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Addition Reaction MM

Addition reactions involve the conversion of a double bond in alkenes to a single bond while forming two new bonds. Key types include electrophilic, nucleophilic, free radical, and concerted addition reactions, with Markovnikov's rule guiding the addition of unsymmetrical reagents. Important examples include the addition of water, halogenation, halogen acid addition, and catalytic hydrogenation.

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32 views14 pages

Addition Reaction MM

Addition reactions involve the conversion of a double bond in alkenes to a single bond while forming two new bonds. Key types include electrophilic, nucleophilic, free radical, and concerted addition reactions, with Markovnikov's rule guiding the addition of unsymmetrical reagents. Important examples include the addition of water, halogenation, halogen acid addition, and catalytic hydrogenation.

Uploaded by

ishan.jaiswal.che23
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Addition reactions

REACTIONS OF ALKENES
A reaction in which the double bond of an alkene is converted to a
single bond and two new bonds are formed to the species it reacts
with is known as an addition reaction and they are typical of
alkenes and alkynes.
Types of addition reactions:

• Electrophilic addition reaction


• Nucleophilic addition reaction
• Free radical addition reaction
• concerted addition reaction
4
ADDITION TO UNSYMMETRICAL ALKENES
ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION TO PROPENE
• addition of HBr to propene gives two isomeric brominated compounds
• HBr is unsymmetrical and can add in two ways
• products are not formed to the same extent
• the problem doesn't arise in ethene because it is symmetrical.

Mechanism

Two possibilities
ADDITION TO UNSYMMETRICAL ALKENES

MARKOWNIKOFF’S RULE
When an unsymmetrical reagent adds to the double bond:
• the positive part (electrophile) of the reagent will join to the to
the carbon atom containing more number of hydrogen atoms
• the negative part (nucleophile) of the reagent will join to the
carbon atom containing less number of hydrogen atoms
MARKOWNIKOFF’S RULE
In the addition to propene, path A involves a 2° carbocation, path B a 1° carbocation.
As the 2° ion is more stable, the major product (i.e. 2-bromopropane) is formed this way.

PATH A

SECONDARY MAJOR PRODUCT


CARBOCATION

PATH B

MINOR PRODUCT
PRIMARY
CARBOCATION
least stable most stable
methyl < primary (1°) < secondary (2°) < tertiary (3°)
A number of important addition reactions are illustrated in the next slides named as:

 Addition of water

 Halogenation

 Halogen acid addition

 Catalytic Hydrogenation
Regioselectivity

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Markovnikov rule

Regioselectivity

13
violation of Markovnikov rule

CN, CHO, CO, NO2 etc. can follow the violation

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