DELHI METRO RAIL CORPORATION

SUMMER TRAINING
REPORT
2O25
DELHI METRO RAIL CORPORATION

BY-
ISHIKA AGARWAL
BTECH, ECE
AJAY KUMAR GARG ENGINEERING
COLLEGE, GHAZIABAD
 DELHI METRO RAIL CORPORATION

Acknowledgement:

It would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many
individuals and organizations. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of
them. I am highly indebted to my course instructor Mr. Rajan Kumar for
guiding me right from the inception till the completion of my training.

I would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my mentor

Mr. Anil Chaudhary for his continuous support, valuable guidance, and
encouragement throughout the training period.

Finally, I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to

Delhi Metro Rail Corporation for giving me an opportunity to access the
course material and gain valuable practical knowledge.
 DELHI METRO RAIL CORPORATION

About the organization:

What is DMRC?
The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) is a government-owned company
that builds and operates the Delhi Metro, a rapid transit system serving Delhi
and surrounding cities like Noida, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon, Faridabad, and
Bahadurgarh. It is responsible for:
Planning, implementation, and operation of metro rail projects.
Maintaining safety, punctuality, reliability, and cleanliness in metro
operations.
Serving as a consultant for metro projects in India and abroad.
DMRC is a joint venture between the Government of India and the
Government of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, with both holding
equal stakes (50:50).

History -
The Delhi Metro project was initiated in response to rising traffic congestion and
population growth in the 1980s–90s. To address this, the Delhi Metro Rail
Corporation (DMRC) was formed on 3 May 1995 as a special-purpose vehicle
under the Companies Act, 1956. It was tasked with developing and operating a
mass rapid transit system for the city.
Dr. E. Sreedharan, known as the “Metro Man of India,” was appointed as the first
Managing Director and led the project until 2012, laying the foundation for one of
India’s most successful urban transport systems.

Major Milestones and Expansion Phases-

Phase I (2002–2006) marked the beginning of Delhi Metro operations with the first
line from Shahdara to Tis Hazari (Red Line) opening on 24 December 2002. This
phase introduced three lines—Red, Yellow, and Blue—covering 65.11 km, and was
completed ahead of schedule and under budget. Phase II (2006–2011) expanded
the network to 193 km, extending metro connectivity to major NCR towns like Noida
and Gurgaon, significantly improving regional transit.
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Phase III (2011–2022) expanded the Delhi Metro network to over 390 km
with the addition of the Magenta and Pink Lines, modern features like
driverless trains and platform screen doors, and more interchange stations to
boost capacity. Phase IV is currently underway, aiming to add over 100 km
of new lines and extend metro access to underserved areas of Delhi.

Lines in Delhi Metro-

Red Line-

The Red Line of the Delhi Metro is the first and oldest operational line,
inaugurated on December 24, 2002, with its initial stretch running from
Shahdara to Tis Hazari. Today, it spans approximately 34.4 km, connecting
Rithala in northwest Delhi to Shaheed Sthal (New Bus Adda) in Ghaziabad,
Uttar Pradesh, with a total of 29 stations. The line is mostly elevated and uses
broad-gauge trains powered by a 750 V DC third rail system. Key
interchange stations include Kashmere Gate (with Yellow and Violet Lines),
Inderlok (Green Line), and Welcome (Pink Line), making it a vital link in
Delhi's metro network. Serving densely populated residential and commercial
areas, the Red Line has played a crucial role in easing traffic congestion in
northern and eastern parts of Delhi and extending metro connectivity into
NCR towns like Ghaziabad.
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Yellow Line-

The Yellow Line of the Delhi Metro is one of its most important and busiest
corridors, connecting Samaypur Badli in north Delhi to Millennium City Centre
(HUDA City Centre) in Gurugram, Haryana. Spanning around 49 km with 37
stations, it is a north-south corridor that passes through key areas such as
Kashmere Gate, Chandni Chowk, Rajiv Chowk, Central Secretariat, AIIMS,
and Qutub Minar. It was the second line to become operational and the first
to go underground, with the initial section between Vishwa Vidyalaya and
Kashmere Gate opening in December 2004. The Yellow Line is a vital
commuter route, connecting Delhi University’s North and South Campuses
and offering interchanges at major junctions like Kashmere Gate, Rajiv
Chowk, Central Secretariat, and INA. It plays a central role in linking Delhi with
Gurugram, making it essential for office-goers, students, and tourists alike.
 DELHI METRO RAIL CORPORATION

Blue Line-
The Blue Line of the Delhi Metro, one of its busiest and longest corridors,
currently runs from Dwarka Sector 21 to Noida Electronic City, with a branch
from Yamuna Bank to Vaishali, covering over 65 km. As of 2025, it serves
more than 1.7 million passengers daily. The latest developments under
Phase IV include two major proposed extensions: one from Noida Sector 62
to Sahibabad (via Indirapuram) and another from Vaishali to Mohan Nagar,
which will create a crucial interchange with the Red Line in Ghaziabad.
These expansions aim to ease traffic congestion and improve metro access
in rapidly growing NCR regions. Future plans under Phase V also consider
extending the line from Yamuna Bank to Loni, further strengthening east-
west connectivity across Delhi and its suburbs.
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Green Line-
The Green Line of the Delhi Metro connects Inderlok/Kirti Nagar in central Delhi
to Brigadier Hoshiyar Singh station in Bahadurgarh, Haryana, making it the first
Delhi Metro line to extend into Haryana. Operational since April 3, 2010, the
line spans about 29.64 km and consists of two sections: Inderlok to
Brigadier Hoshiyar Singh (main line) and Kirti Nagar to Ashok Park Main (short
branch), forming a Y-shaped network. It is the only line in the Delhi Metro
system to operate on standard gauge entirely above ground (elevated). Key
interchange stations include Inderlok (Red Line) and Kirti Nagar (Blue Line).
The Green Line serves key residential and industrial areas of west Delhi like
Punjabi Bagh, Paschim Vihar, Udyog Nagar, and Nangloi, and also provides
metro access to Bahadurgarh, a growing town in Haryana.
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Violet Line-
The Violet Line of the Delhi Metro, running from Kashmere Gate to Raja
Nahar Singh (Ballabhgarh), continues to serve as a vital north–south
corridor connecting central Delhi to Faridabad in Haryana. Spanning around
46.3 km with 34 stations, it provides access to key heritage sites, markets,
and residential areas. As of 2025, there are no active extensions under
Phase IV, but a significant boost is expected from the upcoming Golden
Line (Aerocity–Tughlakabad), currently under construction and set to
interchange with the Violet Line at Tughlakabad. With tunneling milestones
already achieved and civil work nearing 50% completion, this project is
slated to open by mid-2026, greatly enhancing connectivity between
Faridabad, South Delhi, and the Airport Express Line.
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Pink Line-
The Pink Line of the Delhi Metro, stretching from Majlis Park to Shiv Vihar, is
currently the longest individual corridor in the network, spanning approximately
59.24 km with 38 stations. As of July 2025, the much- anticipated Majlis Park–
Maujpur extension, a 12.1 km stretch under Phase IV, is in its final trial phase
and expected to become operational soon. This addition will effectively
complete a near-circle around Delhi, vastly improving orbital connectivity
across the city. To support the expansion, DMRC has upgraded infrastructure
such as the Mukundpur depot, and introduced new six-coach trains.
Temporary operational adjustments, like delayed Sunday services, have
been announced to accommodate integration works. Once the extension
opens, the Pink Line will serve as a crucial cross-Delhi link, enhancing access
to multiple interchange stations and decongesting radial routes.
 DELHI METRO RAIL CORPORATION

Majenta Line-
The Magenta Line of the Delhi Metro, also known as Line 8, connects
Janakpuri West in West Delhi to Botanical Garden in Noida, spanning
approximately 38.2 km. Operational since 2018, it is known for introducing
India’s first driverless trains and platform screen doors. The line provides faster
connectivity between West Delhi and Noida by bypassing central Delhi and
congested interchange stations like Rajiv Chowk. Major interchange points on
the line include Janakpuri West (Blue Line), Hauz Khas (Yellow Line), Kalkaji
Mandir (Violet Line), and Botanical Garden (Blue Line). It serves prominent
areas such as IIT Delhi, Okhla, Jamia Millia Islamia, and Nehru Place. An
extension from Janakpuri West to RK Ashram Marg is currently under
construction as part of Phase IV, which will further enhance
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Orange Line-
The Orange Line of the Delhi Metro, officially known as the Airport Express
Line, is a high-speed, premium corridor that connects New Delhi Railway
Station to Dwarka Sector 21, with stops at key locations including Shivaji
Stadium, Dhaula Kuan, Delhi Aerocity, and IGI Airport Terminal 3. Spanning
approximately 22.7 km, it was inaugurated on February 23, 2011, and is
designed specifically for fast transit to the airport, reducing travel time
between central Delhi and the airport to just 19 minutes. The line features
modern, luggage-friendly trains, a higher operational speed (up to 120 km/h),
and facilities like in-town airline check-in at New Delhi station for select
carriers. Initially operated under a public-private partnership, the line is now
fully managed by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC). As of 2025, the
Orange Line continues to be a vital transit option for air travelers and daily
commuters alike, with enhanced integration to other metro lines, including
interchanges with the Yellow Line at New Delhi and the Blue Line at Dwarka
Sector 21.
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Grey Line-
The Grey Line of the Delhi Metro is a short but significant corridor that
connects Dwarka (on the Blue Line) to Dhansa Bus Stand in southwest
Delhi, spanning approximately 4.2 km with four stations: Dwarka, Nangli,
Najafgarh, and Dhansa Bus Stand. Operational in phases, the line first
opened from Dwarka to Najafgarh on October 4, 2019, and was extended to
Dhansa Bus Stand on September 18, 2021. Designed to improve metro
access in the densely populated Najafgarh region, the Grey Line includes
both elevated and underground sections and features Delhi Metro’s first
underground parking facility at Dhansa. While compact in size, it plays a key
role in enhancing last-mile connectivity and integrating southwest Delhi into
the broader metro network.
 DELHI METRO RAIL CORPORATION

TELECOMMUNICATION DEPARTMENT-
The Telecommunication Department of Delhi Metro ensures reliable
communication for operations and passenger services. It manages train
radio systems, public address announcements, passenger information
displays, CCTV surveillance, and the fiber-optic network connecting
stations, trains, and control centers. This department supports safety, real-
time coordination, and efficient service delivery across the metro system.
The Delhi Metro’s Telecommunication Department encompasses a range of
critical systems that ensure safe, efficient operations and smooth passenger
experience:

Fiber-Optic Transmission System (FOTS): A nationwide optical-fiber

backbone carrying voice, data, CCTV, and SCADA for train control and
emergency response.
TETRA radio system: A 380 MHz digital trunked system for secure, real-
time communication between train operators, controllers, and staff.
Passenger Information Display System (PIDS) and Public Address
System (PAS): Provide live train schedules, updates, and announcements
inside stations and trains.
Master Clock System: GPS-synced clock ensuring synchronized timing
across stations, systems, and devices ([Link]).
CCTV Surveillance: Over 14,600 cameras networked via fiber, monitored
centrally for security and safety (ET Infra).
EPABX / Internal Telephone System: Dedicated telecom exchanges for
operational coordination among stations, depots, and OCC.
SCADA integration: Controls traction power, ventilation, lifts/escalators, and
safety alarms via FOTS-managed networks.
Cellular in-tunnel coverage: 'Leaky coax’ cables support 800/1800 MHz
mobile signals in underground tunnels for passenger connectivity.
High-speed optical-fiber upgrades: DMRC is rolling out 700 km of fiber to
enable 5G support, Wi-Fi, and future IP systems.
These systems, integrated under centralized control at the OCC, form the
digital backbone of metro operations—powering control, safety,
communications, and passenger services.
 DELHI METRO RAIL CORPORATION

The Fiber Optic Transmission System (FOTS)

The Fiber Optic Transmission System (FOTS) in Delhi Metro serves as the
core communication backbone, enabling high-speed and secure
transmission of data, voice, video, and control signals across the entire
network. It connects stations, depots, tunnels, and the Operation Control
Centre (OCC), supporting essential systems like CCTV surveillance, public
address systems, SCADA, train control, and passenger information displays.
Built using a ring topology for redundancy, FOTS ensures continuous
operation even in case of cable failures. It also facilitates internal
communication through EPABX and TETRA radio systems, and plays a vital
role in integrating and monitoring subsystems like fire alarms, ventilation, and
power supply. With ongoing upgrades to support 5G and IP-based
infrastructure, FOTS forms the digital backbone of Delhi Metro’s safe and
efficient operations.

EPABX / Internal Telephone System:

The EPABX (Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange) / Internal

Telephone System in Delhi Metro is a private communication network that
enables direct and secure voice communication among metro staff across
stations, depots, control rooms, and operational facilities. Managed by the
Telecommunication Department, the EPABX system allows quick and
reliable contact through intercoms and landline extensions without using
public telephone networks. It is integrated with the metro’s Fiber Optic
Transmission System (FOTS) to ensure high-speed connectivity and
redundancy. This system is crucial for real-time coordination, emergency
responses, and routine operations, ensuring smooth communication
between key personnel like station controllers, train operators, and
maintenance teams throughout the metro network.
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In a metro like Delhi’s, EPABX racks are typically installed in:

Station Equipment Rooms
Operation Control Centre (OCC)
Depots
Security Control Rooms
These racks support thousands of voice connections and are essential for
coordination between train operators, station controllers, security, and
maintenance staff.

Types of Phones in Delhi Metro System:

1. Analog Telephones:
Use: Standard office or station-level extensions. Features:
Basic calling, redial, call hold, and speed dial. Connected
to: Subscriber Line Cards (SLC) in EPABX. Example:
Station controller's desk phone.

2. Digital System Phones:

Use: Control rooms, OCC, and high-level administrative functions.
 DELHI METRO RAIL CORPORATION

Features: LCD display, programmable keys, intercom, caller ID, conference

calling.
Connected to: Digital Line Cards (DLC) in EPABX.
Example: Chief Controller's desk at OCC.

3. IP Phones (VoIP Phones):

Use: Remote or modern IP-based communication areas.
Features: Works over LAN/internet, HD voice, remote login, video support (in
some models).
Connected to: IP PBX or via VoIP cards in EPABX.
Example: Used in newer metro lines or integrated with SCADA/IT systems.

4. Video Phones:
Use: Remote or modern IP-based communication areas.
Features: Works over LAN/internet, HD voice, remote login, video support (in
some models).
Connected to: IP PBX or via VoIP cards in EPABX.
Example: Used in newer metro lines or integrated with SCADA/IT systems.

The EPABX rack is comprised of the following cards:

EZ-32 Card-

The EZ 32 card is a 32-port analog extension card used in EPABX systems

to connect analog phones. It enables internal voice communication by
providing dial tone and call signaling to each connected phone. Commonly
used in metro networks like Delhi Metro, it links station controllers, OCC
desks, and depot phones to the EPABX system. The card fits into the
EPABX rack and is essential for routing internal calls through analog lines.

EUA-32 Card-

The EAU-32 card in an EPABX system is typically an Extension Analog Unit

that supports 32 analog telephone extensions. It functions similarly to the EZ-
32 card but may vary slightly in form factor or compatibility based on the
EPABX brand (e.g., NEC, Matrix, Coral).
 DELHI METRO RAIL CORPORATION

DLC-

The EAU-32 card in an EPABX system is typically an Extension Analog Unit

that supports 32 analog telephone extensions. It functions similarly to the EZ-
32 card but may vary slightly in form factor or compatibility based on the
EPABX brand (e.g., NEC, Matrix, Coral).

INTIP Card-

The INTIP card is used in EPABX systems to enable IP-based telephony by

connecting IP phones and remote voice terminals over a data network. It
facilitates VoIP communication, allowing seamless integration of distant metro
stations, OCCs, and depots via LAN or FOTS. The card supports SIP
protocols and helps reduce traditional cabling by utilizing the existing IP
infrastructure while maintaining full telephony features.

CPU Card-

The CPU card in an EPABX system is the central processing unit that
controls and manages all telephony operations. It handles call routing,
signaling, extension management, and coordination between all other cards
(analog, digital, VoIP, trunk). The CPU card also stores the system
configuration and executes features like call forwarding, conferencing, and
numbering plans. In metro systems like Delhi Metro, it ensures reliable and
centralized communication across stations, depots, and OCCs.

NPRAE Card-

The NPRAE card is used in EPABX systems to provide PRI (Primary

Rate Interface) digital trunk connectivity, enabling high-capacity voice
communication with external telecom networks. It supports up to 30
simultaneous digital voice channels, allowing efficient routing of incoming
and outgoing calls. In metro systems like Delhi Metro, the NPRAE card
ensures seamless external communication between stations, OCC, and
public networks.
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Connections of Phones at a Station:

A central wiring panel where all external and internal telephone lines from

IDF (Intermediate Distribution Frame):

A smaller, local distribution panel located closer to end devices like phones.
It receives cabling from the MDF and connects to the final extension points.

The EPABX connects to the MDF, which organizes and routes the lines.
From the MDF, cables run to one or more IDFs, often located on station
floors or remote rooms.
The IDFs then connect to individual telephones (analog via EAU-32,
digital via DLC, or IP via switches).
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Station Connectivity :

Voice signals from EPABX at Station 1 pass through DDF, are transmitted via
SDH over fiber (connected through ODF), and received similarly at Station 2
—ensuring smooth inter-station communication.

DDF (Digital Distribution Frame):

Distributes E1/PRI lines (digital voice lines) from the EPABX to transmission
equipment.

SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy):

High-speed transmission system that carries digital signals (voice/data) over
fiber.

ODF (Optical Distribution Frame):

Interface panel for managing and routing optical fiber connections between
stations.
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Radio System:
The radio system in DMRC is a secure, digital communication network based
on the TETRA (Terrestrial Trunked Radio) standard, enabling reliable voice
communication between train operators, station controllers, depots, and the
Operation Control Centre (OCC). Each train is equipped with onboard radios,
while station and depot staff use handheld units. The system ensures
uninterrupted communication through base stations installed across the metro
network, providing seamless coverage, including in tunnels. With features like
group calls, emergency priority, and fast call setup, the radio system plays a vital
role in train operations, incident handling, and overall coordination in the Delhi
Metro.

TETRA (Terrestrial Trunked Radio):

TETRA is a digital trunked radio communication system used in DMRC for
secure, real-time voice communication between train operators, station
staff, depots, and OCC. It supports group calls, emergency alerts, fast call
setup, and encrypted transmissions, ensuring uninterrupted communication
across the metro network.

RCW (Remote Control Workstation):

RCW is a control console used by Station Controllers to operate systems
like PA, PIDS, radio, and telephone. It enables remote monitoring and control
of station functions and supports communication with OCC and other
stations, especially in unattended or emergency scenarios.

Zetron Console:
Zetron is a radio dispatch console system integrated into DMRC's OCC and
backup control rooms. It allows radio call management, monitoring of field
units, and integration with other communication systems like TETRA and
EPABX, offering centralized control for efficient incident response and daily
operations.

Train Radio System:

The Train Radio System enables voice communication between train
operators and OCC using TETRA radios. Each train is equipped with a Train
Radio Unit (TRU) linked to base stations along the route, ensuring
continuous, clear communication while the train is in motion.
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MTS Site (Mobile/Metro Telecommunication System Site)

In DMRC, the MTS site plays a vital role in the radio communication system
by housing key equipment like the TETRA Base Transceiver Station (BTS),
RF distribution units, and power backups. It enables secure and continuous
voice communication between train operators, station controllers, depots,
and the OCC. The MTS site ensures seamless connectivity through
antenna systems, leaky coaxial cables (especially in tunnels), and interfaces
with dispatch consoles like Zetron at OCC. This setup is essential for real-
time coordination, operational safety, and uninterrupted radio coverage
across the metro network.
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PIDS – Passenger Information Display System:

The Passenger Information Display System (PIDS) in DMRC is a digital

system that provides real-time information to commuters through LED or
LCD screens installed on platforms, concourses, and inside trains. It
displays train arrival and departure times, destinations, platform numbers,
safety messages, and emergency alerts. PIDS is integrated with the
signaling system, PA system, and Operation Control Centre (OCC) to ensure
timely and synchronized audio-visual updates. Connected via network
switches and fiber optic links, it plays a crucial role in guiding passengers,
enhancing communication, and managing crowds efficiently during normal and
emergency operations.

PIDS – Passenger Information Display System:

The Passenger Information Display System (PIDS) in DMRC is a digital

system that provides real-time information to commuters through LED or
LCD screens installed on platforms, concourses, and inside trains. It
displays train arrival and departure times, destinations, platform numbers,
safety messages, and emergency alerts. PIDS is integrated with the
signaling system, PA system, and Operation Control Centre (OCC) to ensure
timely and synchronized audio-visual updates. Connected via network
switches and fiber optic links, it plays a crucial role in guiding passengers,
enhancing communication, and managing crowds efficiently during normal and
emergency operations.

CCTV System:

The CCTV system in metro is a security and surveillance setup used to

monitor stations, platforms, and trains in real-time. It includes high- resolution
IP cameras installed at key locations like ticket counters, AFC gates, platforms,
lifts, and train interiors. These cameras are connected to a Video Management
System (VMS), allowing live monitoring and recording from the Station
Control Room (SCR) and Operation Control Centre (OCC). The system
helps ensure passenger safety, prevent incidents, and supports quick
response during emergencies.
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Camera:

The camera is the primary component of any CCTV system. In metro

networks like DMRC, high-definition IP cameras are commonly used for
capturing real-time video surveillance. These cameras come in various
types such as fixed dome, bullet, and PTZ (Pan-Tilt-Zoom), and are
strategically installed at platforms, ticketing areas, AFC gates, station
entrances, and inside trains to monitor passenger movement and ensure
safety.
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Storage:

The storage system consists of Network Video Recorders (NVRs) or Digital

Video Recorders (DVRs) depending on the camera type. These devices
store video footage from all the cameras for a defined retention period,
typically 15 to 30 days. Storage systems often include features like high-
capacity hard drives, RAID configurations for redundancy, and remote
access for playback and evidence retrieval.

Encoder:

Encoders are used in hybrid CCTV systems where legacy analog

cameras are still in use. An encoder converts analog video signals into a
digital format so they can be recorded and managed on modern IP-based
systems. While not always required in fully IP systems, encoders help
integrate older infrastructure into newer platforms during upgrades or
expansions.

Server:

The server in a CCTV system is responsible for running the Video

Management Software (VMS). This software controls recording schedules,
video streaming, user access, event detection (like motion or tampering), and
system integration with alarms and access control. The server is the central
hub that ensures the entire surveillance network operates efficiently and
securely.

Workstation:

The workstation or operator console is used by security staff in the Station

Control Room (SCR) or Operation Control Centre (OCC) to monitor live
video feeds, view recordings, and manage camera controls. These
workstations are equipped with multiple screens, control devices (like PTZ
joysticks), and VMS access, enabling operators to respond to security
events in real time and take immediate action when needed.
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SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) :

SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) is a high-speed fiber optic
transmission technology used in metro systems like DMRC to ensure
reliable and synchronized communication between stations, OCC
(Operation Control Centre), and depots. It provides a structured and
standardized way to transmit large volumes of voice, video, and data over
optical fibers with minimal delay and high redundancy. In DMRC, SDH forms
the backbone of telecom networks, supporting systems such as CCTV,
Passenger Information, Public Address, and Train Control. It uses ring
topology with automatic protection switching, ensuring continuous
communication even if a fiber link fails.
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Clock System:

The clock system in metro ensures synchronized time across all stations,
control rooms, and onboard systems. It is essential for operations,
passenger information, and system coordination. The master clock receives
time from a GPS or NTP source and distributes it to slave clocks through a
network or dedicated signal cables.

Ty pes of Clocks:

Analog Clocks – Wall-mounted, with synchronized hands, typically installed

on platforms and concourses.

Digital Clocks – LED-based, showing time in HH:MM or HH:MM:SS format;

often integrated with Passenger Information Displays (PIDs).

Master Clock – Central unit that controls and synchronizes all clocks in the
station via NTP or serial communication.
This system ensures uniform timekeeping for train schedules, passenger
announcements, and staff coordination.

AFC (Automatic Fare Collection):

Ticket Office Machine (TOM):
The Ticket Office Machine (TOM) in metro systems is a computerized
terminal used by staff at the station ticket counters to issue and manage
various types of tickets and fare media. It is connected to the Automatic Fare
Collection (AFC) system and operates in real-time, allowing station operators
to issue Single Journey Tickets (SJT), Smart Cards, and perform card top-
ups, refunds, or replacements.
The TOM setup typically includes a touchscreen monitor, smart card
reader/writer, thermal ticket printer, barcode scanner, and a secure cash
drawer. It is integrated with the central AFC server, ensuring that all
transactions are logged and synchronized. TOMs are crucial for assisting
passengers who prefer cash transactions or need help with card-related
issues.
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Ticket Vending Machine (TVM):

The latest Ticket Vending Machines (TVMs) in metro systems like DMRC
are advanced, self-service kiosks designed to provide quick and
contactless ticketing solutions. These machines support the purchase of
Single Journey Tickets (SJTs), including the option to print QR code-based
paper tickets that can be scanned directly at AFC gates. They also enable
passengers to recharge Contactless Smart Cards (CSC) using various
payment methods such as UPI, debit/credit cards, mobile wallets, and
sometimes cash. Equipped with multilingual touchscreens and user-
friendly interfaces, these updated TVMs are integrated with the central
Automatic Fare Collection (AFC) system, ensuring real-time transaction
updates and a smooth travel experience while reducing manual
intervention and promoting digital payments.
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Recharge Card Terminal Machine (RCTM):

The Recharge Card Terminal Machine (RCTM) is a station-based device

used to top up Contactless Smart Cards (CSC) in metro systems. Typically
operated by staff at the ticket counter, it allows recharges using cash, UPI, or
cards and is directly integrated with the Automatic Fare Collection (AFC)
system to ensure real-time balance updates. RCTMs provide a quick and
reliable recharge option for passengers, especially those preferring assisted
service over self-service kiosks.

Automatic Validation Machine (AVM):

The Automatic Validation Machine (AVM) in metro systems is a device used

to validate and activate recharges made online or through third-party apps
for Contactless Smart Cards (CSC). When a passenger recharges their card
online, the balance does not update until the card is tapped on an AVM.
Installed at station entrances, these machines sync with the AFC system to
authenticate the recharge and load the value onto the card. AVMs ensure
secure, real-time validation without requiring staff assistance and support
the metro's move toward digital and contactless fare systems.
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Smart Card Vending Machine (SCVM)

The Smart Card Vending Machine (SCVM) is a self-service kiosk installed

in metro stations that allows passengers to purchase new Contactless
Smart Cards (CSC) without staff assistance. These machines issue
preloaded smart cards after payment via UPI, debit/credit cards, or mobile
wallets, and often provide multilingual on-screen guidance for user
convenience.
SCVMs are integrated with the Automatic Fare Collection (AFC) system to
ensure real-time registration and activation of the cards. By automating the
issuance process, SCVMs help reduce queues at ticket counters and
promote contactless, efficient travel.

Contactless Smart Card (CSC):

The CSC is a rechargeable travel card used by regular commuters.

Passengers tap the card at entry and exit gates, and fare is auto-deducted. It
offers a 10% discount and can be recharged via machines or online, with
validation at AVMs if done digitally.
 DELHI METRO RAIL CORPORATION

QR Code Ticketing:

QR tickets can be purchased through the DMRC app, WhatsApp, or select

vending machines. Passengers scan the QR at designated gates for
access. It supports digital, paperless, and contactless travel.
 DELHI METRO RAIL CORPORATION

National Common Mobility Card (NCMC):

NCMC is an interoperable smart card usable across metros, buses, and

retail. It functions like a CSC, offering tap-and-go access at AFC gates and
supports contactless fare payments.

Mobile Ticketing:

Using the DMRC app, users can buy QR tickets or recharge smart cards.
Payments are made via UPI, cards, or wallets, supporting fully digital and
contactless travel.
 DELHI METRO RAIL CORPORATION

Conclusion:
The summer training at DMRC in the Telecommunication Department
provided valuable insights into the critical communication systems that
ensure smooth metro operations. Exposure to technologies such as
EPABX, CCTV, PAS, SDH, radio communication, and fare collection
systems deepened understanding of real-time coordination, safety
protocols, and passenger services. Hands-on observation of equipment like
control racks, smart card systems, and fiber networks enhanced technical
knowledge and practical awareness. Overall, the training was a significant
learning experience that bridged academic concepts with real-world metro
infrastructure and operations.