Generalized Strain Description

Generalized Strain Description

ME 333
Steps :
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS 1 Consider a point P(x, y, z) in an unloaded state (undeformed and unstressed)
2 Upon loading point P moves to P′ (x′ , y′ , z′ )
Lecture 3: Generalized Strain Description II 3 The primed coordinates are functions of unprimed coordinates and vice-versa, i.e.,

x′ = x′ (x, y, z); x = x(x′ , y′ , z′ )

y′ = y′ (x, y, z); y = y(x′ , y′ , z′ )
Ravi Sastri Ayyagari ′ ′
z = z (x, y, z); z = z(x′ , y′ , z′ )
Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
Requirement :
1 Above functions are continuous and differentiable
Sem I, 2025-2026 2 Above functions are invertible and single valued

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Generalized Strain Description Generalized Strain Description

Generalized Strain Description Generalized Strain Description

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Q (x + dx , y + dy , z + dz ) Objective : Define strain at point P in terms of (u, v, w) and (x, y, z)
z dy 0
ds0
Step 1 : The engineering strain measure can be defined in a fully three dimensional
dz 0 ŵ
setting as:  ′ 
dx0 ds − ds
v̂ P 0 (x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) ϵE = ; ϵE > −1
Q(x + dx, y + dy, z + dz)
û ds
∆ w
ds
r 0 Step 2 : The differential lengths ds and ds′ can be defined as:
dz
P (x, y, z)
dy y 2 2 2 2
dx z0 ds′ = dx′ + dy′ + dz′
z r v 0
u x
ds2 = dx2 + dy2 + dz2
y
y0
x Using the relation between primed and unprimed spatial coordinates:
x
(0, 0, 0)
Origin x′ = x + u; y′ = y + v; z′ = z + w

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 Generalized Strain Description Generalized Strain Description

Generalized Strain Description Generalized Strain Description

Step 3 : Relating the differential forms of primed and unprimed quantities: Dividing by ds on both sides :
∂x ′
∂x ∂x ′

∂u ′

∂u ∂u  ′   ∂u

∂u ∂u
 
dx′ = dx + dy + dz = 1 + dx + dy + dz  dx   dx 

 
 1 +  

∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z 
 ds 
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
 ds 

   

 ′   
 
∂y′ ∂y′ ∂y′
 
∂v ∂v ∂v
 
dy ∂v ∂v ∂v  dy

dy′ = dx + dy + dz = dx + 1 + dy + dz =

1+
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z 
  ∂x ∂y ∂z  ds 
 ds′    

  
 
 

 
∂z′ ∂z′ ∂z′ 
 dz 
 
 

  
∂w ∂w ∂w  ∂w ∂w ∂w  dz 
dz′ =
 
dx + dy + dz = dx + dy + 1 + dz 1+
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z ds ∂x ∂y ∂z ds
  
∂u ∂u ∂u  
(or) 
∂u

∂u ∂u
 1 +  l 
∂x ∂y ∂z  
 

 ′   1 + ∂x   
   
 ∂y  ∂z ∂v ∂v ∂v

dx   ∂v ∂v ∂v
 dx =

1+  m

∂x ∂y ∂z  
dy′ =   
 
 
1 +  dy 
∂w   n 

 ′  ∂x ∂y ∂z  dz
 
∂w ∂w

dz   
1+
 ∂w ∂w ∂w 
1+ ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂x ∂y ∂z

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Generalized Strain Description Generalized Strain Description

Generalized Strain Description Generalized Strain Description

Step 4 : Squaring the engineering strain measure in Step 1: Step 6 : Using Step 3 in Step 5 (substituting and simplifying):
 ′ " 2 2 2 #!
ds′
  
ds − ds 1 2 ∂u 1 ∂u ∂v ∂w
ϵE = = −1 ϵ + ϵE = l2 + + + +
ds ds 2 E ∂x 2 ∂x ∂x ∂x
" 2 2 2 #!
 ′ 2  ′ 2  
ds ds ds′ m2
∂v 1
+
∂u
+
∂v
+
∂w
+
ϵ2E = −1 = −2 +1 ∂y 2 ∂y ∂y ∂y
ds ds ds " 2  2  2 #!
∂w 1 ∂u ∂v ∂w
n2 + + + +
Step 5 : Eliminating the linear term (ds′ /ds) from above equation : ∂z 2 ∂z ∂z ∂z
 
"  # ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂w ∂w
1 2 1 ds′ 2 lm + +
∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
+ +
∂x ∂y
+
ϵ + ϵE = −1 =M
2 E 2 ds 
∂w ∂v ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂w ∂w

mn + + + + +
" # ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂z
dx′ 2
  ′ 2  ′ 2
1 dy dz  
= + + −1 ∂w ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂w ∂w
2 ds ds ds nl + + + +
∂x ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂z

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 Generalized Strain Description Generalized Strain Description

Generalized Strain Description Generalized Strain Description

The term on the LHS is defined as magnification factor denoted by M and the RHS can The components of strain at point P in terms of (u, v, w) and (x, y, z) are:
" 2 #
be re-written in a simpler form as: ∂u 1 ∂u
2 
∂v
2 
∂w
ϵxx = + + +
∂x 2 ∂x ∂x ∂x
1
M = ϵ2E + ϵE = l2 ϵxx + m2 ϵyy + n2 ϵzz + 2lmϵxy + 2lnϵxz + 2mnϵyz ∂v 1
"
∂u
2  2 
∂v ∂w
2 #
2 ϵyy = + + +
∂y 2 ∂y ∂y ∂y
where: (ϵxx , ϵyy , ϵzz ) are the normal strains and (ϵxy , ϵyz , ϵzx ) are the shear strains. The "  2 #
2  2 
strain, therefore, can be represented as: ∂w 1 ∂u ∂v ∂w
ϵzz = + + +
  ∂z 2 ∂z ∂z ∂z
ϵxx ϵxy ϵxz 
1 ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂w ∂w

ϵ = ϵyx ϵyy ϵyz  ϵxy = + + + +
2 ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
ϵzx ϵzy ϵzz 
1 ∂w ∂v ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂w ∂w

ϵyz = + + + +
2 ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂z
 
Special Case : If line element is parallel to x - axis (l = 1, m = 0, n = 0): 1 ∂w ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂w ∂w
ϵzx = + + + +
2 ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂z
M = Mx = ϵxx
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Generalized Strain Description Generalized Strain Description

Generalized Strain Description : Summary Strain Tensor

Objective : Define strain at point P in terms of (u, v, w) and (x, y, z)

The strains are components of a second order symmetric tensor and can be represented
Step 1 : Consider the engineering strain in 3D in terms of ds and ds′ . as:  
ϵxx ϵxy ϵxz
Step 2 : Define the differential lengths ds and ds′ in terms of their components ϵ = ϵyx ϵyy ϵyz 
(dx, dy, dz) and (dx′ , dy′ , dz′ ), respectively. ϵzx ϵzy ϵzz
Step 3 : Relate the differential forms of primed and unprimed quantities and further Here the diagonal terms result in dilation or volume change while the off-diagonal
express in terms of direction cosines. terms cause distortion or shape changes and rotation of material fibers.
Steps 4 & 5 : Squaring the engineering strains and eliminating the linear term (ds′ /ds)
from the resulting equation.
Step 6 : Collecting the coefficients of the squared and coupled direction cosines to Q How and why did we conclude that the coefficients that go along with the squared
write down the magnification factor M. and coupled direction cosine terms are indeed components of a second order tensor ?

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 Generalized Strain Description Generalized Strain Description

Examples Examples
[Example 7] Rigid rotation about the z-axis: (Repeated) [Example 8] Derive the strains using small and large strain theories. Given:
′ ′ ′
x = x + u; y = y + v; z =z + w x′ = 0.99 x ; y′ = 0.99 y ; z′ = 0.99 z
= x cos α + y sin α; = −x sin α + y cos α; =z

y Knowing that :
Using the derived strain measures : C 0 x′ = x + u ; y′ = y + v ; z′ = z + w
"   2 #!
∂u 1 ∂u 2 ∂v The displacement fields are:
ϵxx = + +
∂x 2 ∂x ∂x u = −0.01x ; v = −0.01y ; w = −0.01z
D B0 C
1 Based on small & large strain theory:
(cos α − 1)2 + (− sin α)2
 
= (cos α − 1) +
2 D0
=0 ϵxx = −0.01 ; ϵyy = −0.01 ; ϵzz = −0.01
Mx = −0.01 ; My = −0.01 ; Mz = −0.01
α
x
A B
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Generalized Strain Description Generalized Strain Description

Examples Strain Measure

[Example 9] Derive the strains using small and large strain theories. Given:
Q For a given Strain field is the displacement field unique?
x′ = 2 x ; y′ = 2 y ; z′ = 2 z

Knowing that :
x′ = x + u ; y′ = y + v ; z′ = z + w
The displacement fields are:
u = x; v = y; w=z
Based on small & large strain theory:
ϵxx = 1 ; ϵyy = 1 ; ϵzz = 1
3 3 3
Mx = ; My = ; Mz =
2 2 2

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 Generalized Strain Description

Reading Assignment

Chapter 2: Section 2.7.1

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