Spring 2024
CS101 – Variables and Basic Data Types
Lecture 3
School of Computing, KAIST
Roadmap
Last week we learned
• Conditionals and while Loops
This week we will learn
• Objects
• Types
• Variables
• Methods
• Tuples
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 2
Objects
Programs work with data. Every piece of data in a Python program is called an
object.
Objects can be very small (the number 3) or very large (a digital photograph).
Every object has a type. The type determines what you can do with an
object.
The Python Zoo:
Imagine there is a zoo inside your Python interpreter.
Every time you create an object, an animal is born.
What an animal can do depends on the type (kind) of animal:
birds can fly, fish can swim, elephants can lift weights, etc.
When an animal is no longer used, it dies (disappears).
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 3
Making objects
You can create objects as follows:
Numbers: Simply write them:
13
3.14159265
-5 Complex number
3 + 6j
Strings: (a piece of text)
Write text between quotation marks (" and ' are both okay):
"CS101 is wonderful"
'The instructor said: "Well done!" and smiled'
Booleans: (truth values)
Write True or False.
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 4
Making more objects
Complicated objects are made by calling functions that create them:
from cs1robots import *
Robot()
from cs1media import *
load_picture("photos/geowi.jpg")
A tuple object is an object that contains other objects.
To create a tuple, write objects separated by commas (usually in parenthesis):
(3, 2.5, 7)
("red", "yellow", "green")
(20100001, "Hong Gildong")
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 5
Different animals: Types
Every object has a type. The type determines what the object can do, and
what you can do with the object. For instance, you can add two numbers, but
you cannot add two robots.
The Python interpreter can tell you the type of an object:
>>> type(3)
<class 'int'> Integer number: int
>>> type(3.1415)
<class 'float'> Floating point number: float
>>> type("CS101 is fantastic")
<class 'str'> String: str
>>> type(3 + 7j)
<class 'complex'> Complex number: complex
>>> type(True)
<class 'bool'> Boolean: bool
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 6
More types
Types of more complicated objects:
>>> type(Robot())
<class 'cs1robots.Robot'>
>>> type( (3, -1.5, 7) )
<class 'tuple'>
>>> type( load_picture("geowi.jpg") )
<class 'cs1media.Picture'>
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 7
Names
Objects can be given a name:
message = "CS101 is fantastic"
n = 17
hubo = Robot()
pi = 3.1415926535897931
finished = True
img = load_picture("geowi.jpg")
We call a statement like n = 1 7 an assignment,
because the name n is assigned to the object 1 7 .
In the Python zoo, the name is a sign board on the animal’s cage.
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 8
Variables
Names are often called variables, because the meaning of a name is variable:
the same name can be assigned to different objects within a program:
n = 17
n = "Seventeen"
n = 17.0
The object assigned to a name is called the value of the variable. The value
can be changed over time.
To indicate that a variable is empty, we use the special object None (of class
’NoneType’):
>>> n=None
>>> type(n)
<class 'NoneType'>
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 9
Variable names
The rules for variable and function names:
• A name consists of letters, digits, and the underscore _.
• The first character of a name should not be a digit.
• The name should not be a keyword such as def, if, else, or while.
• Upper case and lower case are different: Pi is not the same as pi.
Good:
• my_message = "CS101 is fantastic"
• a13 = 13.0
Bad:
• more@ = "illegal character"
• 13a = 13.0
• def = "Definition 1"
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 10
Methods
What objects can do depends on the type of object: a bird can fly, a fish can
swim.
Objects provide methods to perform these actions.
The methods of an object are used through dot-syntax:
>>> hubo = Robot()
>>> hubo.move()
>>> hubo.turn_left()
>>> img = load_picture("geowi.jpg")
>>> print(img.size()) # width and height in pixels
(58, 50)
>>> img.show() # display the image
>>> b = "banana"
>>> print(b.upper())
BANANA
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 11
Operators
For numbers, we use the operators +, -, *, /, //,%, and **.
a ** b= ab
>>> 2**16
65536
Remainder after division
>>> 7 % 3
1
// is integer division (division without fractional part):
>>> 13.0 // 4.0
3.0
>>> 9 / 7
1.2857142857142858
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 12
Expressions
An expression is a combination of objects, variables, operators, and function
calls:
3.0 * (2 ** 15 - 12 / 4) + 4 ** 3
The operators have precedence as in mathematics:
1. exponentiation **
2. multiplication and division *, /, //, %
3. addition and subtraction +, -
When in doubt, use parentheses!
e.g., a
2π
is not a/2*pi
Use a/(2*pi) or a/2/pi.
All operators also work for complex numbers.
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 13
String expressions
The operators + and * can be used for strings:
>>> "Hello" + "CS101"
'HelloCS101'
>>> "CS101 " * 8
'CS101 CS101 CS101 CS101 CS101 CS101 CS101 CS101 '
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 14
Boolean expressions
A boolean expression is an expression whose value has type bool. They are
used in if and while statements.
The operators ==, ! =, >, <, <= and >= return boolean values.
>>> 3 < 5
True
>>> 27 == 14 Equality – don't confuse with =
False
>>> 3.14 != 3.14
False
>>> 3.14 >= 3.14
True
>>> "Cheong" < "Choe"
True
>>> "3" == 3
False
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 15
Logical operators
The keywords not, and and or are logical operators:
(not True)== False
(not False)== True
(False and False)== False
(False and True) == False
(True and False) == False Short Circuit
(True and True) == True Evaluation
(False or False)== False
If the result of the operation is determined by the
(False or True) == True value on the left,
(True or False) == True Python doesn't count values on the right.
(True or True) == True
Careful: If the second operand is not needed, Python does not even compute
its value.
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 16
Tuples
A tuple is an object that contains other objects:
>>> position = (3.14, -5, 7.5)
>>> profs = ("Min H. Kim", "Jongmoon Baik")
A tuple is a single object of type tuple:
>>> print(position, type(position))
(3.14, -5, 7.5) <class 'tuple'>
We can “unpack” tuples:
>>> x, y, z = position
>>> print(x)
3.14
Packing and unpacking in one line:
>>> a, b = ("aa", "bb")
>>> a, b = b, a
>>> print(b)
aa
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 17
Colors
Colors are often represented as a tuple with three elements that specify
the intensity of red, green, and blue light:
red = (255, 0, 0)
blue = (0, 0, 255)
white = (255, 255, 255)
black = (0, 0, 0)
yellow = (255, 255, 0)
purple = (128, 0, 128)
from cs1media import *
img = create_picture(100, 100, purple) 100
img.show()
img.set_pixels(yellow) 100
img.show()
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 18
Colors
A digital image of width w and height h is a rectangular matrix with h rows and
w columns:
0, 0 1, 0 2, 0 3, 0 4, 0 (0,0) 250
0, 1 1, 1 2, 1 3, 1 4, 1 188
0, 2 1, 2 2, 2 3, 2 4, 2
We access pixels using their x and y coordinates.
x is between 0 and w- 1 , y is between 0 and h - 1 .
>>> img.get(250, 188) red, green, blue triple
(101, 104, 51)
>>> img.set(250,188,(255,0,0))
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 19
For loops
A for-loop assigns integer values to a variable:
>>> for i in range(4):
... print(i)
0
1
2
3
>>> for i in range(7):
... print ("*" * i)
*
**
***
****
*****
******
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 20
Negative of a photo
from cs1media import *
img = load_picture("../photos/geowi.jpg")
w, h = img.size()
for y in range(h):
for x in range(w):
r, g, b = img.get(x, y)
r, g, b = 255-r, 255-g, 255-b
img.set(x,y,(r,g,b))
img.show()
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 21
Example: Negative of a photo
(x = 0, y = 0): 79, 129, 189
from cs1media import *
img = load_picture(…)
w, h = img.size()
for y in range(h):
for x in range(w):
r,g,b = img.get(x, y)
r,g,b = 255-r,255-g,255-b
img.set(x, y, (r, g, b))
img.show()
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 21 / 23
Example: Negative of a photo
(x = 0, y = 0): 176, 126, 66
from cs1media import *
img = load_picture(…)
w, h = img.size()
for y in range(h):
for x in range(w):
r,g,b = img.get(x, y)
r,g,b = 255-r,255-g,255-b
img.set(x, y, (r, g, b))
img.show()
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 21 / 23
Example: Negative of a photo
(x = 1, y = 0): 64, 112, 170
from cs1media import *
img = load_picture(…)
w, h = img.size()
for y in range(h):
for x in range(w):
r,g,b = img.get(x, y)
r,g,b = 255-r,255-g,255-b
img.set(x, y, (r, g, b))
img.show()
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 21 / 23
Example: Negative of a photo
(x = 1, y = 0): 191, 143, 85
from cs1media import *
img = load_picture(…)
w, h = img.size()
for y in range(h):
for x in range(w):
r,g,b = img.get(x, y)
r,g,b = 255-r,255-g,255-b
img.set(x, y, (r, g, b))
img.show()
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 21 / 23
Example: Negative of a photo
(x = 2, y = 0): 59, 104, 159
from cs1media import *
img = load_picture(…)
w, h = img.size()
for y in range(h):
for x in range(w):
r,g,b = img.get(x, y)
r,g,b = 255-r,255-g,255-b
img.set(x, y, (r, g, b))
img.show()
Spring 2021 CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 21 / 23
Example: Negative of a photo
(x = 2, y = 0): 196, 151, 96
from cs1media import *
img = load_picture(…)
w, h = img.size()
for y in range(h):
for x in range(w):
r,g,b = img.get(x, y)
r,g,b = 255-r,255-g,255-b
img.set(x, y, (r, g, b))
img.show()
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 21 / 23
Example: Negative of a photo
(x = 0, y = 1): 58, 102, 156
from cs1media import *
img = load_picture(…)
w, h = img.size()
for y in range(h):
for x in range(w):
r,g,b = img.get(x, y)
r,g,b = 255-r,255-g,255-b
img.set(x, y, (r, g, b))
img.show()
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 21 / 23
Example: Negative of a photo
(x = 0, y = 1): 197, 153, 99
from cs1media import *
img = load_picture(…)
w, h = img.size()
for y in range(h):
for x in range(w):
r,g,b = img.get(x, y)
r,g,b = 255-r,255-g,255-b
img.set(x, y, (r, g, b))
img.show()
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 21 / 23
Example: Negative of a photo
(x = 1, y = 1): 44, 77, 118
from cs1media import *
img = load_picture(…)
w, h = img.size()
for y in range(h):
for x in range(w):
r,g,b = img.get(x, y)
r,g,b = 255-r,255-g,255-b
img.set(x, y, (r, g, b))
img.show()
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 21 / 23
Example: Negative of a photo
(x = 1, y = 1): 211, 178, 137
from cs1media import *
img = load_picture(…)
w, h = img.size()
for y in range(h):
for x in range(w):
r,g,b = img.get(x, y)
r,g,b = 255-r,255-g,255-b
img.set(x, y, (r, g, b))
img.show()
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 21 / 23
Example: Negative of a photo
(x = 2, y = 1): 26, 46, 70
from cs1media import *
img = load_picture(…)
w, h = img.size()
for y in range(h):
for x in range(w):
r,g,b = img.get(x, y)
r,g,b = 255-r,255-g,255-b
img.set(x, y, (r, g, b))
img.show()
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 21 / 23
Example: Negative of a photo
(x = 2, y = 1): 229, 209, 185
from cs1media import *
img = load_picture(…)
w, h = img.size()
for y in range(h):
for x in range(w):
r,g,b = img.get(x, y)
r,g,b = 255-r,255-g,255-b
img.set(x, y, (r, g, b))
img.show()
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 21 / 23
Example: Negative of a photo
(x = 0, y = 2): 47, 117, 133
from cs1media import *
img = load_picture(…)
w, h = img.size()
for y in range(h):
for x in range(w):
r,g,b = img.get(x, y)
r,g,b = 255-r,255-g,255-b
img.set(x, y, (r, g, b))
img.show()
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 21 / 23
Example: Negative of a photo
(x = 0, y = 2): 208, 138, 122
from cs1media import *
img = load_picture(…)
w, h = img.size()
for y in range(h):
for x in range(w):
r,g,b = img.get(x, y)
r,g,b = 255-r,255-g,255-b
img.set(x, y, (r, g, b))
img.show()
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 21 / 23
Example: Negative of a photo
(x = 1, y = 2): 41, 84, 113
from cs1media import *
img = load_picture(…)
w, h = img.size()
for y in range(h):
for x in range(w):
r,g,b = img.get(x, y)
r,g,b = 255-r,255-g,255-b
img.set(x, y, (r, g, b))
img.show()
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 21 / 23
Example: Negative of a photo
(x = 1, y = 2): 214, 171, 142
from cs1media import *
img = load_picture(…)
w, h = img.size()
for y in range(h):
for x in range(w):
r,g,b = img.get(x, y)
r,g,b = 255-r,255-g,255-b
img.set(x, y, (r, g, b))
img.show()
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 21 / 23
Example: Negative of a photo
(x = 2, y = 2): 16, 28, 42
from cs1media import *
img = load_picture(…)
w, h = img.size()
for y in range(h):
for x in range(w):
r,g,b = img.get(x, y)
r,g,b = 255-r,255-g,255-b
img.set(x, y, (r, g, b))
img.show()
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 21 / 23
Example: Negative of a photo
(x = 2, y = 2): 239, 227, 213
from cs1media import *
img = load_picture(…)
w, h = img.size()
for y in range(h):
for x in range(w):
r,g,b = img.get(x, y)
r,g,b = 255-r,255-g,255-b
img.set(x, y, (r, g, b))
img.show()
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 21 / 23
Black & white photo
from cs1media import *
threshold = 100
white = (255, 255, 255)
black = (0, 0, 0)
img = load_picture("../photos/yuna1.jpg")
w, h = img.size()
for y in range(h):
for x in range(w):
r, g, b = img.get(x, y)
v = (r+g+b) // 3 # average of r,g,b
if v > threshold:
img.set(x, y, white)
else:
img.set(x, y, black)
img.show()
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 40
Objects with two names
The same object can have more than one name:
hubo = Robot("yellow")
hubo.move()
ami = hubo
ami.turn_left() hubo
hubo.move()
yellow robot
ami
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 41
Objects with two names
The same object can have more than one name:
hubo = Robot("yellow")
hubo.move()
ami = hubo
ami.turn_left() hubo
hubo.move()
yellow robot
ami
hubo = Robot("blue")
hubo.move() blue robot
ami.turn_left()
ami.move()
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 42
Questions?
CS101 Copyright (c) School of Computing, KAIST 43
