PPG REVIEWER
POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE
Politics is the process of gaining and using power to influence the allocation of resources
and make decisions for a community, while governance is the system through which
those decisions are implemented and public affairs are managed.
Government – group of people with the authority to govern a country or state.
Political Science - is the study of how and why governments work, and how people,
groups, and countries use power to make decisions.
POWER – the ability to influence or outright control the behavior of people.
Types of power:
Coercive Power – punishment
Reward Power – uses rewards
Legitimate Power – emanates from position
Expert Power- knowledge
Referent Power – power from being liked
Purchasing Power – ability to buy goods
IDEOLOGY – political statements that aim to call upon massive mass or government action
to achieve a relatively better political and economic condition.
Political Ideologies:
Anarchism – they do not believe in hierarchy or authority, rejection of government.
Liberalism – ideal of government because it provides equality, emphasizes freedom, and
limited government. It supports democracy, free markets and rule of law.
Conservatism – focused on conserving something.
Marxism – society develops through class struggle.
Alienation – Relationship between two or more people in which one is cut off from
a stranger, alien, and others.
Class Struggle – rich and poor are always in conflict
Materialism – the way people produce things
Revolution - is a fundamental and often sudden change in political power and a
society's structure.
Fascism - is an authoritarian that exalts the nation or race above the individual, led by a
dictatorial leader who forcibly suppresses opposition.
Globalization – building or forging of international political, economic, religious, and
socio-cultural relations and interconnections.
State and Nation
state is a political entity with a defined territory, a permanent population, a government,
and sovereignty over its affairs, while a nation is a group of people who share a common
culture, language, history, or ethnicity.
Elements of state:
Territory - defined geographical area over which a state exercises its exclusive
jurisdiction.
Sovereignty - is the supreme authority of a state to govern itself and its people without
interference from external forces.
Internal - refers to a state's supreme power to create and enforce laws
External - state has the right to conduct its foreign policy and make its own
decisions without being controlled by other countries.
Government – people’s will is formulated
People – organization of human beings living together as a community.
OTHER FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
Unitary state Vs. Federal state
US central government holding power with a capability to take back authority, while FS,
central government with a main function of uniting several self-governing states and
regions.
Autocracy Vs. Democracy
Autocracy is absolute from being the dictatorship, while democracy they have the ability
to select their leader.
Monarchy Vs. Republic
Monarchy is ruled by a king, while republic ruled by president
3 BRACHES OF THE GOVERNMENT
Executive Branch – to enforce law
President, vice president and cabinet members are part of executive branch.
The president’s disagreement with a proposed law called veto
Signing of treaties is the part or president’s diplomatic responsibilities.
The cabinet members composed the different government departments
President is the head of state, head of government, and commander in chief
President must be natural born citizen of the Philippines, registered voter, able
to read and write, at least 40 years of age, resident of the Philippines.
Legislative Branch – law makers
Has 24 senate, 306 congress
has the power to amend existing laws
HOR (lower house), senate (upper house)
District representative – province
Party-list representative – sectorial groups
Qualifications to become a senator – natural born citizen, able to read and write,
registered voter, at least 35 years old
Congress should not exceed 250 members.
Qualifications of congressman\woman are natural born citizen, able to read and
write, registered voter, at least 25 years old.
The power to impeach high officials rest with the congress
