Reviewer in MPTH (Prelim) - a "trip" is defined as each time a person

MACRO PERSPECTIVE OF TOURISM AND goes to a place at least 100 miles away from
HOSPITALITY: CHAPTER 1 home and returns.

Tourism – is the temporary short-term movement 2. Length of stay at a destination;

of people to destinations outside the places Tourist - are temporary visitors who make at
where they normally live and work and their least one overnight stay at the destination.
activities during their stay at these Excursionists - are temporary visitors who do
destinations. (Tourism Society of Britain) not stay overnight in the country that they
- a social, cultural and economic phenomenon visit.
which entails the movement of people to
3. Residence of Traveler - the third element of
countries or places outside their usual
travel.
environment for personal or
- for business and research purposes, it is
business/professional purposes. (United
important to know where people live.
Nations World Tourism Organization or
UNWTO) 4. Purpose of Travel - the fourth basic element of
travel.
Visitor – is any person visiting a country other than
that of earning money. (United Nations (7) PURPOSES OF TRAVEL

Conference on International Travel and 1. Visiting friends and relatives

Tourism, 1963) 2. Conventions, seminars, and meetings

- these people are called visitors (which may 3. Business

be either tourists or excursionists; residents or 4. Outdoor recreation - hunting, fishing, boating

non-residents) and tourism has to do with and camping

their activities, some of which involve tourism 5. Entertainment - sightseeing, theater, sports

expenditure. 6. Personal - family, medical, funeral, wedding

7. Others.
(2) TWO CLASSES OF VISITORS
1. Tourists THE NATURE OF TOUR
2. Excursionist 1. Domestic Tourism - known as internal/national
tourism.
1. Tourists - temporary visitors staying at least 24
- the movement of people outside their
hours, whose purpose could be classified as:
normal domicile to other areas within the
 Leisure
boundaries of their nation.
 Business
 Family 2. International Tourism - movement of people
 Mission among different countries other than that is in
 Meeting which he is a citizen.

2. Excursionist - are temporary visitors staying less  Package Tour/Inclusive Tour - an arrangement
than 24 hours in the destination visited and in which transport & accommodation is
not making an overnight stay, including cruise bought by the tourist at an all-inclusive price.
travelers but excluding travelers in transit. a. Independent Inclusive Tour (IIT) - tourist
travel individually.
(4) ELEMENTS OF TRAVEL
b. Group Inclusive Tour (GIT) - tourist travels
1. Distance
2. Length of stay at a destination in the company of other tourists.
3. Residence of Traveler  Independent Tour – the tourist buys these
4. Purpose of Travel facilities separately either by making
1. Distance – (a measure that has been used to reservations in advance thru a travel agent or
distinguish travel away from home.) en route during his tour.
Tourist Product - in a narrow sense, it consists of - Amenities will differ according to the
what the tourist buys. attractions of the site.
- in a wider sense, it is a combination of what - sometimes the amenities is itself the
the tourist does at the destination and the principal attraction as in the case when a
services he uses during his stay. revert house is built to offer different kinds of
Ex. entertainment in a previously undeveloped
a. Transportation region.
b. Accommodation 3. Accessibility - means having regular and
c. Food and Beverages convenience of transport in terms of
(4) CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURIST PRODUCT time/distance to the destination from the
1. It is a service - an intangible item. originating country at a reasonable price.
2. Largely psychological in attraction - it is more - good railways and coach services, airport
than a collection of services. and seaports are designed to facilitate
accessibility.
3. Tends to vary in standard and quality over time
TOURIST SERVICES
- a package tour cannot be consistent of equal
The travel and stay of tourists give rise to a wide
standard.
range of services in the course of a holiday.
4. Product is fixed. (3) Groups:
 Transportation - the first group.
Tourist Destination - a geographical unit which a
tourist visits and where he stays.  Accommodation, food and beverage, and
entertainment constitute - the second group
(3) THREE BASIC FACTORS OF TOURIST
DESTINATION of tourist services.
1. Attraction  A third group of tourist services consists of those
2. Amenities or facilities provided by the travel agent and by the tour
3. Accessibility operator.
1. Attractions Travel agent - distributor of the product.
(4) TYPES OF ATTRACTIONS
> Site Attraction Tour Operator - manufacturer of the product.
> Event Attraction > Other tourist services include currency,
> Natural Attraction
documentation, information, sightseeing, and
> Man-made Attraction
shopping.
 Site Attraction - is one in which the
(8) IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM
destination itself has appeal. Ex. Boracay
1. Contribution to the balance of payments.
 Event Attraction - is one in which tourists are 2. Dispersion of development.
drawn to the destination solely because of 3. Effect on general economic development.
4. Employment opportunities.
what is taking place there. Ex. Congresses,
5. Social Benefits.
exhibitions, festivals
6. Cultural enrichment.
 Natural Attractions - includes mountains, 7. Educational Significance.
beaches, climate features. 8. A vital force of peace.

 Man-made Attraction - includes buildings of 1. Contribution to the balance of payments -

historical or architectural interest such as tourism can help correct the balance of
Fort Santiago, holiday camps, or theme payments deficit of many countries by earning
parks such as Disneyland in L.A, USA. the much needed foreign currency in
international trade.
2. Amenities or facilities – includes
accommodation, food, local transport, and 2. Dispersion of development – international
communications and entertainment at the site. tourism is the best means to spread wealth
 among countries thus, bridging the economic 3. Not used up - they do not exhaust the country's
gap between the rich and poor nations. natural resources.

3. Effect on general economic development - 4. People-oriented - primarily concerned with

expenditures by tourist can have beneficial people.
effects on all economic sectors and lead to the 5. Multi-Dimensional phenomenon - activities
economic development of different industries which are separate but interdependent.
and other economic activities.
6. Dynamic - characterized by changing ideas and
4. Employment opportunities – it is a service attitudes of its customers and therefore must
industry which could have a significant effect be always prepared and willing to adjust to
on those countries with surplus labor such as these changes.
Philippines.
7. Seasonal - during vacation, millions of tourist
- for countries with high unemployment and
travel which result in increased revenue but
underemployment rate, tourism can provide a
when vacations are over, these companies
ready solution.
experience big decline in revenue.
5. Social Benefits - takes place when tourist comes ______
in contact with the inhabitants of the places
CHAPTER 2
they visit.
HISTORY OF TOURISM
6. Cultural enrichment - tourism emphasizes a Tourism - is derived from the Hebrew word "torah"
sharing and appreciation of cultures rather which means studying, learning, searching.
than the lack of trust brought about by
EARLY TOURISM
isolation.
(2) TWO FORMS OF EARLY TOURISM
7. Educational Significance - tourism enhances 1. Travel for business
ones education. 2. Travel for religious reasons
- international conferences, seminars, study
TRAVEL FOR BUSINESS
trips held each year enable people of all
 Throughout history, merchants have traveled
nations to exchange ideas, propose solutions
extensively in order to trade with other nations
to problems and share their concerns.
or tribes.
8. A vital force of peace – tourism is designed to
 The early Phoenicians toured the Mediterranean
help bridge the psychological and cultural
as traders.
distances that separate people of different
 Both the Greeks and Romans - were well known
races, colors, religions and stages of social and
traders and as their respective empires
economic development.
increased, travel became necessary.
(7) CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM
1. The product is not brought to the consumer.
TRAVEL FOR RELIGIOUS REASONS
2. Labor-intensive industry.  Took the form of pilgrimages to places of
3. Not used up. worship such as Chaucer's tale of pilgrimage to
4. People-oriented Canterbury England.
5. Multi-Dimensional phenomenon.
 Pilgrimage - were made to fulfill a vow as in case
6. Dynamic.
of illness or of great danger or as penance for
7. Seasonal.
sins.
1. The product is not brought to the consumer -
 Beginning in 1388, English pilgrims - were
the consumer has to travel and go to the
required to obtain and carry permits, the
product to purchase it.
forerunner of the modern passport.
2. Labor-intensive industry - requires more
TOURISM IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD
manpower than other industries.
 During the medieval period, travel declined.
 After the decline of the Roman Empire in the  Rise of Modern Tourism (17th to early 20th
15th century, roads were not maintained and Century) - began with the Grand Tour in the
they became unsafe. Thieves inflicted harm on 17th-18th centuries for wealthy Europeans.
those who dared to travel. - aimed at cultural enrichment and education.
 Crusaders and pilgrims - were the only ones who - supported by guidebooks, travel agencies,
traveled. and improved transportation.
TOURISM DURING THE RENAISSANCE AND  Mass Tourism (Early to late 20th Century) -
ELIZABETHAN ERAS emerged in the 19th and 20th centuries due to
 Travel for education became popular in the 16th the Industrial Revolution.
century. Under Elizabeth I, young men seeking - enabled by railways, steamships, and later
positions in court were encouraged to travel to airplanes.
the continent to widen their education. - Middle class gained access to travel through
 This practice was gradually adopted by others in package tours and paid vacations.
the lower social scale. - popular destinations included seaside resorts
and national parks.
 As young men sought intellectual improvement
in the continent, the sick sought a remedy for  Contemporary Tourism (Late 20th Century to
their illnesses in "spas" or medicinal baths. present) - characterized by global accessibility,
digital booking, and niche markets like
 Spa - derived from the Walloon word "espa"
ecotourism.
which means fountain.
- concerns include over-tourism,
- Thomas Cook - the father of tourism. environmental impact, and cultural
- 570 passengers. preservation.
- emphasis on sustainable tourism and
TOURISM DURING THE INDUSTRIAL
authentic experiences.
REVOLUTION
______
 The Industrial Revolution brought about major
changes in the scale and type of tourism
development.

 It brought about not only technological changes

but also essential social changes that made
travel desirable as: recreational activity.

 The increase in productivity, regular

employment, and growing urbanization gave
more people the motivation and opportunity to
go on holiday.

(4) THE HISTORY OF TRAVEL AND TOURISM

> Early Travel
> Rise of Modern Tourism
> Mass Tourism
> Contemporary Tourism

 Early Travel (Pre 17th Century) - motivated by

basic survival, trade, and religious pilgrimages.
- ancient civilizations like the Egyptians,
Greeks, and Romans traveled for commerce,
education, and leisure.
- infrastructure like Roman roads and rest
stops supported early tourism.