish? …………………………………………………………………………………………….………
14. Did you teach class yesterday? ………………………………………………………………………………….……….
15. Did you give me some money? ………………………………………………………………………………….………..
16. Did you begin at nine? ……………………………………………………………………………………….………….
17. Did you travel on boat? ……………………………………………………………………………………….………..
18. Did you stop working yesterday? ………………………………………………………………………………….
19. Did they eat the pizza? …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
20. Did you send a letter? …………………………………………………………………………………………….……..
21. Did the children play the soccer? ……………………………………………………………………….….………
22. Did the students study their lessons? ……………………………………………………………….…………..

Exercise 2. Practice the following sentences aloud with ed sounds.

1. My friend jumped up and down and shouted when she heard the news.
2. She tapped the top of the desk when she complained with someone.
3. He handed me his dictionary because I needed to do my English homework.
4. With the coming of spring, the river flooded several villages.

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 SIMPLE FUTURE: Will / Be going to.
Will and to be going to is used to express future time. Examples:
a) He will finish his work tomorrow.
b) He is going to finish his work tomorrow.
In speech, going to is often pronounced “ gonna”. He is gonna fisnish his work tomorrow.

A-To express a prediction, they use either Will or Be going to.

When a speaker is making a prediction (a statement about something she/he thinks will be true
or will occur in the future) either will or be going to is possible. Examples:
a) According to the weather report, it will be cloudy tomorrow.
b) According to the weather report, it is going to be cloudy tomorrow.
c) Be careful! You’ll hurt yourself!
d) Be careful! You’re going to hurt yourself.

B- To express the prior plan, intentions the necessity, obligation they use only to Be going to.
When the speaker is expressing a prior plan (something the speaker intends to do in the future
because in the past she / he has made a prior plan). Examples:
a) A; Why did you buy this paint?
B: I’m going to paint my bedroom tomorrow.
b) I talked to Bob yesterday. He is tired of taking the bus to work. He is going to buy a car.
That’s what he told me.
c) I think Dayana and Barbara are going to have a party next week.
d) My family and I are going to move in this area because it isn’t quiet.

C- To express the WILLINGNESS (Volunteer), they use only Will and they use as condition after
if in simple present tense.
a) A: The phone is ringing.
B: I will get it. (It’s something that you can do as your volunteer).
b) A: I don’t understand this problem.
B: Ask your teacher about it. He will help you.
c) If my dad goes to the countryside, he will bring the fruits for me.

The adverbs that require the SIMPLE FUTURE are: tomorrow, after, sometime, later, sooner,
next (time, hour, month, year, week). Examples: a) I am going to see my god-mother tomorrow
morning. b) I will pass to see you sooner. c) I will do it for you next time.

Notice that: in the past they use shall in the future for the first (1st) person singular and plural (I,
we).a) I shall talk to you tomorrow afternoon. b) We shall take the bus next week.

EXERCISE I. Use Be going to if you think the speaker is expressing the prior plan. If you think
there is no prior plan, use will as (willingness).

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 1. Amanda: This letter is in French, and I don’t speak a work in French. Can you help me?
Belynda: Sure. I (translate) ………………………………………………………..…………………. it for you.
2. A: Do you want to go shopping with me? I (go) …………… to the shopping mall downtown.
B: Sure, what time do you want to leave?
3. This light doesn’t work. The bulb is probably burned out. Where are the new light bulbs?
B: I (get) ………………………………………………………………………………………………..……one for you.
4. Dany: I (enroll) ………………………………………..…..…… in the community college next spring.
Sarah: Oh? I didn’t know you wanted to go back to school.
Dany: I need to sharpen my skills so I can get a better job. I (take) …………………….……… a
course in word processing. Then I (do) ………………………..……..………………….. a good work.
5. Carlo: What do you want to be when you grow up?
Kathy: I (be) …………………………………………………………………………………..………… a bookkeeper.
6. Probably, the baby (eat, not) ……………………………………..…………………………………….the soup.
7. As soon as my wife arrives at home she (call) …………………………………..……………………… me.
8. I (leave, not) ……………………………….……………………………….until I haven’t seen the manager.

CONDITIONAL WITH WOULD AND WOULD RATHER.

A. Would, can be used to express an action that was repeated regularly in the past. When
would is used to express this idea, it has the same meaning as used to (habitual past).
a) When I was child, my father would read me a story at night before bed.
b) When I was child my father used to read me a story at night before bed.

When used to express a situation that existed in the past, but would, may not be used as an
alternative. Would is used only for regularly repeated action in the past. Examples:
a) I used to live in California. b) I used to be a boy scout. c) They used to have a For

They use Would, with if as a condition in the past. If + Simple past=Conditional.

a) If I were you I wouldn’t take many courses this semester.
b) If he had money he would buy the iphone 14.

B. Would rather. They use would rather to express the comparison, the reference.
Notice that: the simple form of the verb follows both would rather and than.
a) I would rather go to a movie tonight than study the grammar.
b) I would rather study history than study the biology.
c) I would rather be lying on a beach than sitting in a class right now.

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The negative of would is would not or negative contracted form wouldn’t. Some examples: a) I
wouldn’t want to see after the exams. b) If she didn’t study hard she wouldn’t pass the exam.
c) I wouldn’t rather travel on the boat than the airplane.

And the contracted form of would is I’d, you’d, She’d, He’d, We’d, They’d. Some examples: a)
I’d like to see tonight. b) She’d visit me for my birthday. c) They’d be happy to celebrate
together. d) She’d rather eat the pie than the lasagna.

EXERCISE. Use would or would rather to complete the conditional form.

1. I …………………………………….………….(be) an engineer if I studied the mathematical courses.
2. Bryanna ……………..….….….……. (spend) her vacation in London in order to visit the castle.
3. My granny ………………………………………………….. (prefer) living in countryside than the city.
4. When I was young, I …………………………………..……………. (play) volley-ball than basket-ball.
5. If my older sister were happy she ……………………… (help) me to do my English homework.
6. We ……………………………….…..……. (attend) the Spanish class than to go to the park today.
7. You……………………………………..………………………. (work) hard in order to become moneyed.
8. Many Haitian people ……………………………..………… (eat) the imported food than local one.
9. They………………………………………………………….….………… (ride) the bicycle than walk on foot.
10. I …………………………………………………………………… (like)to see you before you leave the gym.

PRESENT PERFECT.
The Present Perfect expresses the idea that something happened (or never happened) before
now, at an unspecified time in the past. The exact time it happened is not important. If there is
a specific mention of time, the simple past is used (I was that movie last night).
a) They have move into a new apartment. a1) I have never seen snow.
b) Have you ever visited Mexico? b 1) I have already seen that movie.

The Present Perfect also expresses the repetition of an activity before now. The exact time of
each repetition is not important. Examples: a) We have had four tests so far this semester.
a) I have written my wife a letter every other day for the last two weeks. b) I have met many
people since I came here in June. c) I have flown on an airplane many times.

The present perfect also when used with for and since, expresses a situation that began in the
past and continues to the present. In the examples, notice the difference between since and for
 Since + a particular time. Example: I have liked cowboy movies ever since I was a child.
 For + a duration of time. Example: I have known for many years.

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 Formation of the Present Perfect
You should conjugate the verb to have into the simple present and add the past participle of
the main verbs. (Simple Present: have + Past Participle).
Simple Present of to Have + past participle.
I have given
You have worked
She has bought
He has taken
It has flown
We have gone
You have lived
They have understood.

The adverbs that require the Present Perfect are: until, ever, never, already, yet, since, for.
a) She hasn’t given the money to me yet.
b) I have already passed the accounting course.
c) Have you ever taught Dutch? No, I have never taught Dutch

Exercise 1. Using the Present Perfect.

Student A: Ask question beginning with “Have you never…..”? Student B: Answer the question.
Example: Break your arm.
Student A: Have you ever broken your arm? Student B: Yes, I have or No, I haven’t.
1. Climb a mountain.
Student A: ……………….………………………….………..…….…… Student B: ……………………….……………
2. Write a book.
Student A: ………………………………………………………………... Student B: ……………………………………..
3. Be in Japan
Student A: ………………………………………………………………... Student B: ……………………………………..
4. Ride a motorcycle
Student A: ………………………………………………………………... Student B: ……………………………………..
5. See a ghost.
Student A:………………………………………………………………... Student B: ……………………………………..
6. Give a speech in English.
Student A:………………………………………………………………... Student B: ……………………………………..
7. Study the biology.
Student A:………………………………………………………………... Student B: ……………………………………..
8. Walk on the moon.
Student A:………………………………………………………………... Student B: ……………………………………..
9. Play a violin.
Student A:………………………………………………………………... Student B: ……………………………………..
10. Take a course in marketing.
Student A:………………………………………………………………... Student B: ……………………………………..
11. Drive a truck.
Student A:………………………………………………………………... Student B: ……………………………………..

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12. Have Haitian food.
Student A:………………………………………………………………... Student B: ……………………………………..
13. Fall asleep during class.
Student A:………………………………………………………………... Student B: ……………………………………..
14. Make apple pie.
Student A:………………………………………………………………... Student B: ……………………………………..
15. Win a lottery.
Student A:………………………………………………………………... Student B: ……………………………………..

THE PASSIVE
Forming the Passive: be + past participle + by
In the passive, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb
Active: Mary (S) helped (V) the boy (O)
Passive: The boy(S) was helped (V) by Mary.

Only the transitive verbs (verbs that are followed by an object) are used in the passive. It is not
possible to use verbs such as happen, sleep, come, and seem (intransitive verbs in the passive.
Active: An accident happened.
Passive: None.

Active Passive
Simple present: Mary helped John John is helped by Mary.
Present Progressive: She is helping Peter Peter is being helped by her.
Present Perfect: Carla has helped me I have been helped by Carla.
Simple Past: Kerby helped his dad Dad was helped by Kerby.
Past Progressive: Marly was helping Sarah Sarah was being helped by Marly.
Past Perfect: Dany had helped you You had been helped by Dany.
Simple future: Barbara will help Claudia Claudia will be helped by Barbara.
Be going to: Michelove is going to help us We are going to be helped by Michelove.
Future Perfect: Kathy will have helped him He will have been helped by Kathy.

Notice that: You should conjugate the verb to Be of the tense of the main verb + past participle
of the main verb. Examples
a) Clara signs (Simple present) the letters.  The letters are (S. Present, Be) signed (Past
participle of the verb to sign) by Clara.
b) Yesterday, Nora played (Simple past) the soccer  The soccer was (simple past of the
verb to be) played (past participle of the verb to play )by Nora yesterday.

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Exercise.Change the active to passive.
1. Tom opens the door  The door is opened by Tom.
2. Shakespeare wrote the play The play was written by Shakespeare.
3. Bill will invite Ann to the party ……………………………………………………………………………………
4. Alex is preparing that report ………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Waitresses and waiters serve customers  ……………………………………………………………………
6. The teacher is going to explain the lessons  …………………………………………………………………
7. Shirley has suggested a new idea  ………………………………………………………………………………..
8. Two horses were pulling the farmer’s wagon  …………………………………………………………….
9. Clara had returned the book to the library  …………………………………………………………………
10. By this time tomorrow, the president will have made the announcement …………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
11. I didn’t write that note. Jim wrote it …………………………………………………………………………..
12. Alice didn’t make that pie. Did Mrs. Fred make it? …………………………………………………….
13. Does Prof Jackson teach this course? I know this Prof. Adams doesn’t teach it  …………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
14. The rector hasn’t signed those papers yet. Has Mrs Mpouo signed them yet? ………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
15. His tricks won’t fool me  ………………………………………………………………………………………….
16. Messi scored the winning goal  ………………………………………………………………………………….
17. Tara dropped the cup  ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
18. The assistant manager interviewed me  …………………………………………………………………….
19. A hurricane has destroyed the small fishing village ……………………………………………………..
20. Dr Sendy had developed that theory  …………………………………………………………………………..

QUOTED (DIRECT) SPEECH AND REPORTED (INDIRECT) SPEECH.

Notice that: Quoted speech refers to reproducing words exactly as they were originally spoken.
It repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place
the words spoken between inverted commas and there is no change in these words.
Quotation marks (“………..”)
Quoting one sentence.
a) She said, “My brother is a student.”
b) “My brother is a student,” she said.
c) “My brother,” she said, “is a student.”
d) She says “What time will you be home?”
e) She said “What time will you be home?”and I said “I don’t know!”
f) There is a fly in my soup!”screamed Simone.
Quoting more than one sentence.

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 “My brother is a student. He is attending a university,” she said.
Quoting a question or an Exclamation.
a) She asked, “When will you be here?”
b) “When will you be here?” she asked.
c) She said, “Watch out!”

I- Exercise of training.
I. Add the necessary punctuation and capitalization to the following.
1. Henry said there is a phone call for you
2. There is a phone call for you he said
3. There is said Henry a phone call for you
4. There is a phone call for you it’s your sister said Henry
5. There is a phone call for you he said it’s your sister
6. I asked him where is the phone
7. Where is the phone she said
8. When the police officer came over to my car, he said let me see your driver’s license, please
What’s wrong, Officer I asked was I speeding
No, you weren’t speeding he replied you went through a red light in the corner of Fifth
Avenue and Main Street you almost caused an accident
Did I really do that I said I didn’t see the red light **

REPORTED SPEECH AND THE FORMAL SEQUENCE OF TENSESIN NOUN CLAUSES.

Reported speech refers to using a noun clause to report what someone has said. It is usually
used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use
reporting verbs like ’Say’, ‘tell’, ‘ask’ and we may use the word ‘that’ to introduce the reported
words. No quotation marks (inverted commas) are used.
Notice the changes in the verb forms from quoted speech to reported speech in the following
examples.
QUOTED SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
a) She said, “I saw him.”  She said that she had seen him
b) She said, “I watch TV every day”  She said that she watched TV every day.
c) She said,” I’m watching TV”  She said that she was watching TV.
d) She said, “I’ve watched TV”  She said that she had watched TV.
e) She said, “I watched TV”  She said that she had watched TV
f) She said, “I will watch TV”  She said that she would watch TV.
g) She said, “I am going to watch TV”  She said that she was going to watch TV.
h) She said, “I can watch TV”  She said that she could watch TV.
i) She said, “I may watch TV”  She said that she might watch TV.
j) She said, “I might watch TV”  She said that she might watch TV.
k) She said, “I must watch TV”  She said that she had to watch TV.
l) She said, “I have to watch TV”  She said that she had to watch TV.
m) She said, “I should watch TV”  She said that she should watch TV.
n) She said, “I ought to watch TV”  She said that she ought to watch TV.
o) She said, “Watch TV”  She told me to watch TV.

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p) She said, “Do you watch TV”  She asked me if I watched TV.
q) Clara says, “I take a bath every morning  She says that she takes a bath every morning

The TENSE of REPORTED SPEECH changes.

Normally, the tense in reported speech is one thing back in time from tense in direct speech.
She said, “I am tired”  She said that she was tired.
1. SIMPLE PRESENT  SIMPLE PAST
I always drink coffee”, she said She said that she always drank coffee
2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS  PAST CONTINUOUS
“I am reading a book” he explained He explained that he was reading a book
3. SIMPLE PAST  PAST PERFECT
“Bill arrived on Saturday”, he said He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday
4. PRESENT PERFECT  PAST PERFECT
“I have been to Spain”, he told me He told me that he had been to Spain
5.PAST PERFECT  PAST PERFECT
“I had just turned out the light,” he He explained that he had just turned out the
explained light
6. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS  PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
They complained, “We have been waiting They complained that they had been waiting
four hours four hours

7. PAST CONTINUOUS  PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

“We were living in Paris”, they told me They told me that they had been living in Paris
8. FUTURE  PRESENT CONDITIONAL
“I will be on Geneva on Monday”, he said He said that he would be on Geneva on
Monday
9. FUTURE CONTINUOUS  CONDITIONAL CONTINUOUS
She said, “I’ll be using the car next Friday” She said that she would be using the car next
Friday
10. Imperative Infinitive
My mom said, “Study my lessons” She told me to study my lessons

Note1: You don’t need to change the tense if the reporting verb is in the present, or if the
original statement was about something that is still true. Examples:
a) He says he has missed the train but he’ll catch the next one.
b) We explained that it is very difficult to find our house.
Note2: These modal verbs do not change in reported speech: might, could, would, should,
ought to etc. Examples: a) We explained that it could be difficult to find our house.
b) She said that she might bring a friend to the farewell party.

Question Forms and Reported Speech.

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1. Normal word order is used in reported questions, that is, the subject comes before the verb,
and it is not necessary to use ‘Do’ or ‘Did’
“Where does Peter live”?  She asked him where Peter lived.

2. Questions words:
This type of questions is reported by using ‘ask’ (or another verb like ‘ask’) + question word
clause. The clause contains the question, in normal word order and with the necessary tense
change. Examples: a) “What is your name?”, he asked me  He asked me what my name was
b) “How old is your mother?”, he asked me  He asked me how old her mother was.
c) The policeman said to the boy, “Where do you live?”  The policeman asked the boy where he lived.
d) “What time does the train arrive?”, she asked me.  She asked me what time the train arrived.
e) “When can we have dinner?”She asked  She asked when they could have dinner.
f) Peter said to John, “Why are you so late?” Peter asked to John why he was so late.

3. Yes/ no questions. This type of question is reported by using “ask + If / whether + Clause
a) “Do you speak English?” She asked me if I spoke English.
b) “Are you British or American?” She asked me whether I was British or American
c) “Is it raining?” He asked if it was raining.
d) “Can you type so fast?”  He asked me if I could type so fast.
e) “Did you come by train?”  He enquired whether I had come by train.

II- Exercise of training. Transform into Indirect speech.

1. My mom asked me, “What time does my class begin?”
R ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. The physician asked, “Do you smoke cigarette?”
R ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. The police officer said, “Park your car in the corner”
R ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. “Where did you work?” the new boss asked me
R .………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. The professor said John, “I’ve taught English since 2005”
R …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. She said, “I will be happy to see you”
R …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. My aunt said, “You have spoken English when you were 6 years old”
R ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. They complained, “We will have failed the TOEFL test for the scholarship”
R ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
9. She told me, “I lived in Canada for five years”
R ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. Djenny asked me, “Do you love me?”
R. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
11. She said, “I can play soccer”

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R ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. “Have you ever met Mr Powell?” My dad asked me.
R. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
12. “I’m going to postpone the examination.”
R. Professor Jacky announced …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
13. “Can you come to my party?”David asked me.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
14. Barbara said, “I have to go to the supermarket”
R. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
15. “My father is a businessman. My mother is a civil engineer.”
R. He said that ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
16. She said, “I may pass to see you later”
R ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
17. Bryanna said, “I should watch the match”
R- ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
18. They complained, “We have been spending four hours at the bank”
R. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
19. Mary said, “I go to school every day”
R ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
20. Nora says, “I am at church every Sunday”
R. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

MODAL AUXILIARIES: can, may, must, ought to, could, might.

Can is an auxiliary verb, a modal auxiliary verb. We use can to:
The basic structure f or Can is: Subject + Auxiliary Verb Can + Main verb.

A) Talk about possibility and ability. We use can, to talk about what is possible, what are able
or free to do. Examples: a) She can drive a car. b) Fanfan can speak Spanish. c) Can you hear
me? I can’t hear you.
Normally, we use can for the present. But it is possible to use can when we make present
decisions about future ability. Examples: a) Can you help me with my homework? (Present)
b) Sorry, I’m busy today. But I can help you tomorrow. (Future)

B) Make requests and orders.

We often use can in a question to ask somebody to do something. This is not a real question.
We do not really want to know if the person is able to do something, we want them to do it!
The use of Can in this way is informal (between friends and family)
a) Can you make a cup of coffee; please b) Can you put the TV on. Can you come here a minute.
Can you be quiet! Can you close the gate?

C) Ask for or give permission.

We sometimes use can to ask or give permission for something.

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Can I smoke in this room? You can’t smoke here, but you can smoke in the garden.
The main verb is always the bare infinitive without to. Examples: I can play tennis.
The negative of Can is cannot or (can’t).
Notice that: Can is the synonym of be able to. Example: I can help you (I’m able to help you)

Note that. We also use could, may, might for permission.

Could you help me to do my homework? Might you fix the fan for me? May I talk to you for a minute?

May is present form of Might. We use May:

1. When were not sure about something in the present or future. Examples
a) Jenny may be coming to see us tomorrow (Perhaps Jenny will come to see us tomorrow)
b) Oh dear! It’s half past ten. We may be late for the meeting (Perhaps we’ll be late for the meeting)
c) She’s had no sleep. She may be tired. (Perhaps she’s tired)

2. We can use “May” to ask for permission. However this is rather formal and not used very
often in modern spoken English. Examples:
a) May I borrow the car tomorrow? b) May we come a bit later? c) May I go now?

3. To give permission in a formal way. Examples:

a) You may go out now. b) You may come after eleven if you wish

4. We use “may” to suggest something is possible. Examples:

a) It may rain later today b) I may not have time to do it today c) Clive may come with us

We can use ‘’may not’’ to refuse permission or to say that someone does not have permission,
but it’s formal and emphatic. Examples:
a) You may not borrow the car until you can be careful with it! b) Students may not wear jeans

Might. Might is the past form of may. We use might.

1. When we are not sure about something in the present or future. Examples:
a) I might see you tomorrow. b) It looks nice, but it might not very expensive
c) It’s quite bright. It might not rain today.

2. We use “might“to suggest a small possibility of something.

a) She might be at home by now but it’s not sure at all. b) I might not go.
c) It might rain this afternoon d) It might not have time to go to the shops for you.

3. As the past tense of requests with may.

a) He asked if he might borrow the car. b) They wanted to know if they might come later.

4. As a very polite way of asking for permission:

a) Might we ask you a question? b) Might I just interrupt for a moment?
For the past, we use “Might have”. Examples:
a) He might have tried to call while I was out b) I might have dropped it in the street

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Ought to is used to express the advisability. Example: I ought to study all my lessons tonight.

Could is used to express the past ability, the polite request and suggestion. Examples:
a) I could run fast when I was a child but now I can’t. (Past ability)
b) Could I borrow your pen? (Polite request)
c) Could you help me? (Polite request)
d) I need help in math. You could talk to your teacher. (Suggestion)

Must is used to express the strong necessity or certainty, prohibition.

a) You must go to class today. (Strong necessity)
b) You must not open that door. (Prohibition).
c) Mary isn’t in class. She must be sick (strong certainty)
Notice that. The negative of must is had to. Example. I had to go to class yesterday.

Exercise of Training. Use the modal auxiliaries: must, may, might, can, could, ought to.
1. Stephen is strong man, he ……………………………………………………………………….. lift this heavy box
2. Fedna …………………… study so hard because she wants to do a mastery in computer science.
3. Where is Gracieuse? She ………………………………………………………………………..be at the laboratory.
4. ……………………………………………….….. I borrow your red pen, please? I’m going to write a letter.
5. Gaetsa …………………………………………………………………………………………..……….. do well on the test.
6. Malaika and Ducarmel …………………………………………. play soccer well when they were children.
7. You ……….. use my car tomorrow. I know you’re a good drive and ……………… drive it carefully.
8. Last year, Messi ……………………………… dribble well and until now he …………………………………….
9. The rector requires all the students ………………………………………… pass the programming course
10. I don’t know where the museum is. Please, ………………………………….……………. guide me there.

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 REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS
1. Admit: He admitted stealing the money 18. Forget: I’ll never forget visiting my granny’s tomb
2. Quit: He quit trying to solve the problem. 19. Postpone: Let’s postpone leaving until tomorrow
3. Resist: I couldn’t resist eating the dessert 20. Practice: The athlete practiced throwing the ball
4. Risk: He risked losing all of his money 21. Appreciate: I appreciate hearing from them.
5. Resent: I resent her interfering in my job 22. Advise: She advised waiting until tomorrow
6. Delay: He delayed learning for school 23. Complete: I finally completed writing my term paper
7.Consider: I will consider going with you 24. Tolerate: She won’t tolerate cheating during the exam
8.Deny: She denied committing the crime 25. Recommend: She recommended seeing the show.
9. Recall: I don’t recall meeting him before 26. Recollect: I recollected meeting him before.
10. Dislike: I dislike driving long distances 27. Remember: I can remember meeting him when he was child.
11. Enjoy: We enjoy visiting them 28. Discuss: They discuss opening a new business
12. Finish: I finished studying about ten 29. Mind: Would you mind helping me with this
13. Can’t help: I can’t help worrying about it. 30. Mention: She mentioned going to a movie
14. Keep: I keep hoping he will come 31. Anticipate: I anticipate having a good time
15. Regret: I regret telling him my secret 32. Understand: I don’t understand his leaving school.
16. Suggest: I suggested going to a movie 33. Avoid: He avoided answering my question
17. Miss: I miss being with my family 34. Stop: She stopped going to class when she sick.

The SUBJUNCTIVE
The subjunctive mood is how you express hypothetical situations and outcomes. It’s the mood
used to express wishes, hopes, desires and any other imagined outcome you might describe in
speech or writing. If you have ever written something that began with “If I were” You’ve written
in the subjunctive mood. Example: a) If she were late she couldn’t pass the Spanish exam.
b) I wish she were with me during the summer vacation. c) I wish I were rich.
The subjunctive exists in four tenses: the present, imperfect, perfect and pluperfect.
a) “If I had a lot of money, I would buy many cars” (Subjunctive imperfect).
b) I wish they had arrived on time. (Subjunctive Perfect)
c) “If I had been careful, I wouldn’t have fallen” (Pluperfect)
d) I doubt that Sarah move to Asian countries. (Subjunctive Present)

The verbs that often (but not always) are followed by a verb in the subjunctive include: advise,
insist, propose, require, ask, intend, recommend, suggest, demand, order, regret, urge,
desire, prefer, request, and wish.
Examples: a) I insist Joe come with us. b) I intend that my wife travel well this year.
c) I wish this New Year bring the peace for all people. d) I prefer that Mary marry you.
They use also might and may to express the subjunctive. But May is used more than Might.
Examples: May (Might) Mary do her homework before playing with her friends!
May God protect you eternally! May your trip be nice! May your night be good!

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Notice that: There is no s for the third person singular in Subjunctive.
a) I desire that the film appear in this month. b) We suggest that the peace reign in the world.

Exercise. Use the subjunctive tense.

1. I demand that everyone ……………………….…..……. (have) an opportunity to speak English well.
2. I wish that my best friend ………………………………....……… (be) still living in the same city as me.
3. I suggest that Dora ………………………………………………………………….……………….. (write) the article.
4. We propose that Clara …………………………………..………… (be) asked to perform in the program.
5. She proposes that you ……………………………………………………………… (be) present at the meeting.
6. Her parents doubt that she ………………………………………………………. (pass) the final examination.
7. I require that my daughter ……………………………………………………………….. (win) the competition.
8. May your wife ………………………………………..…………………………. (give birth) to an amazing baby!
9. The dean recommends that all the students ……………. (attend) the conference at one o’clock
10. The boss requests that the prize winner employee ………..…..………. (represent) his company.

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