revolving nosepiece.
They have
The Compound different magnifications, such as:
Microscope o Low Power (4× or 10×) For
scanning and general
viewing.
Instructor: Raemie De Guzman Tulabut
o High Power (40× or 45x –
The principal instrument in biological science, 60x) For detailed
where it allows us to view small or fine observation.
structures that cannot be seen with the naked o Oil Immersion (90x -
eye. 100×) – Used with special oil
for very high magnification in
A. Mechanical Parts: Metal parts of the advanced studies.
microscope.
C. Illuminating Parts
• Base – The “foot” of the microscope
that supports the entire instrument. • Light Source – In older microscopes,
• Arm – Curved structure connecting the this is a mirror that reflects natural or
lower and upper parts of the lamp light. In modern microscopes, it’s
microscope; also serves as a handle usually an electric bulb or LED built into
when carrying it. the base.
• Stage – The platform where the • Iris Diaphragm – Helps to improve
slide/specimen is placed, usually with contrast and detail.
clips to hold it in place and a hole in the • Condenser – Focuses light from the
center for light to pass through. light source directly onto the specimen
• Revolving Nosepiece – The rotating for a brighter and sharper image.
part that holds the objectives and
allows shifting between them.
• Coarse Adjustment Knob – Large
knob used for general focusing by
moving the body tube up and down.
• Fine Adjustment Knob – Smaller
knob for detailed focusing, especially
under high power.
B. Optical Parts: Magnifying parts of
microscope.
• Eyepiece (Ocular Lens) – The
lens at the top of the microscope
through which you look. It usually
magnifies the image 10× or 15×.
• Objective Lenses – These are the
primary lenses located on the
Rough ER has
THE ANIMAL CELL §
ribosomes (protein
synthesis)
Instructor: Raemie De Guzman Tulabut § Smooth ER synthesizes
lipids.
Robert Hooke – Coined the term “cell” after o Golgi Apparatus: Modifies,
observing thin spaces of cork under a sorts, and packages proteins
microscope. He saw tiny box-like structures but for secretion.
was actually looking at dead plant cell walls. o Lysosomes: Contain enzymes
that break down waste
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek – Improved the materials and cellular debris.
microscope and became the first to observe o Ribosomes: Sites of protein
living cells, including protozoa and bacteria, synthesis.
o Centrioles: Play a role in cell
which he called “animalcules.”
division in animal cells.
Matthias Schleiden – A botanist who
concluded that all plants are made up of cells. D. Cytoskeleton - A network of fibers that
maintain the shape of the cell, secure
Theodor Schwann – A zoologist who stated organelles in place, and allow cellular
that all animals are made of cells, extending movement. It includes microtubules,
microfilaments, and intermediate
Schleiden’s idea to animals.
filaments.
Cytology is the branch of biology that studies
E. Nucleus - The control center of the cell
the structure, function, and chemistry of cells.
that contains genetic material (DNA). It
regulates gene expression and mediates
A. Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane) the replication of DNA during the cell cycle.
- A thin, flexible barrier that surrounds the
cell – selectively permeable membrane. It - Nuclear Envelope - A double membrane
is composed mainly of a lipid bilayer with that surrounds the nucleus and separates
embedded proteins. it from the cytoplasm.
o Microvilli are tiny, finger-like - Nucleoplasm - The jelly-like fluid inside
projections that increases the nucleus that supports and protects its
absorption. contents.
o Pinocytic vesicles helps the cell to - Nucleolus - A dense, round structure
take in food substance. inside the nucleus that makes ribosomal
RNA and assembles ribosomes.
B. Cytoplasm - The jelly-like substance that - Chromatin - A network of DNA and
fills the cell and surrounds all organelles. It proteins that carries genetic information
includes the cytosol (fluid). and condenses into chromosomes during
cell division.
C. Organelles - Organized structures within
the cytoplasm that perform specific
functions. Major organelles include:
o Mitochondria: Powerhouse of
the cell, responsible for energy
(ATP) production.
o Endoplasmic Reticulum
(ER): Intracellular transport.
