Gothic Architecture (12th – 16th Century) number of naves increases in the transept (they

- lofty and aspiring quality have 3 or 5 nave, normally five after the
crossing)
History - Either Basilical or Saloon Plan
- began towards the end of Romanesque Interior Façade
Architecture - the have cathedral has 3 levels: low, gallery, and
- a need to progress in the development of clerestory
building design - walls are open, allowing a lot of light into the
- desire to reach perfection in the buildings and church, with different levels of intensity
this perfection was to resemble Gods Column
relationship with the universe - tall column that looked like a group of thin
- began in France. By the end of 12th century it columns bundled together
reached England and later on the rest of Europe Pointed Arches
- allowed churches and other buildings to reach - arches pointing up towards the Heavens
great height - exert less thrust than semicircular arch of the
- Cathedra, means the chair or the seat of the same span
bishop - also called “Lancet Arch”
- Gothic, means “Dark Age” Types of Arches
- Gothic Architecture was originally known as a. Lancet Arch
Opus Francigenum “French Style” o simplest gothic arch is a long opening
- They marked it as “Gothic” to suggest it was the with a pointed arch
crude work of German Barbarians (Goths), term o very often knife-shaped windows are
used by Architect Giorgio Vasari put together in a group of 3 or 5
b. Equilateral Arch
Gothic Architecture o gothic openings have tops that are
- late medieval period based upon an equilateral triangle
- developed primarily in ecclesiastical c. Flamboyant Arch
architecture o gothic windows or arches that have
- emphasized verticality and lightness designs in the tracery, or even in the
- verticality and loftiness suggested an aspiration top of the window itself, that rises up
to heaven and symbolized the great glory of like a flame
God theologically d. Depressed Arch
- characterized by use of: o it’s a wide and looks as if it has been
o Pointed arch pushed almost flat
o Rib vault o also called “Tudor Arch” or “Four-
o Buttresses, including flying buttresses centered arch”
o large windows which are often grouped, Ribbed Vaults
or have tracery - the ribs of the vaults work as a structural
o rose windows members in transferring the loads, and the
o towers spaces between them could be filled with
o spines and pinnacles lighter, non-structural material, making the
o ornate façade overall structure lighter
Chracteristics Effect and Result
Plan - ribs would support much of the weight of the
- continue being of Latin Cross (Cruciform) but it roof
is more difficult to distinguish because the
 - areas in between the ribs could be filled with - typically, the number of cusps can be three
much lighter stone (trefoil), four (quatrefoil), five (cinquefoil), or a
- if the ribs were capable of taking the weight of large number (multifoil)
the roof, there was no need for thicker walls, Spire
therefore the walls became thinner - is a tapering conical or pyramidal structure on
- as there is not as much pressure on the walls to the top of a building, particularly a church tower
support the roof, there is an opportunity of - gives the impression of strength
adding more windows. - reach up toward the skies
- Due to the support of the ribs and the Fleche
buttresses builders could afford to make the - lead-covered timber spire, or “Spirelet”
roof higher. Less weight- less likely to collapse - slender spire rising from the ridge of a roof, on
Types of Ribbed Vault that allows crossing of a gothic roof
a. Sexpartite Vault- six compartments Pointed Pinnacles
b. Quadripartite Vault- four-part - an architectural ornament originally forming the
c. Lierne Vault- Star shape cap or crown of a buttress
 lierne (French)- to bind. Connecting one rib to - used on parapets at the corners of towers and
another in many other situations
d. Fan Vault- particularly to England, resembling a Crockets
fan - hook-shaped decorative element common in
Characteristics Gothic architecture
a. Tiercerons- secondary arched diagonal ribs - form of stylised carving of curled leaves, buds or
b. Boss- intersections of a rib vault. Often flowers
intricately carved Finial
c. Diagonal Rib - also called hip-knob
d. Wall Rib - decorative device, typically carved in stone,
e. Ridge Rib employed to emphasize the apex of a dome,
f. Transverse Ridge Rib spire, tower, roof, or gable
g. Transverse Rib Flying Buttresses
- also known as kongfuduo
Exterior Façade - share the pressure from the main walls
- West front of a large church - buttress with Gothic style is exposed out to be
Rose Window known as flying buttress
- large window above the middle door Gargoyles
Stained Glass - derived from the old French work “gargouille”
- high enough, almost to be used as the walls meaning throat
- covered with religious stories which help to - sculptures were waterspouts to convey water
illustrate the doctrines from a roof
Tracery - scare off and protect from any evil or harmful
- stonework elements that support the glass in a spirits
Gothic window - A grotesque figure is a sculpture serves only an
Foil ornamental or artistic function
- an architectural device based on a symmetrical Pilasters
rendering of leaf shapes, defined by overlapping - an engaged pier or pillar, often with capital and
circles of the same diameter that produce a base
series of cusps to make a lobe Arcade
- series of arches mostly pointed
 Gothic in France - Each beam is made from individual tree,
Phases nicknamed to “The Forest”
A. Early French Gothic “Lancettes” (12th Century) - west front-> most notable features
- adoption of pointed arch and transition from - Grand Gallery connects the two west towers,
late Romanesque architecture and it is where the cathedral’s legendary
- represented series of experiments gargoyle can be found
- heighten the walls, divided into four tiers: - 28 Kings of Judah and Israel, designed by
arcade (arches and piers), gallery, triforium, and Viollet-le-Duc to replace the statues destroyed
clerestory during French
- to support the higher wall, flying buttresses - west rose window- 10 meters diameter
- distinguished by pointed arches and geometric o main theme of rose window- human life
traceried windows o rose window fronted with a statue of
the Virgin and Child accompanied by
Abbot Suger angels
- architect who led gothic architecture from - south rose- 12.9 meters diameter
building skills were extremely limited during o contains 84 panes of glass
1100-1200 where stone castles were o general theme- new testament, the
rudimentary-dark, cold, and damp triumph of Christ
Abbey Church of St. Denis (Paris, France) - the three west portals are magnificent
- Architect: Abbot Suger examples of Early Gothic Art
- royal mausoleum near Paris
- first grand model B. High French Gothic “Rayonnant” (13th Century)
- formerly a basilica - High Gothic style began with the construction of
- Saint Denis was martyred by the Romans in the the Chartres Cathedral
3rd century and later designated as the patron - style characterized by circular windows with
Saint of France radiating lines of tracery
Chartres Cathedral
Cathedral of Notre Dame de Laon - noted for its numerous sculptures and much
- one of the most outstanding examples of early celebrated stained glass (176 stained glass
gothic architecture of the 12th and 13th centuries window)
- among the first gothic cathedral built in France Reims Cathedral
- Notre-dame de Reims, known in English as
Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris Reims Cathedral
- a.k.a. Cathedral of Our Lady of Paris - cathedral was dedicated to the Virgin Mary and
- interior elevations- 4 levels is famous for being the traditional location for
- a very tall church, reaching some 108 ft from the coronation of the kings of France
the floor to crown Beauvais Cathedral
- it was the first to use flying buttresses - aka. “The Cathedral of Saint Peter of Beauvais”
- early sexpartite vaults of the nave - seat of the bishop of Beauvais, Noyon, and
- double aisles Senlis
- ambulatories on a bent axial line Amiens Cathedral
- transepts not projected beyond the aisle wall - aka. “The Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady oof
- vault is 100ft (30m) high double span flying Amiens” is a Roman Catholic church
buttresses (Early form) - largest gothic cathedral in France
- oldest surviving wood-timber frames in Paris - polychrome sculptures
 C. Late French Gothic “Flamboyant Style” (14th- - The minster employs 15 masons and carvers
16th Century) who constantly maintain the fabric of the bldg.
- characterized by flame-like tracery - front entrance- statue of Emperor Constantine
- focus remained on the inside unity, the - York was the centre of the Roman Empire
lightness of the stone and the organic form
Windsor Castle (Arniens, France) C. Late English Gothic “Perpendicular Style” (1377
to 1485 AD)
- known as the “Perpendicular Style” or
Gothic in England “Rectilinear Style”
Regional Variation from England - sharper and less flamboyant
- long, and look horizontal - the spandrels being filled with quatrefoils or
- west window is very large and is never a rose tracery
window - Ogee and four-centred Tudor arches were also
- west front may have two towers, or none introduced
- nearly always a tower at the middle - mouldings are flatter than those of the earlier
period
Phases King’s College Chapel
A. Early English Gothic “Lancet Style” (1189 to - noted for its splendid acoustic
1307 AD) - fan vaults by John Wastell
- characterized by the lancet window and plate Gloucester Cathedral (Gloucester, England)
tracery - formally “Cathedral Church of St. Peter and the
- arched window are usually narrow by Holy Invisible Trinity”
comparison to their height and are without - earliest surviving fan vault
tracery Ulm Minster
Salisbury Cathedral (Salisbury, England) - tallest church in the world
- formally known as “Cathedral Church of the - 5th tallest structure
Blessed Virgin Mary” Cologne Cathedral
- largest cathedral close in Britain - formerly “Cathedral Church of St. Peter”
- tallest spire in England at 404ft - tallest twin-spired church in the world
- also home to the best preserved original Magna
Carta (1215) and is full of hidden treasure
- world’s oldest working clock (AD1386) Gothic in Spain
- Britain’s largest secular cathedral cloister Seville Cathedral (Seville, Spain)
Les Colombes (by Michael Pendry) - formerly “Cathedral of St. Mary of the See”
- third largest church in the world
B. High English Gothic “Decorative Style” (1307 to - Almohad Mosque
1377 AD)
- known as the “Decorative style” in England Gothic in Italy
- saw detailed carving Milan Cathedral (Milan, Italy)
- window tracery is “Geometrical” in form, amd - dedicated to St. Mary of the Nativity
later flowing tracery patterns and “Curvilinear” - largest medieval cathedral in Italy
surface - 3rd largest cathedral in Europe, 4th in the world
York Minster Cathedral (York, England) Sienna Cathedral (Sienna, Italy)
- formerly “Cathedral and Metropolitan Church - white and greenish-black marble in alternating
of Saint Peter” stripes
- largest medieval cathedral, took 252 yrs to build - dedicated to the Assumption of Mary
Renaissance Architecture (14th to 17th century) Quoins
- dignity and formality than symmetry - hard stones or bricks used with similar ones to
reinforce an external corner or edge of a wall
History Cornice
- Rinascimento (Italian)- ri “again”, nascere “be - cavetto, cyma recta, astragal, bead, fillet, ovolo,
born” cyma recta, cyma reversa, reeding, scotia, torus
- Early Modern
- Florence- birthplace of Renaissance Architectural Material
- conscious revival and development og certain - stone, marble, terracotta tile, and stucco
elements of ancient Greek and Roman
PHASES OF RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
Characteristics 1. Early Renaissance (Quattrocentro) Ca 1440-1500
Plan - study of classical antiquity led in particular to
- plans were square, symmetrical the adoption of Classical detail and
Arches ornamentation
- often used in arcades, supported on piers or - space was organized by proportional logic, its
columns with capital form and rhythm subject to geometry, rather
Vaults than being created by intuition
- do not have ribs. They are semicircular or - prime example is Basilica di San Lorenzo in
segmental and on a square plan Florence by Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446)
Ceiling
- roofs are fitted with flat or coffered ceilings, Filippo Brunelleschi
frequently painted or decorated - Italian architect and engineer
Doors - interested in construction over visual
- usually have square lintels, set within an arch or - Best work is Santa Maria del Fiore (the Duomo)
surmounted by a triangular or segmental in Florence, Italy
pediment Science of Florence Cathedral’s Dome
Column - concrete dome of the Pantheon
- Roman orders (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan, - giving it a double shell so as to reduce the
and Composite) weight
Dome - 24 ribs
- very large structural feature that is visible from - giving the dome a pointed profile because it
the exterior exerts less side thrust
Walls - Brunelleschi create herringbone pattern
- finished ashlar masonry, laid in straight courses, Brunelleschi Work:
the corners of buildings are often emphasized  Basilica of St. Mary of the Flower (Florence, Italy)
by rusticated quoins  Ospedale Degli Innocenti (Florence, Italy)
Rustication  Church of San Lorenzo (Florence, Italy)
- wall is textured rather than smooth  Church of Santo Spirito (Florence, Italy)
Façade
- symmetrical, generally surmounted by a Leon Battista Alberti
pediment and organized by a system of pilaster - provided the first theory of what we call linear
- domestic bldg. are often surmounted by a perspective in his book Della Pittura
cornice - De Re Aedificatoria, his first architectural book
- regular repetition of openings on each floor (1485), reviving the classical style of archi.
o Baptistery of San Giovanni (Turin, Italy)
 o San Maria Novella (Florence, Italy) o Palazzo Medici Riccardi (Mantua, Italy)
o Church of Sant’ Andrea (Mantus, Italy) o Rector’s Place (Dubrovnick, Croatla)

2. High Renaissance (Proto Baroque) Ca 1500-1525 Antonio Sangallo

- concepts derived from classical antiquity were - aka. the Younger
developed and used with greater surety o Palazzo Farnese (Rome, Italy)
- style become more decorated and ornamental
- most representative architect is Bramante who 3. Mannerism
expanded the applicability of classical - architect experimented using architectural
architecture to contemporary bldg. forms to emphasize solid & spatial relationship
- more imaginative rhythms
Donato Bramante - best known architect is Michaelangelo
- Italian architect
- first great renaissance architect in Rome Michaelangelo Buonarroti
o Santa Maria Delle Grazie (Milan, Italy) - Italian renaissance sculptor, painter, architect,
o Church Holy Mary of Grace (Milan, Italy) poet, and engineer
o St. Peter’s Basilica - sculptured the Pieta, David, and Last Judgement
The Last Supper (Leonardo Da Vinci) (Sistine Chapel, Vatican City)

The Architects of St. Peter’s Basilica Andrea Paladio

1. Donato Bramante- Greek cross plan - architect active in the Republic of Venice
2. Guilano de Sangallo- modification of Greek - influenced by Vitruvius
Plan, eventually shifted to Latin Cross - Four Books of Archi. gained him wide
3. Fra Giocondo- continued Guilano’s works recognition. The four books:
4. Raphael- change to a latin cross plan o Orders of Architecture
5. Baldassare Perruzi- reverted back to greek o Domestic Architecture
cross plan o Public Building
6. Antonio Sangallo- altered the plan of Peruzzi o Town Planning
7. Michaelangelo Buonarrotti- strengthen the  Temples
piers of the dome - Villa Capra (Vicenza, Italy)
8. Giacomo della Porta- supervised the dome - La Rotunda (Vicenza, Italy)
9. Domenico Fontana- completion of the dome;
moving the Vatican Obelisk Giacomo Da Vignola
10. Giacomo Barrozi da Vignola- added side - one of the great Italian architects of 16th cent.
domes/cupola o Villa Farnese Caprarolla (Lazio, Italy)
11. Carlo Madermo- lengthen the nave, added o Church of Gesu (Rome, Italy)
gigantic façade o Church of the Most Holy Name of Jesus
12. Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini- design entrance (Rome, Italy)
piazza with 284 ionic columns A. Baroque (Late Renaissance) Ca 1600-1750
- unprecedented luxury
Michelozzo Di Bartolomeo - exaggerated motion
- architect under patronage of the Medici Family - Barocco (Portugese)- an irregular pearl
- one of the first architects to work in the - a movement within the Catholic Church to
Renaissance style outside Italy reform itself in response to the Protestant
- respected the Florentine liking for rusticated Reformation
stone -
 Characteristics Characteristics
 Long narrow naves replaced by broader or  Elaborate curves and scrolls
circular forms  Intricate patterns
 Dramatic use of light  Delicate details
 Large-scale ceiling frescoes  complex, asymmetrical details
 Interior a shell for painting and sculpture  light, pastel colors and considered more “classy”
 Illusory effects  had less emphasis on religion
Interiors  was very decorative and used shell and plants
- luxurious linens (brocade, silk, velvet) like curves
- furniture must necessarily have presentable and  walls had carvings and gold gliding over door
expensive look. It is characterized: frames
o Fabric Upholstery
o Lacquering and Gilding Interior
o Curved Legs - gentle colors, combined with the glance of gold
o Sophisticated Carving - tends to mythological and erotic subjects
- Example: Hall of Mirrors (Palace of Versailles- - Chinese Style
Paris, France) - elegant, comfortable rooms
o Minster of Our Lady (Zwiefalten, Baden-
Carlo Maderno Wurttemberg, Germany)
- Italian Architect, remembered as the foremost
pioneer of Baroque Architecture, whose Catherine Palace
masterpiece is the façade of St. Peter’s Basilica - most impressive example of Rococo Archi.
Gian Lorenzo Bernini located in Russia
- Italian sculptor and architect  The Amber Room (Sank-Peterburg, Russia)
- worthy successor of Michaelangelo
Furniture
a. Late Baroque - lighthearted, visually and physically
 marks the ascent of France - ornate, graceful role in comfort and versatility
 Classical-Baroque compromise - idea has evolved to a symbol of status
 most distinctive element is double-sloped - easily moved around
mansard roof - matching back
o The Trevi Fountain (Rome, Italy) - preferred choice due to its strength
Chateux
- cultural center of France in 16th century was not Fashion
Paris, but the valley of the Loire, where the King - men with high heels
and his nobles maintained elaborate castle - women with hair mounded on top
o Chateau de Blois (Blois, France) - curls and twirls with stings of pearl
o Palace of Versailles (Versailles, France) - Lightweight silk layered Tafetta and Satin
o The Louvre Palace (Paris, France) - Light pastel colors
- Large floral motifs
B. Rococo (French Renaissance) Ca 1725-1800 - Stripes sprinkled with springs
- lighter and more fanciful
- asymmetrical arrangement Renaissance in England (Ca. 1680-1720)
- Rocaille- rustic work; Coquille- shell - arrived in England during the reign of Elizabeth I
- new style manifested itself in large square tall
houses such as Longleat House
Phases:  Classical Period (1556 to 1690 AD)
 Elizabethan (1558 to 1603 AD) - close adherence to Italian Renaissance art
- during the reign of Queen Elizabeth
- establishment of renaissance style in England,  Baroque Period (1650 to 1750 AD)
followed Tudor Architecture - classical rules disregarded
- transition style with Gothic features and - Churrigueresque- fantastically extravagant
Renaissance detail expression by Jose de Churriguera
o Hardwick Hall (Derbyshire, England) - blend of Solomonic and composite order,
known as the “Supreme Order”
 Jacobean (1603 to 1625 AD) o Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela
- reign of James VI of Scotland (Galicia, Spain)
- distinctive styles of Jacobean Architecture
- increasing emphasis on classical elements like  Antiquarian Period (1750 to 1830 AD)
columns - returned to ancient classical model

 Stuart (1625 to 1702 AD) INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE (1750 to Present)

a. 1st Phase: Inigo James was influenced by - man and new technology
Italian Renaissance - vast economic and social upheavals
b. 2nd Phase: Christopher Wren was influenced - Material Innovations: cast iron, steel, reinforced
by French Renaissance concrete, and cheaper manufacturing of glass

Inigo Jones New Building Materials

 first to bring Italianate Renaissance in Eng. - understanding of the uses for iron and the
o Queen’s House (Greenwich, England) introduction of steel
Sir Christopher Wren  Cast Iron- resistant to compression as stone
 English anatomist  Wrought Iron- 40x resistant to tension
 influenced and brought French  Glass- can be manufactured in larger sizes & vol.
Renaissance in England
o St. Paul’s Cathedral (London, England) Political Situation
- started in the North of England, introduction of
 Georgian (1702 to 1830 AD) the new sources of power- coal
- highly variable, but marked symmetry and - The Causey Bridge- held supply London with
proportion coal for heating and train engines
- natural resource that exploited during this era
Renaissance in Spain was water
Phases: - steam engine was the major development
 Early Period (1492 to 1556 AD) - people moved with them to the growing urban
- grafting renaissance details unto Gothic forms developments (moved to city to find work)
- In Spain: - Railways allowed for this migration
o Plateresque- rich and poetic style
o Influenced by Moorish art Phases:
o University of Salamanca (Salamanca, a. Iron and Steam (1750 to Present)
Spain) - brick manufacturing (1850) & iron skeleton
- In Portugal: b. Steel and Electricity (1900 to present)
o Manueline Style - plate-glass (1940)
o inspired by the voyages of discoverers
Cast Iron John Ruskin
- frame for arched construction - leading art critic of the Victorian era
 Brittle- lacking in tensile strength
William Morris
Reinforced Concrete - associated with the British arts and crafts
- become the predominant structural materials movement
- he was a major contributor to the revival of
Ironbridge (River Severn, Shropshire, England) traditional British textile arts
- first iron bridge ever constructed in the world - his literary contributions helped to establish the
- Abraham Darby III modern fantasy genre
- bridge had been in a perilous state
- conserved and cleaned the iron Houses have these features:
 Wood, stone, or stucco
Galleria Vittorio Emmanuel II (Milan, Italy)  low-pitched roof
- designed by Giuseppe Mengoni  wide eaves
- most spectacular steel and glass  open floorplans
- one of the world’s oldest shopping malls  numerous windows
 exposed roof rafters
Crystal Palace (London, England)  porch with thick square or round column
- Joseph Paxton  stone porch supports
 exterior chimney made with stone
Eiffel Tower  some windows with stained glass
- wrought-iron lattice tower on the Champ de  beamed ceilings
Mars in Paris, France  dark wood
- named after the engineer Gustav Eiffel  built-in cabinets, shelves, and seating
- tallest structure in Paris

Gustav Eiffel (Paris, France)

- French Civil Engineer
- After his retirement, he focused on research
into meteorology, and aerodynamics

ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENTS

- early 1990
- movement for aesthetic and moral crusade
- escape from the Industrial World
- John Ruskin (1819-1900) and William Morris
(1834-1896) were the key figures
- decorative and fine arts
- emerging in Japan in the 1920s as the Mingei
Movement
- Anti-industrial
- inspired by the ideas of architect Augustus
Pugin, writer John Ruskin, and designer William
Morris