STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURE
AND THEIR ANALYS
Statically Ddeterminate Structure.
Static Equilibrium Equation
Ʃ𝐅x =0 Ʃ𝐌x =0
Ʃ𝐅y =0 Ʃ𝐌y =0
Ʃ𝐅z=0 Ʃ𝐌z =0
Statically Indeterminate Structures
To solve: equations of equilibrium, compatibility, and force-displacement, use of displacement diagrams
Cases: Mechanical Stresses in Bolts and turnbuckles,
Mechanical Misfits and Pre-strain/Stresses
Stresses induces due to Temperature effects.
Beam-1 Simply supported or Hinged
Beam-2 Propped Cantilever
Beam-3 Fixed Fixed
Beam-4 Cantilever
Beam-5 Free Free
Turn Buckle
Statically Indeterminate
• The members in which the forces /unknown can’t be
determined by the principle of static alone is called
statically indeterminate
• This above situation is very common when two or
more members of different materials comprises
together to produce a single element.
• In order to overcome such problem i.e. to solve the
unknown the equations are obtained from deformation
condition are known as compatibility equations.
Example: A bar consists of two or more bars of different
materials in parallel is known as a composite or
compound bar, In such a bar the sharing of load by each
can be found by applying equilibrium and compatibility
condition.
Example:
Consider the case of solid bar enclosed in a hollow tube as shown in figure
1-Solid bar, 2-Hollow tube
Equilibrium Equation
The total externally applied load must be equal to the loads shared by the
individual members.
• P=𝑃1 + 𝑃2 ------- (1)
• The deformation of bar = The deformation of tube ------- (2)
𝑃1 𝐿 𝑃2 𝐿
• =
𝐴1 𝐸1 𝐴2 𝐸2
𝐴 𝐸1
• 𝑃1 = 𝑃2 . 1 .
𝐴2 𝐸2
• Putting the value of 𝑃1 in equation (1)
𝐴1 𝐸1
• 𝑃 = 𝑃2 . . + 𝑃2
𝐴2 𝐸2
𝑃2 𝐴1 𝐸1 +𝑃2 𝐴2 𝐸2
• 𝑃=
𝐴2 𝐸2
𝑃2 (𝐴1 𝐸1 +𝐴2 𝐸2 )
• 𝑃=
𝐴2 𝐸2
𝐴2 𝐸2
• 𝑃2 = 𝑃 .
𝐴1 𝐸1 +𝐴2 𝐸2
𝐴1 𝐸1
• 𝑃1 = 𝑃 .
𝐴1 𝐸1 +𝐴2 𝐸2
If reactions and internal forces cannot be found by statics alone (more unknown forces than
independent equations of equilibrium).
When the final results are dependent on the material from which the structure has been made.
RA
A 2 unknown forces
P a P
C L
b RA – P + RB =0
B Need to find another
equation
RB
“Flexibility” or “Force” Method
static
RA A A1 A2 RA redundant
A
P P a
C
= + L
b
B
RB 1 2
“Released” structure
Equation of compatibility – expresses the fact that the change in length of the bar must be
compatible with the conditions at the supports
A = A1 + A2 = 0
Now, the force-displacement relations considering the mechanical properties of the material
and expressed as:
− Pb RAL
A1= and A2=
EA EA
Substituting into the equation of compatibility gives:
− Pb RAL
A= EA + EA =0 *The flexibilities (b/EA) and (L/EA) appear in this equation.
Hence, this approach is called the “flexibility” method.
Pb
RA =
L
Substituting into the equilibrium equation gives:
Pa
R B= P −R A = *Note that we have solved for forces. Hence, this approach is
also called the “force” method.
L
Example
Turnbuckle Rigid plate
Steel cable
Copper tube
The slack is removed from the cables by rotating the turnbuckles until the assembly is snug but with
no initial stresses (do not want to stretch the cables and compress the tube).
Find the forces in the tube and cables when the turnbuckles are tightened by n turns, and determine
the shortening of the tube.
EXAMPLEA reinforced concrete column 200 mm in diameter is designed to carry an axial
compressive load of 300 kN. Determine the required area of the reinforcing steel if the allowable
stresses are 6 MPa and 120 MPa for the concrete and steel, respectively. Use Eco = 14 GPa and
Est = 200 GPa.
Solution:
Mechanical Misfit
Initial stresses
• It frequently happens that, before any load is applied to some
part of machine or structure; it is already in a state of stress.
• In other words, the component is initially stressed before
external forces are applied. Bolted joints and connections, for
example, involve bolts which are pre-tensioned; subsequent
loading may be, or may not, affect the tension in bolt.
• Most forms of welded connections introduces initial stresses
around the welds, unless the whole connection is stress relieved
by a suitable heat treatment; in such a cases, the initial stresses
are not usually known with any real accuracy.
• Initial stresses can also be used to considerable effect in
strengthening certain materials;
• For example, concrete can be made a more effective material by
pre-compression in the form of pre-stressed concrete. The
problem solve below are statically indeterminate and therefore
require compatibility consideration as well as equilibrium
considerations.
• A 2.5 cm diameter steel bolt passes through a steel tube 5cm internal diameter,6.25 cm external
diameter,40 cm long. The bolt is then tightened up onto the tube through rigid end blocks and
blocks until the tensile force in the bolts is 40kN.The distance between the head of the bolt and
the nut is 50cm .If an external force of 30 kN is applied to the end blocks, tending to pull them
apart, estimate the resulting tensile force in the bolt.
Composite bars in tension or compression
• A Composite bar is one made of two materials, such as steel
rods embedded in concrete. The construction of the bar is
such that constituent components extend or contract equally
under load.
• To illustrate the behaviour of such bars consider a rod made
of two materials,1 and 2; 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 are the cross-sectional
areas of the bars, and 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 are the values of Young’s
modulus.
• We imagine the bars to be rigidly connected together at the
ends; then for compatibility, the longitudinal strains to be the
same when the composite bar is stretched we must have
𝜎1 𝜎2
•𝜀= =
𝐸1 𝐸2
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