Matrix: Mathematics Class XII

Matrix is an arrangement of objects written in a rectangular array

2 3 4 → 𝑅1 (row # 1)
e.g 𝐴=
5 6 7 2×3 → 𝑅2 (row # 2)
↓ ↓ ↓
← (columns)
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
2 × 3 is the order of matrix A
2 = no. of rows
3 = no. of columns
General representation of a matrix:
𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗]𝑚 𝑥 𝑛
𝑎𝑖𝑗 = general element of a matrix A
if → order of element
𝑖 = no of rows
𝑗 = no of columns
Ex: If a matrix has 5 elements, write all possible order it can have.
Ans: 𝟓 × 𝟏, 𝟏 × 𝟓
Ex: How many matrices of order 3 × 3 can he formed with elements 0, 1 only
Ans: 𝟐 × 𝟐 × … . .× 𝟗 times = 𝟐𝟗 = 𝟓𝟏𝟐
[ arrangement of a elements with entries 0, 1 only]
𝑖+2𝑗
Ex: Write a matrix of order 2𝑥3 whose general element is given by .
2
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝑖+2𝑗
Sol: 𝑨 = 𝒂 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = .
𝟐𝟏 2
𝑖+2𝑗 1+2 (1) 3 1+2 (2) 5 1+2 (3) 7
𝑎𝑖𝑗 = ; 𝒂𝟏𝟏 = = ; 𝒂𝟏𝟐 = = 𝒂𝟏𝟑 = =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝟐+𝟐(𝟏) 𝟐+𝟐 (𝟐) 𝟐+𝟐 (𝟑)
𝒂𝟐𝟏 = = 𝟐, 𝒂𝟐𝟐 = = 𝟑, 𝒂𝟐𝟑 = = 𝟒.
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟑 𝟓 𝟕
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
∴𝑨=
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII
Types of Matrices:
Row Matrix : A matrix with one row and any no of columns
𝑒. 𝑔 2, 4 1𝑥2 , [𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐]1𝑥3 etc
Column Matrix: A matrix with only one column and any no of rows
1
2
𝑒. 𝑔2. ,
4
3
Square Matrix: Matrix with same of no of rows and column is a square matrix.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
1 3 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
𝑒𝑔. ,
2 6 2𝑥2
𝑔 𝑕 𝑖 3𝑥3

Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix whose all the elements except diagonal elements
are zero is called a diagonal matrix.
1 0
𝑒𝑔. = 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔. [1 3]
0 3
2 0 0
0 1 0 = 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔 [ 2 1 5 ]
0 0 5
Scalar Matrix: A diagonal matrix whose all the elements are equal, non zero, scalar
is a scalar matrix.
−2 0 0
4 0
𝑒. 𝑔 , 0 −2 0
0 4
0 0 −2
Zero Matrix: Matrix with all elements ‘0’ is a zero matrix.
0 0 0 0 0
, etc.
0 0 0 0 0
Identity Matrix or unit Matrix: A scalar matrix with its diagonal elements ‘I’ is
an identity matrix
1 0
𝐼2 = ; 𝐼 = identity matrix of order 2 𝑥 2
0 1 2

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII
1 0 0
𝐼3 = 0 1 0 ; 𝐼3 = identity matrix of order 3 𝑥 3
0 0 1
# Equivalent Matrices: Matrices with same order are equivalent matrices.
Equal Matrices: order as well as corresponding elements are identical.
Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar:
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑘𝑎 𝑘𝑏 𝑘𝑐
𝑘 =
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 𝑘𝑑 𝑘𝑒 𝑘𝑓
All elements of matrix are multiplied with the scalar
3 1 6 2
𝑒. 𝑔 2 =
2 4 4 8
Addition/Subtraction of Matrices:
Condition: Matrices should be equivalent ( of same order)
Method: Corresponding elements are added/subtracted
2 3 5 2 4 2 1 3
Ex: 𝐴= , 𝐵= ,𝐶 =
6 7 2 3 2 7 2 5

𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑁/𝐴 [ ∴ matrices are not equivalent ]

2 3 5 2 1 3 2+2 3+1 5+3 4 4 8
𝐴+𝐶 = + = =
6 7 2 7 2 5 6+7 7+2 2+5 13 9 7
2 3 5 2 1 3 2−2 3−1 5−3 0 2 2
𝐴−𝐶 = − = =
6 7 2 7 2 5 6−7 7−2 2−5 −1 5 −3
Properties of addition of Matrices:
(i) Commutative : 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐵 + 𝐴
(ii) Associative : 𝐴+ 𝐵+𝐶 = 𝐴+𝐵 +𝐶
(iii) Additive Identity: 𝐴 + 𝑂 = 𝑂 + 𝐴 = 𝐴
𝑂 = zero matrix = matrix of order of A
(iv) Additive Inverse: for a given matrix A (−𝐴) is called its additive inverse as
𝐴 + −𝐴 = 0 (The identity matrix)

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII
Multiplication of Matrices:
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = 𝑚𝑥𝑛 ; 𝐵 = [ ]𝑝×𝑞
(i) 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 is possible if 𝑛 = 𝑝 → no. of rows of B.

no.of columns
of A
(ii) if 𝑛 = 𝑝, then 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 𝑚 ×𝑞

Method: for aij of 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 corr. Elements ith row of A are multiplied to corresponding
elements of jth column of B and added.
2 3
2 3 5
(1) e.g 𝐴= 𝐵= 1 2
6 7 2 2 ×3
3 7 3 ×2
2×2+3×1+5×3 2×3+3×2+5×4
𝑎11 𝑎12
𝐴∙𝐵 =
6×2+7×1+2×3 6×3+7×2+2×4
𝑎21 𝑎22
2×2
22 32
=
25 40
2 3 5 2 2×2+3×5+5×6
(2) 6 7 2 5 = 6×2+7×5+2×6
3 4 1 3 ×3 6 3 ×1 3×2+4×5+1×6 3 ×1
2
(3) 1 2 3 1×3 1 = 1𝑥2 + 2𝑥1 + 3𝑥5 1×1 = 19
5 3×1

Note ; 𝐴𝐼 = 𝐼𝐴 = 𝐴
Properties of Multiplication
1. Matrix multiplication is not commutative in general
𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝐴 (In general)
2. A, B, C be three matrices
A ( BC) = (AB) C

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII
Provided multiplication is defined
3. Multiplicative identity:
𝐴𝐼 = 𝐼𝐴 = 𝐴 ; I = identity matrix of same order of A
4. Multiplicative Inverse:
If AB = BA = I
Then B is called inverse element (matrix) of A
ie A 𝐴−1 = 𝐴−1 = 𝐴−1 𝐴 = 𝐼
1 2 2
Ex: If 𝐴= 2 1 2 and 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5
2 2 1
Find 𝑓(𝐴) and hence evaluate 𝐴−1
Sol: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5
∴ 𝑓 𝐴 = 𝐴2 − 4𝐴 − 𝑆𝐼
Note: I is multiplied to
1 2 2 1
2 2 2 2 1
= 2 1 2 2
1 2 1 2 −4 2
5, for using 𝑓(𝑥) is
2 2 1 2
2 1 2 1 2
matrices
1 0 0
−5 0 1 0
0 0 1
1+4+4 2+2+ 2+4+ 4 8 8 5 0 0
= 2+2+4 2+1+4 4+2+2 − 8 4 8 − 0 5 0
2+4+2 4+2+2 4+4+1 8 8 4 0 0 5
9−4−5 8−8−0 8−8−0 0 0 0
= 8−8−0 9−4−5 8−8−0 = 0 0 0 =0
8−8−0 8−8−0 9−4−5 0 0 0
Now we have 𝐴2 − 4𝐴 − 5𝐼 = 0
Multiplying with 𝐴−1
𝐴−1 𝐴2 − 4 𝐴−1 𝐴 − 5𝐴−1 𝐼 = 𝐴−1 0
⟹ 𝐴−1 𝐴 − 4 𝐼 − 5 𝐴−1 = 0
⟹ 𝐼𝐴 − 4𝐼 − 5 𝐴−1 = 0
⟹ 𝐴 − 4𝐼 − 5 𝐴−1 = 0

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII

⟹ 𝐴 − 4𝐼 = 5𝐴−1

−1
1 1 1 2 2 4 0 0
⟹ 𝐴 = 𝐴 − 4𝐽 = 2 2 2 − 0 4 0
5 5
2 2 1 0 0 4
−3/5 2/5 2/5
1 −3 2 2
= 2 −3 2 2/5 −3/5 2/5
5
2 2 −3 2/5 2/5 −3/5
Transpose of a matrix ; 𝑨𝑻 or A’
Matrix obtained by interchanging rows and columns
2 6
2 3 5 𝑇
𝐴= ;𝐴 = 3 7
6 7 2 2×3
5 2 2×2

In general
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑚𝑥𝑛 ⟹ 𝐴𝑇 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 𝑚𝑥𝑚

Properties:
(i) 𝐴′ ′
=𝐴 (ii) 𝐴 + 𝐵 ′
= 𝐴′ + 𝐵′
′
(iii) 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵′ 𝐴′ (iv) 𝑘 𝐴 ′ = 𝑘 𝐴′
(v) (𝐴𝑇 )−1 = (𝐴−1 )𝑇
# Symmetric Matrix
If 𝐴’ = 𝐴, then A is called a symmetric matrix
Symmetric matrix
2 3 2 3
e.g 𝐴 = , 𝐴′ = =𝐴
3 5 3 5
⟹ 𝐴 is a symmetric matrix
# Skew symmetric matrix:
If 𝐴′ = − then A is a skew symmetric matrix
0 2 0 −2 0 2
𝑒. 𝑔 𝐴 = ; 𝐴′ = =− = −𝐴
−2 0 0 0 −2 0
⟹ A is a skew symmetric Matrix
Theorem: A skew symmetric matrix has its diagonal elements all zero.

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII
Proof: let 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗]𝑚 𝑥 𝑚 he a skew symmetric matrix
∴ 𝐴′ = −𝐴
⟹ 𝑎𝑖𝑗 ′ = [𝑎𝑖𝑗]
⟹ 𝑎𝑗𝑖 = [−𝑎𝑖𝑗]
⟹ 𝑎𝑗𝑖 = −𝑎𝑖𝑗
For diagonal elements 𝑖 = 𝑗
⟹ 𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 𝑖 𝑎𝑖 𝑖
⟹ 𝑎𝑖𝑖 + 𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 0
⟹ 2𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 0
⟹ 𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 0
⟹ diagonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix are all zero.
Ex: A and B are symmetric matrices, prove that AB – BA is a skew symmetric matrix
Sol: give A & B are symmetric matrices
𝐴′ = 𝐴, 𝐵′ = 𝐵
∴ (𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴)′ = 𝐴𝐵 ′ − (𝐵𝐴)′
= 𝐵′ 𝐴′ − 𝐴′ 𝐵′
= 𝐵𝐴 − 𝐴𝐵
= −(𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴)
⟹ AB – BA is a skew symmetric matrix.
Theorem: Every square matrix can be expressed as a sum of a symmetric and a skew
symmetric matrix
Proof: let A be a square matrix and 𝐴 = 𝑃 + 𝑄 − − − − − (1)
Where P is symmetric ⟹ 𝑃′ = 𝑃 and Q is symmetric ⟹ 𝑄′ = 𝑄
Now 𝐴 =𝑃+𝑄
⟹ 𝐴′ = (𝑃 + 𝑄)′
= 𝑃′ + 𝑄′
𝐴′ = 𝑃 − 𝑄 − − − − − (2)

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII

Now
1
(1) + 2 ⟹ 𝐴 + 𝐴′ = 2𝑃 ⟹ 𝑃 = (𝐴 + 𝐴′ )
2
1
(1) – 2 ⟹ 𝐴 − 𝐴′ = 2𝑄 ⟹ 𝑄 = (𝐴 − 𝐴′ )
2
1 1
(1) ⟹ 𝐴 = 𝐴 + 𝐴′ + (𝐴 − 𝐴′ )
2 2

Symmetric Skew symmetric

2
3
Ex: Express 𝐴= as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix
5
7
1 1 2 3 2 5 2 4
Sol: let 𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐴′ = + =
2 2 5 7 3 7 4 7
2 4
Now 𝑃′ = = 𝑃 ⟹ P is a symmetric matrix
4 7
1 1 2 3 2 5 0 −1
and 𝑄 = 𝐴 − 𝐴′ = − =
2 2 5 7 3 7 1 0
0 1 0 −1
𝑄′ = =− = −𝑄 ⟹ 𝑄 is skew symmetric
−1 0 1 0
2 4 0 −1 2 3
Now 𝑃 + 𝑄 = + = =𝐴
4 7 1 0 5 7
2 3 2 4 0 −1
∴ = +
5 7 4 7 1 0
Elementary Transformations:
(1) Elementary Row transformation
In a matrix equation
(i) 𝑅𝑖 ↔ 𝑅𝑗 [ Two rows can be interchanged (both sides)]
(ii) 𝑅𝑖 ↔ 𝑘𝑅𝑖 [ Any row can be multiplied to any scalar (k) (both sides)]
(iii) 𝑅𝑖 ↔ 𝑅𝑖 + 𝑘 𝑅𝑗
(2) Elementary Column Transformation
Replace columns with rows in above transformations

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII

# Finding 𝐴−1 by Elementary Row Transformation

We have 𝐴 = 𝐼𝐴
E.R.T E.R.T

𝐼 + 𝐴−1 𝐴 Find 𝐴−1

Order to follow for A → 𝑰
① 0 𝐸. 𝑅. 𝑇 𝐹𝑜𝑟 ′1′
↓ ↑
𝑅𝑖 ↔ 𝑅𝑗
0 ①

E.R. T for ‘O’

𝑅𝑖 → 𝑅𝑖 + 𝑘 𝑅𝑗

Note: For marking zero’s

‘1’ of the same column is used.
2 1
Ex: Find 𝐴−1 by E. R. T: 𝐴 =
3 −1
Sol: We have 𝐴 = 𝐼 𝐴
2 1 1 0
⟹ = 𝐴
3 −1 0 1
1 1
1 1 0
𝑅1 ⟶ 𝑅1 ⟹ 2 = 2 𝐴
2
3 −1 0 1
1 1
1 0
2 2
𝑅2 ⟶ 𝑅2 + −3 𝑅1 ⟹ 5 = 3 𝐴
0 − − 1
2 2

1
12
1 0
2
𝑅3 ⟶ − 𝑅3 ⟹ 2 = 3 2 𝐴
5
0 1 −
5 5

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII
1 1
1 1 0 5 5
𝑅1 ⟶ 𝑅1 + − 𝑅2 ⟹ = 3 2 𝐴
2 0 1 −
5 5
1 1
−1 −1
Comparing with 𝐼 = 𝐴 𝐴 ⟹ 𝐴 = 5 5
3/5 −2/5
Ex: Find 𝐴−1 by elementary Row Transformations
2 −2 3
𝐴= 2 2 3
3 −2 2
Sol:
We have 𝐴 = 𝐼 𝐴
2 −3 3 1 0 0
⟹ 2 2 3 = 0 1 0 𝐴
3 2 2 0 0 1
1
𝑅1 ⟶ 𝑅1
2
3 3 1
1 − 0 0
2 2 2
⟹ 2 2 3 = 0 1 0 𝐴
3 −2 2 0 0 1
𝑅2 ⟶ 𝑅2 − 2 𝑅1
3 3 1
1 − 0 0
2 2 2
⟹ 0 5 0 = −1 1 0 𝐴
3 −2 2 0 0 1
1
𝑅2 ⟶ 𝑅2
5

3 3 1
1 − 0 0
2 2 2
⟹ 0 1 0 = −
1 1
0 𝐴
5 5
3 −2 2 0 0 1
𝑅3 ⟶ 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII
1
1 −
3 3 0 0
2
2 2 1 1
⟹ 0 1 0 = −5 5
0 𝐴
5 5
0 − −
3
0 1
2 2
2

𝑅3 ⟶ 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1
1 −
3 3 0 0
2
2 2 1 1
⟹ 0 1 0 = −5 5
0 𝐴
5
0 0 − −1 −
1
1
2
2
2
𝑅3 ⟶ − 𝑅3
5
1
3 3 0 0
1 − 2
2 2 1 1
⟹ 0 1 0 = −5 5
0 𝐴
0 0 1 2 1 2
−
5 5 5
3
𝑅1 ⟶ 𝑅1 − 𝑅3
2
1 3 3
3 − −
1 − 0 10 10 5
2 1 1
⟹ 0 1 0 = −5 5
0 𝐴
0 0 1 2 1 2
−
5 5 5
3
𝑅1 ⟶ 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
2
2 3
− 0
1 0 0 5 5
1 1
⟹ 0 1 0 = −5 5
0 𝐴
0 0 1 2 1 2
−
5 5 5

𝐼 = 𝐴−1 𝐴

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII
2 3
− 0
5 5
1 1
⟹ 𝐴−1 = − 5 5
0
2 1 2
−
5 5 5

Note:
If all elements in a row/column in L. H. S Matrix are zero, then 𝐴−1 doesn’t axis
[∴ then 𝐴 = 0]

Finding 𝐴−1 by column operations

𝐴= 𝐴 𝐼

E.C. operations

I = A 𝐴−1 ⟵ get 𝐴−1 from here

Note: for making zeroes ‘I’ of the same row is used
Order to follow
1⟶0 0
↓ ↓
1 0
↓ First make upper triangular matrix then Lowes
0
Ex: obtain the inverse of the following matrix using elementary operations (column
operation)
0 1 2
𝐴= 1 2 3
3 1 1
Sol: We have 𝐴 = 𝐴 𝐼
0 1 2 1 0 0
1 2 3 =𝐴 0 1 0
3 1 1 0 0 1

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII
1 0 2 0 1 0
or 2 1 3 = 𝐴 1 0 0 (𝐺 ⟷ 𝐶2 )
1 3 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 0
𝑜𝑟 2 1 −1 = 𝐴 1 0 −2 (𝐶3 ⟶ 𝐶3 − 2𝐶1 )
1 3 −1 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 1
𝑜𝑟 2 1 0 = 𝐴 1 0 −2 (𝐶3 ⟶ 𝐶3 + 𝐶2 )
1 3 2 0 0 1
1
1 0 0 0 1
2
1
𝑜𝑟 2 1 0 =𝐴 1 0 −1 (𝐶3 ⟶ 2 𝐶3 )
1
1 3 1 0 0
2
1
1 0 0 −2 1
2
𝑜𝑟 0 1 0 = 𝐴 1 0 −1 (𝐺 ⟶ 𝐺 − 2 𝐶3 )
1
−5 3 1 0 0
2
1 1
1 0 0 1
2 2
𝑜𝑟 0 1 0 = 𝐴 −4 0 −1 (𝐺 ⟶ 𝐺 + 5𝐶3 )
5 1
0 3 1 0
2 2
1 1 1
1 0 0 −
2 2 2
𝑜𝑟 0 1 0 = 𝐴 −4 3 −1 (𝐶2 ⟶ 𝐶2 − 3𝐶3 )
5 3 1
0 0 1 −
2 2 2

Comparing with 𝐼 = 𝐴 𝐴−1

1 1 1
−
2 2 2
Where 𝐴−1 = −4 3 −1
5 3 1
−
2 2 2

Important Questions
0 1
1. 𝐴 = , show (𝑎𝐼 + 𝑏𝐴)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝐼 + 𝑛𝑎 𝑛−1 𝑏𝐴 ; 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁
0 0
Sol: let P (n): (𝑎𝐼 + 𝑏𝐴)1 = 𝑎𝑛 𝐼 + 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏 𝐴 − − − −(1)

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII

∴𝑃 𝑖 : (𝑎 𝐼 + 𝑏 𝐴)1 = 𝑎1 𝐼 + 1 𝑎 𝑏 𝐴
=𝑎𝐼+𝑏𝐴
∴ 𝑃 𝑖 is true
Let 𝑝 𝑛 is trune for 𝑛 = 𝑘 ∈ 𝑁
𝑃 𝑘 ; (𝑎𝐼 + 𝑏𝐴)𝑘 = 𝑎𝑘 𝐼 + 𝑘𝑎 𝑘−1 𝑏 𝐴 − − − − − (2)
Now we have to prove p (n) is true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1
𝑘+1
𝑝 𝑘𝐻 : 𝑎𝐼 + 𝑏𝐴 = 𝑎 𝐾+1 𝐼+ )𝑘 + 1) 𝑎𝑘 𝑏 𝐴
𝑘+1
L . H. S = 𝑎𝐼 + 𝑏𝐴
= (𝑎𝐼 + 𝑏𝐴)𝑘 , (𝑎𝐼 + 𝑏𝐴)
= 𝑎𝑘 𝐼 + 𝑘𝑎𝑘−1 𝑏𝐴 . (𝑎𝐼 + 𝑏𝐴)
= 𝑎𝐾𝐻 𝐽2 + 𝑎𝑘 𝑏 𝐼 𝐴 + 𝑘𝑎𝑘 𝑏 𝐴𝐼 + 𝑘𝑎𝑘−1 𝑏 2 𝐴2
= 𝑎𝑘+1 𝐼 + 𝑎𝑘 𝑏 𝐴 + 𝑘𝑎𝑘 𝑏 𝐴 + 0
0 1 0 1
[∴ 𝐼 2 = 𝐼, 𝐼 𝐴 = 𝐴𝐼 = 𝐴, 𝐴2 = =
0 0 0 0
= 𝑎𝑘+𝑖 𝐼 + 1 + 𝑘 𝑎𝑘 𝑏 𝐴
∴ By PMI, p (n) is true for all 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁.
Ex: Find 𝑋
1 2 3 −7 −8 −9
𝑋 = ----------------(1)
4 5 6 2 4 6
For L.H. S. to be defined
𝑋 should be a matrix of order 2 × 2
𝑎 𝑏 1 2 3 −7 −8 −9
∵ Let 𝑋 = =
𝑐 𝑑 4 5 6 2 4 6
𝑎 + 4𝑏 2𝑎 + 5𝑏 3𝑎 + 6𝑏 −7 −8 −9
⟹ =
𝑐 + 4𝑑 2𝑐 + 5𝑑 3𝑐 + 6𝑑 2 4 6
Comparing we get
𝑎 + 4𝑏 = 7 ; 2𝑎 + 5𝑏 = −8, 3𝑎 + 6𝑏 = −9

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII
----(1) -----(2) ----(3)
𝑐 + 4𝑑 = 2 ; 2𝑐 + 5𝑑 = 4, 3𝑐 + 6𝑑 = 6
----- (4) ----(5) ----(6)
On solving (1) & (2) we set 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −2
(4) & (5) 𝑐 = 2, 𝑑 = 0
1 −2
∴𝑋=
0 0

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII
Determinants
To every square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗] of order w, we can associate a number (real or
complex) called determinant of the square matrix A, where aij = (𝑖, 𝑗)𝑡𝑕 element of A
𝑎 𝑏
If 𝐴 =
𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏
Then determinant of A is written as 𝐴 =
𝑐 𝑑
Note (i) for matrix A, |𝐴| is read as determinant of A not modules of A
(ii) only square matrices have determinants
(iii) |𝐴| can also be written as ∆𝐴 or det. A.
(iv) if 𝐴 = [𝑎]1 𝑥 1 then 𝐴 = 𝑎
# Determinant of a matrix of order two
(2) (7) − (6) (3)= 14 − 18 = −4
2 3
𝐴 = = ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
6 7
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎21 𝑎12
# Minor of elements of a determinant: Mij
1 2 4
𝐴 = −5 6 7
2 1 3
Minor of element 𝑎12 = 𝑀12 (Determinant leaving first row and second column)
−5 7
=
2 3
= −15 − 14 = −29
Minor of element 𝑎33 = 𝑀33 (Determinant leaving 𝑅3 and 𝑐3 )
1 2
=
−5 6
= 6 − −10 = 16
Note: Every element aij of |A| has its minor mij that is the determinant formed by leaving I
th row and jth column of A.
# Cofactors of elements of a determinant: aij or cij

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII

Aij = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗

= + 𝑀𝑖𝑗 (if i + j is even)
− 𝑀𝑖𝑗 (iF 𝑖 + 𝑗 is odd)
Cofactor of element 𝑎13 = 𝐴13
1+3
= −1 𝑀13
= 𝑀13
−5 6
= = −5 − 12 = −17
2 1
Cofactor of element 𝑎22 = 𝐴23
= (−1)2+3 𝑀23
= −𝑀23
1 2
=−
2 1
= − 1−4 = 3
Expansion of a Determinant:
Expansion along 𝑅1 ⟹ 𝑎11 𝐴11 + 𝑎12 𝐴12 + …… = |𝐴|
Expansion along 𝐶1 ⟹ 𝑎11 𝐴11 + 𝑎21 𝐴21 +…..…. = |𝐴|
Note: Expansion of a determinant can be done along any row or column
value remains the same.
Ex: Evaluate the following determinant along 𝑅1 , 𝐶1 , 𝑅2 and interpret the result
⊕ ⊝ ⊕ ⟵ sing of cofactors
𝐴 = 2 3 1
1 −2 −3
2 3 4
Ans: (i) Expansion along 𝑅1
𝐴 = 𝑎11 𝐴11 + 𝑎12 𝐴12 + 𝑎13 𝐴13
−2 −3 1 −3 1 −2
=2 −3 +1
3 4 2 4 2 3
= 2 −8 + 9 − 3 4 + 6 + 1 3 + 4

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII

= 2 − 30 + 7 = −21
(ii) Expansion along 𝐶1
𝐴 = 𝑎11 𝐴11 + 𝑎21 𝐴21 + 𝑎31 𝐴31
−2 −3 3 1 3 1
=2 −1 +2
3 4 3 4 −2 −3
Sing of cofactor
= −8 + 9 − 1 12 − 3 + 2 (−9 + 2)
= 2 − 9 − 14 = −21
(iii) Expansion along 𝑅2
3 1 2 1 2 3
𝐴 = −1 + −2 − 3
3 4 2 4 2 3

Sing of cofactors
= − 12 − 3 − 2 8 − 2 + 3 (6 − 6)
= −9 − 12 + 0
= −21
Interpretation:
Expansion can be done along any row or column, value of | A | remains the same

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII
Properties of Determinant
(i) Expansion can be done along any row or column.
𝐴 = 𝑎11 𝐴11 + 𝑎12 𝐴12 + 𝑎13 𝐴13 ------- (i)
[expansion of a 3 𝑥 3 det. Along 𝑅1 ]
(ii) 𝐴 = 𝐴′ ; 𝐴′ = Transpose of A
(iii) If all the elements of a row/column in a determinant are zero, then 𝐴 = 0 from
eq (1)
0 0 0 𝑎 0 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 =0= 𝑏 0 𝑒
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 𝑐 0 𝑓
(iv) Multiplication of a scalar k to a determinant
⟶ k can be multiplied to all elements of any row/column
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑘𝑎 𝑘𝑏 𝑘𝑐 𝑘𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑘 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 = 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 = 𝑘𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
𝑔 𝑕 𝑖 𝑔 𝑕 𝑖 𝑘𝑔 𝑕 𝑖
Note: (1) Same rule is for taking common
(2) 𝑘𝐴 = 𝐾 𝑛 |𝐴|
Where n is order to square matrix A
(v) If elements of any two rows on two columns are propositional then 𝐴 = 0.
2 4 3
e.g 1 2 5 = 0 [∵ elements of 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 are proportional]
3 6 7
(vi) On interchanging any two rows or any tow column, negative sign introduces
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 =− 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 [ 𝑅1 ⟷ 𝑅2 ]
𝑔 𝑕 𝑖 𝑔 𝑕 𝑖
(vii) Partition property
𝑎 + 𝑎′ 𝑏 + 𝑏′ 𝑐 + 𝑐′ 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎; 𝑏′ 𝑐′
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 = 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 + 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
𝑔 𝑓 𝑖 𝑔 𝑕 𝑖 𝑔 𝑕 𝑖

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII
Note: at time, only one row or column can be partitioned.
(viii) 𝐶𝑖 ⟶ 𝐶𝑖 + 𝑘 𝐶𝑗
doesn’t make any difference.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 + 𝑘𝑔 𝑏 + 𝑘𝑕 𝑐 + 𝑘𝑖
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 = 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 𝑅1 ⟶ 𝑅1 + 𝑘 𝑅3
𝑔 𝑕 𝑖 𝑔 𝑕 𝑖
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑕 𝑘𝑖
Note : 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 + 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 This part is equivalent to 0
𝑔 𝑕 𝑖 𝑔 𝑕 𝑖
(ix) If we use 𝑅𝑖 ⟶ 𝑘 𝑅𝑖
The whole determinant is divided by k.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 𝑅𝑖 ⟶ 𝑘 𝑅𝑖
𝑔 𝑕 𝑖
How Y why should we use their properties:
(1) To make calculations easier and simpler
(2) Try to make zeroes as many as possible (especially two zeroes in a row/column)
(3) Try to make the terms same in a row/column so that they can be taken common.
(4) Try to make factors secured in 𝑅 ∙ 𝐻 ∙ 𝑆 ∙
(5) Avoid 𝐶1 ⟶ 𝐶1 + 𝑘 𝐶2 , 𝐶2 ⟶ 𝐶2 𝐹 𝐶3

Try to operate with same row/column

𝐶1 ⟶ 𝐺 + 𝐾 𝐶3 , 𝐶2 ⟶ 𝑓 𝐶3 etc
Important Questions
Ex: without expanding at any stage, prove
0 𝑎 −𝑐
−𝑎 0 𝑏 =0
𝑐 −𝑏 0

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII
0 𝑎 −𝑐
Sol: Let 𝐴 = −𝑎 0 𝑏
𝑐 −𝑏 0
Taking – 1 common from 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 & 𝑅3
0 −𝑎 𝑐
= −1 𝑎 0 −𝑏
−𝑐 𝑏 0
= −1 𝐴𝑇
𝐴 = −1 |𝐴| [ ∵ 𝐴𝑇 = |𝐴|]
⟹ 𝐴 = −|𝐴|
⟹ 𝐴 + 𝐴 =0
⟹2𝐴 =0
⟹ 𝐴 = 0 proved
Ex: Using the properties of determinants prove
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 =2 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎
𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎
Sol: 𝐿 ∙ 𝐻 ∙ 𝑆 = 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏
𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐
2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑐+𝑎
= 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑏 [𝐶1 ⟶ 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 ]
2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑏+𝑐
Taking 2 common from 𝐶1
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎
=2 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 −𝑎 −𝑏 𝐶2 ⟶ 𝐶2 − 𝐶1
= 2 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 −𝑏 −𝑐
𝐶3 ⟶ 𝐶3 − 𝐶1
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 −𝑐 −𝑎
𝐶1 ⟶ 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII
𝑐 −𝑎 −𝑏
=2 𝑎 −𝑏 𝑐
𝑏 −𝑐 𝑎
(−1) Common from 𝐶2 & 𝐶3
𝑐 𝑏 𝑐
= 2 −1 (−1) 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎
𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
=2 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑅∙𝐻∙𝑆
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
Important Identities
(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏
(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏
(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) = 𝑎 + 𝑏 (𝑎 − 𝑏)
(𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 3𝑎𝑏 (𝑎 + 𝑏)
(𝑎 − 𝑏)3 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 𝑎𝑏)
𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 𝑎 − 𝑏 (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑎𝑏)
𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐𝑎)
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑐𝑎
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 − 2𝑎𝑏

8. (ii) Prove
1 1 1
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑏 − 𝑐 𝑐 − 𝑎 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
𝐿∙𝐻∙𝑆: 𝐶1 ⟶ 𝐶1 − 𝐶3 , 𝐶2 ⟶ 𝐶2 − 𝐶3
The to operate with same row/column
0 0 1
= 𝑎−𝑐 𝑏−𝑐 𝑐
𝑎3 − 𝑐 3 𝑏3 − 𝑐3 𝑐3

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII

0 0 1
= +𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑏−𝑐 𝑐
𝑎 − 𝑐 (𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑎𝑐) 𝑏 − 𝑐 (𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐) 𝑐 3
2 2

Taking 𝑎 − 𝑐, 𝑏 − 𝑐 common from +=𝐶1 & 𝐶2 rerp

= (𝑎 − 𝑐) 0 0 1
1 1 𝑐
(𝑏 − 𝑐)
𝑎 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑎𝑐
2
𝑏 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑏𝑐
2
𝑐3
Expending along 𝑅1
1 1
= 𝑎−𝑐 𝑏−𝑐
𝑎 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑎𝑐
2
𝑏 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑏𝑐
2

= 𝑎 − 𝑐 𝑏 − 𝑐 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑐
= 𝑎 − 𝑐 𝑏 − 𝑐 (𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 + 𝑐(𝑏 − 𝑎)}
= (𝑎 − 𝑐) 𝑏 − 𝑐 { 𝑏 − 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑎 + 𝑐 𝑏 − 𝑎 }
= 𝑎 − 𝑐 𝑏 − 𝑐 𝑏 − 𝑎 {𝑏 + 𝑎 + 𝑐}
= − 𝑎𝑏 𝑏 − 𝑐 − 𝑐 − 𝑎 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
= 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑏 − 𝑐 𝑐 − 𝑎 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑦𝑧
9. Prove 𝑦 𝑦2 𝑧𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑧 𝑧 − 𝑥 (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥)
𝑧 𝑧2 𝑥𝑦
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑦𝑧
𝐿∙𝐻∙𝑆 = 𝑦 𝑦2 𝑧𝑥 𝑅1 → 𝑥𝑅1 , 𝑅2 → 𝑦 𝑅2 𝑅3 → 𝑧 𝑅3
𝑧 𝑧2 𝑥𝑦
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥𝑦 𝑧
1
=
𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑥𝑦 𝑧 taking 𝑥𝑦𝑧 common from 𝐶3
𝑧2 𝑧2 𝑥𝑦 𝑧
𝑥2 𝑥3 1
= 𝑦2 𝑦3 1 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅3 , 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅3
𝑧2 𝑧3 1

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII

𝑥2 = 𝑧2 𝑥3 − 𝑧3 0
= 𝑦2 − 𝑧2 𝑦3 − 𝑧3 0
𝑧2 𝑧3 1
𝑥 − 𝑧 (𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 − 3 (𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑧) 0
= 𝑦 − 𝑧 (𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝑦 − 𝑧 (𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑦𝑧) 0
𝑧2 𝑧3 1
𝑥+𝑧 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑧 0
= 𝑥−𝑧 𝑦−𝑧 𝑦+𝑧 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑦𝑧 0
𝑧2 𝑧3 1
Expanding along 𝐶3
𝑥+𝑧 𝑥2 + 𝑧2 + 𝑥 𝑧
= 𝑥−𝑧 𝑦−𝑧
𝑦+𝑧 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 3 + 𝑦𝑧
𝑥−𝑦 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦𝑧
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 = 𝑥 − 𝑧 𝑦 − 𝑧
𝑦+𝑧 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑦𝑧
(𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 (𝑥 − 𝑦)
= 𝑥−𝑧 𝑦−3
𝑦+𝑧 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑦𝑧
1 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
= 𝑥−𝑧 𝑦−𝑧 𝑥−𝑦
𝑦+𝑧 𝑦 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑦𝑧
2

= 𝑥−𝑧 𝑦−𝑧 𝑥 − 𝑦 −𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑧𝑥

= − 𝑥 − 𝑧 𝑦 − 𝑧 𝑥 − 𝑦 {𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥}
= 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑧 𝑧 − 𝑥 {𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥}

Jumbled up type
𝑥+4 2𝑥 2𝑥
10 (i) 2𝑥 𝑥+4 2𝑥 = 5𝑥 + 4 (4 − 𝑥)2
2𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥+4
𝐶1 → 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3
5𝑥 + 4 2𝑥 2𝑥
𝐿 ∙ 𝐻 ∙ 𝑆 = 5𝑥 + 4 𝑥+4 2𝑥
5𝑥 + 4 2𝑥 𝑥+4

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII
1 2𝑥 2𝑥
= 5𝑥 + 4 1 𝑥+4 2𝑥
1 2𝑥 𝑥+4
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅3 , 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅3
0 0 𝑥−4
= 5𝑥 + 4 0 4−𝑥 𝑥−4
1 2𝑥 𝑥+4
Expanding along 𝐶1
0 𝑥−4
= 5𝑥 + 4 . 1
4−𝑥 𝑥−4
= 5𝑥 + 4 (0 − 𝑥 − 4 (4 − 𝑥)
= 5𝑥 + 4 (4 − 𝑥)2 . 𝑅 ∙ 𝐻 ∙ 𝑆
(12) Prove
1 𝑥 𝑥2
𝑥2 1 𝑥 = (1 − 𝑥 3 )2
𝑥 𝑥2 1
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑥 𝑅2
1 − 𝑥3 0 0
𝐿∙𝐻∙𝑆 = 𝑥2 1 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥2 1
= expanding along 𝑅1
1 𝑥
= 1 − 𝑥3
𝑥2 1
= (1 − 𝑥 3 )2
1 + 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 2 𝑎𝑏 −2𝑏
13. 2 𝑎𝑏 1 − 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 2𝑎 = (1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )3 .
2𝑏 −2𝑎 1 − 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
Trick: underlined terms are closest to 𝑅 ∙ 𝐻 ∙ 𝑆.

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII

𝑅 ∙ 𝐻 ∙ 𝑆. 𝐶1 → 𝐶1 + −𝑏 𝐶3 ; 𝐶2 → 𝐶2 + 𝑎 𝐶3
1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 0 −2𝑏
= 0 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 2𝑎
2𝑏 − 𝑏(1 − 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ) −2𝑎 + 𝑎(1 − 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ) 1 − 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 0 −2𝑏
= 0 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 2𝑎
𝑏 + 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑏3
2
−2𝑎 + 𝑎 − 𝑎3 − 𝑎𝑏 2 1 − 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 0 −2𝑏
= 0 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 2𝑎
𝑏(1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) −2𝑎 + 𝑎 − 𝑎3 − 𝑎𝑏 2 1 − 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
Taking (1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) common from 𝐶1 & 𝐶2
1 0 −2𝑏
= (1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )2 0 1 2𝑎
0 −𝑎 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
Expay along 𝐶1
1 2𝑎
= (1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )2
−𝑎 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
= (1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )2 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎2 = 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 3

𝑎2 + 1 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐
(14) 𝑎𝑏 2
𝑏 +1 𝑏𝑐 = 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
𝑐𝑎 𝑐𝑏 𝑐2 + 1
Type: Diagonals are different from rest of the elements.
Method: multiple rows/columns by common part of non square elements
𝐿 ∙ 𝐻 ∙ 𝑆 𝑅1 → 𝑎 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 → 𝑏 𝑅2 → 𝑏 𝑅2 , 𝑅3 → 𝐶 𝑅3
𝑎(𝑎2 1) 𝑎2 𝑏 𝑎2 𝑐
1
=
𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑎𝑏 2 𝑏 (𝑏 2 + 1) 𝑏2 𝑐
𝑐2 𝑎 𝑐2𝑏 𝑐(𝑐 2 + 1)

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII

𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑎2 + 1 𝑎2 𝑎2
=
𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑏2 𝑏2 + 1 𝑏 2 (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 common from 𝐶1 𝐶2 &𝐶3 resp)
𝑐2 𝑐2 𝑐2 + 1
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 1
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 1 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 1
= 𝑏2 𝑏2 + 1 𝑏2
𝑐2 𝑐2 𝑐2 + 1
1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
= 𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 +1 𝑏 𝑏 +1 𝑏2
𝑐2 𝑐2 𝑐2 + 1
𝑐1 → 𝑐1 − 𝑐3 , 𝑐2 → 𝑐2 − 𝑐3
0 0 1
2 2 2
= 𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 +1 0 1 𝑏2
−1 −1 𝑐2 + 1
0 1
= (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 1)
−1 −1
= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 1 (0 + 1)
= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 1 𝑅 ∙ 𝐻 ∙ 𝑆
Important Formulas
Let |𝐴| be a det of order 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 : or A = [ ]𝑛 𝑥𝑛
(1) 𝑘𝐴 = 𝑘 𝑛 |𝐴|
(2) 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴 𝐵 |
(3) 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = |𝐴|𝑛−1
1
(4) 𝐴−1 = ,
|𝐴|

(5) 𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 𝐴 = 𝐴 𝐼

Ex: 𝐴 = [ ]3 𝑥 3 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 225

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII
1
Find the value of 𝐴′
2

Sol: 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 225

⟹ |𝐴|3−1 = 225
2
⟹ 𝐴 = 225
⟹ |𝐴|2 = 225
⟹ 𝐴 = ±15
1 1 3
Now 𝐴′ = |𝐴′ |
2 2
1
= |𝐴|
8
1
= |𝐴|
8
1
= ± 15
8
15
= ±
8

308, 2nd Floor, Jaipuria Plaza, Sector-26, Noida () 09871486265 28

Matrix: Mathematics Class XII

 Area of a Triangle: A (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

B C
(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )

1
Area = 𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 + 𝑥2 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )
2
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
1
= 𝑥2 𝑦2 1
2
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
Modulus
[as area can’t be negative]
# condition of collinearity of three points A, B & C
Area ∆ 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 = 0
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
1
𝑥2 𝑦2 1 =0
2
𝑥3 𝑦3 1

𝑥1 𝑦1 1
⟹ 𝑥2 𝑦2 1 =0
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
# equation of a line passing through two points

Q
P (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII

𝑥1 𝑦1 1
𝑥2 𝑦2 1 =0
𝑥 𝑦 1
# Adjoint and Inverse of a matrix:
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐶 𝑇 ; 𝐶 = matrix of cofactors of elements of A.
1
𝐴−1 = , 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴
|𝐴|

𝐴 = 0 ⟹ matrix is singular (non invertible).

Imp: Matrix A is singular ⟹ 𝐴 = 0
Matrix A is non singular ⟹ 𝐴 ≠ 0.
# Short cut method to find adj A of a 2 𝑥 2 matrix

𝐴=

𝑎22 −𝑎12
𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = −𝑎 𝑎11
21
2 −3 −4 3
e.g 𝐴 = ⟹ = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴.
5 −4 −5 2
1 3 3
Ex: 𝐴 1 4 3 , find adj A , 𝐴−1
1 3 4
4 3 1 3 1 4
+ − +
3 4 1 4 1 3 7 −1 −1
3 3 1 3 1 3
Sol: 𝐶 = − + − = −3 1 0
3 4 1 4 1 3
4 3 1 3 1 3 −3 0 1
= − +
4 3 1 3 1 4

308, 2nd Floor, Jaipuria Plaza, Sector-26, Noida () 09871486265 30

Matrix: Mathematics Class XII
7 −3 −3
𝑇 4 3 1 3 1 4
Adj 𝐴 = 𝐶 = −1 1 0 & 𝐴 = −3 +3
3 4 1 4 1 3
−1 0 1
= 7 − 3 1 + 3 (−1)
=1

1 1 7 −1 −1
∴ 𝐴−1 = = −3 1 0
|𝐴| 1
−3 0 0
# Solutions of a system of simultaneous linear equations
Consider
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑑1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 𝑑3
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑑1
⟹ 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑦 = 𝑑2
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑧 𝑑3
⟹ 𝐴 × 𝐵 = − − − − −(1)
Case I If |𝐴| ≠ 0 then 𝐴−1 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠
𝐴 ×= 𝐵
⟹ 𝐴−1 𝐴 × 𝐴−1 𝐵
⟹ 𝐼 × 𝐴−1 𝐵
⟹ ×= 𝐴−1 𝐵
This matrix equation provides unique solution & system is consistent
Case II It 𝐴 = 0, we calculate (adj A). B
If (adj A) . B ≠ , then solution desnot exist and the system of equation is
called inconsistent if (adj A) . B = 0, then system may be either consistent

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII

or inconsistent according as the system have either infinitely many

solution or no solution or no solution.
Ex: Solve the following system of equations by matrix method
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 8
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1
4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 4
Sol: writing the equations in matrix method
3 −2 3 𝑥 8
2 1 −1 𝑦 = 1
4 −3 2 𝑧 4
𝐴 × =𝐵
Now 𝐴 = 3 2 − 3 + 2 4 + 4 + 3 −6 − 4 = −17 ≠ 0
A is non singular (invertible)
Now 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐶 𝑇 , where 𝑐 = matrix of cofactors of elements of A
−1 −1 2 −1 2 1
+ − +
−3 2 4 2 4 3
−2 3 3 3 3 −2
= − + −
−3 2 4 2 4 −3
−2 3 3 3 3 −2
+ − +
1 −1 2 −1 2 1
𝑇 𝑇
(2 − 3) −(4 + 4) (−6 − 4) −1 −8 −10
= −(−4 + 𝑎) (6 − 12) −(−9 + 8) = −5 −6 1
(2 − 3) −(−3 − 6) + (3 + 4) −1 9 7
−1 −5 −1
= −8 −6 9
−10 1 7
1
∴ 𝐴−1 = . 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴
|𝐴|

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII

−1 −5 −1
1
= −8 −6 9
−17
−10 1 7
Now 𝐴 × = 𝐵
⟹ 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
−1 −5 −1 8
−1
= −8 −6 9 1
17
−10 1 7 4
𝑥 −8 − 5 − 4 −17 1
−1 1
𝑦 − −64 − 6 + 36 = 17 −34 = 2
17
𝑧 −80 + 1 + 28 −51 3
⟹ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 3.
2 3 4 20 2 34
Ex: If 𝐴 = 5 4 −6 𝐵 = 8 16 −32
3 −2 −2 22 −13 7
Find the product of A & B & using AB solve the equations
2 3 4 5 4 6 3 2 2 2
+ + = −3 ; + − = 4; − − − = 6.
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑧

40 + 24 + 88 4 + 48 − 52 68 − 96 + 28
Solve 𝐴𝐵 = 100 + 32 − 132 10 + 64 + 78 170 − 128 − 42
60 − 16 − 44 6 − 32 + 26 102 + 64 − 14
152 0 0
= 0 152 0
0 0 152
𝐴𝐵 = 152 𝐼 ------- (1)
Writing given equations in matrix form

308, 2nd Floor, Jaipuria Plaza, Sector-26, Noida () 09871486265 33

Matrix: Mathematics Class XII
1
2 3 4 𝑥 −3 From eq (1)
1
5 4 −6 = 4 𝐴𝐵 = 152 𝐼
𝑦 Pre-multiplication by 𝐴−1
3 −2 −2 1 6
𝐴−1 𝐴𝐵 = 152 𝐴−1 𝐼
𝑧
𝐼𝐵 = 152 𝐴−1
𝐴 ×=𝑃 𝐵 = 152 𝐴−1
1
× = 𝐴−1 𝑃 -------(2) 𝐵 = 𝐴−1 − − − −(3)
152
From (2) &(3)
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝑃
1
= 𝐵𝑃
152
20 2 −3
1
𝑋 = 8 16 4
152
22 −13 6
−60 + 80 + 204
1
= −24 + 64 − 192
152
−66 − 52 + 42
152
1
= −152
152
−76
1 1 2 −2 5 −1
Ex: If 𝐴 = 3 1 1 , 𝐵 = −1 −3 5
2 3 1 7 −1 −2
Find the product of A&B & using AB solve the equation
𝑥 + 3 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −2
2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = −3
−2 − 1 + 14 5−3−2 −1 + 5 − 4
Solve: 𝐴𝐵 = −6 − 1 + 7 15 − 3 − 1 −3 + 5 − 2
−4 − 3 + 7 10 − 9 − 1 −2 + 15 − 2

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII
11 0 0
= 0 11 0
0 0 11
⟹ 𝐴𝐵 = 11 𝐼 − − − − − −(1)
𝐴𝐵 = 11 𝐼
⟹ 𝐴−1 𝐴𝐵 = 11 𝐴−1 𝐼
⟹ 𝐼𝐵 = 11 𝐴−1
𝐵 = 11 𝐴−1
1
⟹ 𝐴−1 = 𝐵
11
Writing given equations in matrix form
1 3 2 𝑥 1
1 1 3 𝑦 = −2
2 1 1 𝑧 −3
𝑀 𝑋 = 𝑁 − − − (2)
𝑋 = 𝑀−1 𝑁
= 𝐴𝑇 −1
𝑁
𝑇
1
= 𝐵 𝑁
11
1 𝑇
= 𝐵 𝑁
11
1 𝑇
= 𝐵 𝑁
11
1 −2 −1 7 1
= 5 −3 −1 −2
11
−1 5 −2 −3

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII
𝑥 1 −2 ± 21 1 −21
𝑦 = 5+6+3 = 14
𝑧 11 11
−1 − 10 + 6 −5
Ex-32 Show that
(𝑦 + 𝑧)2 𝑥𝑦 𝑧𝑥
∆= 𝑥𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑧)2 𝑦𝑧 = 2𝑥𝑦 𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)3 .
𝑥𝑧 𝑦𝑧 𝑧(𝑥 + 𝑦)2
𝐿∙𝐻∙𝑆 = 𝑅1 → 𝑥 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 → 𝑦 𝑅2 , 𝑅3 → 𝑧 𝑅3
𝑥(𝑦 + 𝑧)2 𝑥2𝑦 𝑧 𝑥2
1
= 𝑥 𝑦2 𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑧)2 𝑦2𝑧
𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝑥 𝑧2 𝑦 𝑧2 𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2
Taking 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 common from 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 & 𝑐3 resp.
(𝑦 + 𝑧)2 𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑦2 (𝑥 + 𝑧)2 𝑦2
𝑧2 𝑧2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2
𝑐1 → 𝑐1 − 𝑐3 , 𝑐2 → 𝑐1 − 𝑐2 − 𝑐3
(𝑦 + 𝑧)2 − 𝑥 2 0 𝑥2
= 0 (𝑥 + 𝑧)2 − 𝑦 2 𝑦2
𝑧 2 − (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 𝑧 2 − (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2
(𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑥) 0 𝑥2
= 0 𝑥 + 𝑧 + 𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑧 − 𝑦) 𝑦2
𝑧 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 (𝑧 − 𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑧 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 (𝑧 − 𝑥 − 𝑦) (𝑥 + 𝑦)2
Taking (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) common from 𝑐1 & 𝑐2 resp
𝑦+𝑧−𝑥 0 𝑥2
= (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2 0 𝑥+𝑧−𝑦 𝑦2
𝑧−𝑥−𝑦 𝑧−𝑥−𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 )

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Matrix: Mathematics Class XII

𝑦+𝑧−𝑥 0 𝑥2
= (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2 0 𝑥+𝑧−𝑦 𝑦2
−2𝑦 −2𝑥 2𝑥𝑦
𝑐1 → 𝑥 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 → 𝑦 𝑐2
𝑥 (𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑥)
2 0 𝑥2
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
= 0 𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑧 − 𝑦) 𝑦2
𝑥∙𝑦
−2 𝑥𝑦 −2 𝑥 𝑦 2𝑥𝑦
Taking 𝑥, 𝑦, 2𝑥𝑦 common from 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 & 𝑅3 resp.
2 𝑦+𝑧−𝑥 0 𝑥2
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
= 𝑥, 𝑦, 2𝑥𝑦 0 𝑦(𝑥 + 3 − 𝑧) 𝑦2
𝑥, 𝑦
−1 −2𝑥𝑦 2𝑥𝑦
Taking 𝑥, 𝑦, 2 𝑥𝑦 common from 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 & 𝑅3 resp.
𝑦+𝑧−𝑥 0 𝑥
(𝑥+𝑦 +𝑧)2
= , 2𝑥𝑦 0 𝑥+𝑧−𝑦 𝑦
𝑥𝑦
−1 −1 1
𝑐1 ⟶ 𝑐1 + 𝑐3 , 𝑐2 ⟶ 𝑐2 + 𝑐3
𝑦+𝑧 𝑥 𝑥
= 2𝑥𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2 𝑦 𝑥+𝑧 𝑦
0 0 1
Expanding along 𝑅3
𝑦+𝑧 𝑥
= 2𝑥𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2 𝑦 𝑥=𝑧
𝑐1 ⟶ 𝑐1 + 𝑐2
𝑦+𝑧+𝑥 𝑥
= 2 𝑥𝑦 (𝑥(+𝑦 + 𝑧)2 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑥+𝑧
1 𝑥
= 2𝑥𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)3
1 𝑥+𝑧
= 2𝑥 𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)3 𝑥 + 𝑧 − 𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)3

308, 2nd Floor, Jaipuria Plaza, Sector-26, Noida () 09871486265 37

Matrix: Mathematics Class XII

Ex: Prove
𝑎2 𝑎2 − (𝑏 − 𝑐)2 𝑏𝑐
𝑏2 𝑏 2 − (𝑐 − 𝑎)2 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑏 − 𝑐 𝑐 − 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐
𝑐2 𝑐 2 − (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 𝑎𝑏
(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 )

𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 𝑎2 (𝑏 − 𝑐)2 𝑏𝑐
Sol: 𝐿 ∙ 𝐻 ∙ 𝑆 = 𝑏 2 𝑏2 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 (𝑐 − 𝑎)2 𝑎𝑐
𝑐2 𝑐2 𝑎𝑏 𝑐2 (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 𝑎𝑏
2
=0 𝑎 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 𝑏𝑐
− 𝑏2 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑐 𝑎𝑐
[∵ 𝑐1 = 𝑐2 ]
𝑐2 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏
𝑐2 → 𝑐2 + 2 𝑐3
𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 𝑏𝑐
= − 𝑏2 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 𝑎𝑐
𝑐2 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝑎𝑏
𝑐2 → 𝑐2 + 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 𝑏𝑐
= − 𝑏2 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝑎𝑐
𝑐2 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑎𝑏
𝑎2 1 𝑏𝑐
= −(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 ) 𝑏 2 1 𝑎𝑐
𝑐2 1 𝑎𝑏
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅3 , 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅3
𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 0 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑏
2 2 2
=− 𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 𝑏2 − 𝑐 2 0 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑎𝑏
𝑐2 1 𝑎𝑏

308, 2nd Floor, Jaipuria Plaza, Sector-26, Noida () 09871486265 38

Matrix: Mathematics Class XII

𝑎 + 𝑐 (𝑎 − 𝑐) 0 𝑏(𝑐 − 𝑎)
= − 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑏 + 𝑐 (𝑏 − 𝑐) 0 𝑎(𝑐 − 𝑏)
𝑐2 1 𝑎𝑏
Taking 𝑎 − 𝑐 𝑏 − 𝑐 common from 𝑅1 & 𝑅3 resp.
𝑎+𝑐 0 −𝑏
2 2 2
=− 𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 𝑎 − 𝑐 (𝑏 − 𝑐) 𝑏 + 𝑐 0 −𝑎
𝑐2 1 𝑎𝑏
Expanding along 𝑐2
𝑎+𝑐 −𝑏
= − 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑎 − 𝑐 𝑏 − 𝑐 −1
𝑏+𝑐 −𝑎
𝑐1 → 𝑐1 − 𝑐2
𝑎+𝑐+𝑏 −𝑏
= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑎 − 𝑐
𝑏+𝑐+𝑎 −𝑎
Taking (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) common from 𝑐1
1 −𝑏
= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑎 − 𝑐 𝑏 − 𝑐 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐
1 −𝑎
= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑎 − 𝑐 𝑏 − 𝑐 {−𝑎 + 𝑏}
= 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑏 − 𝑐 𝑐 − 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 )
𝑎 𝑏−𝑐 𝑐+𝑏
Ex: 𝑎+𝑐 𝑏 𝑐 − 𝑎 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 )
𝑎−𝑏 𝑏+𝑎 𝑐
𝐿∙𝐻∙𝑆 = 𝑐1 → 𝑎 𝑐1 𝑐2 → 𝑏 𝑐2 𝑐3 → 𝑐 𝑐3

1 𝑎2 𝑏 2 − 𝑏𝑐 𝑐 2 + 𝑏𝑐
= 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑐 𝑏2 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑐
𝑎𝑏𝑐 2
𝑎 − 𝑎𝑏 𝑏 2 + 𝑎𝑏 𝑐2
𝑐1 → 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 + 𝑐3

308, 2nd Floor, Jaipuria Plaza, Sector-26, Noida () 09871486265 39

Matrix: Mathematics Class XII
2 2 2
1 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑏 2 − 𝑏𝑐 𝑐 2 + 𝑏𝑐
= 𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 𝑏2 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑐
𝑎𝑏𝑐 2
𝑎 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 𝑏 2 + 𝑎𝑏 𝑐2
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 1 𝑏 2 − 𝑏𝑐 𝑐 2 + 𝑏𝑐
= 1 𝑏2 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑐
𝑎𝑏𝑐
1 𝑏 2 + 𝑎𝑏 𝑐2
Taking b & c common from 𝑐2 & 𝑐3 serp

𝑏𝑐(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 ) 1 𝑏−𝑐 𝑐+𝑏

= 1 𝑏 𝑐−𝑎
𝑎𝑏𝑐
1 𝑏+𝑎 𝑐
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅3 , 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅3

1 2 0 −𝑐 − 𝑎 𝑏
2 2
= 𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 0 −𝑎 −𝑎
𝑎
1 𝑏+𝑎 𝑐
Expanding along 𝑐1
1 2 –𝑐 − 𝑎 𝑏
= 𝑎 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2
𝑎 −𝑎 −𝑎
a common from 𝑅2
1 2 −𝑐 − 𝑎 𝑏
= 𝑎 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 𝑎
𝑎 −1 −1
= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 (𝑐 + 𝑎 + 𝑏)
= 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 )

308, 2nd Floor, Jaipuria Plaza, Sector-26, Noida () 09871486265 40