Python Programming Fundamentals

A Comprehensive Introduction

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 Introduction to Python

 Readability: Clean syntax with emphasis on code readability

 Versatility: Used in web development, data science, AI,

automation, and more

 Extensive Libraries: Rich ecosystem of libraries and

frameworks

 Community: Large, active community providing support and

resources

Brief History
Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991. Named after the
British comedy group Monty Python. Python 3, the current major version,
was released in 2008.

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 Variables

Variables are containers for storing data values. In Python, a variable is

created when you assign a value to it.

age = 25 # Integer
name = "John" # String
height = 5.9 # Float
is_student = True # Boolean
scores = [95, 87, 92] # List

Variable Naming Rules:

 Must start with a letter or underscore

 Can contain letters, numbers, and underscores

 Case-sensitive (age, Age, and AGE are different variables)

 Cannot start with a number

 Cannot use reserved keywords (if, for, while, etc.)

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 Strings

Strings are sequences of characters enclosed in quotes. Python

supports both single and double quotes for string creation.

message = "Hello, Python!"

name = 'John'
multi_line = """This is a
multi-line string"""
# String operations
greeting = "Hello" + " " + "World" # Concatenation
repeated = "Python! " * 3 # Repetition
first_char = greeting[0] # Indexing
substring = greeting[0:5] # Slicing

Common String Methods:

Method Description Example

upper() Converts to uppercase "hello".upper() → "HELLO"

lower() Converts to lowercase "HELLO".lower() → "hello"

strip() Removes whitespace " hello ".strip() → "hello"

replace() Replaces occurrences "hello".replace("l", "x") → "hexxo"

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split() Splits into a list "a,b,c".split(",") → ["a", "b", "c"]
 Arithmetic Operations
Operator Name Example Result

+ Addition 5+3 8

- Subtraction 5-3 2

* Multiplication 5*3 15

/ Division 5/3 1.6666...

// Floor Division 5 // 3 1

% Modulus 5%3 2

** Exponentiation 5 ** 3 125

x = 10
y = 3
print(x + y) # 13
print(x - y) # 7
print(x * y) # 30
print(x / y) # 3.3333...
print(x // y) # 3
print(x % y) # 1 POWERED BY LIA
 Comparison Operations
Operator Name Example Result

== Equal to x == y True if x equals y

!= Not equal to x != y True if x is not equal to y

> Greater than x>y True if x is greater than y

< Less than x<y True if x is less than y

Greater than or equal True if x is greater than or

>= x >= y
to equal to y

True if x is less than or equal to

<= Less than or equal to x <= y
y

x = 10
y = 5
print(x == y) # False
print(x != y) # True
print(x > y) # True
print(x < y) # False
print(x >= y) # True
print(x <= y) # False POWERED BY LIA
 Identity Operations
Identity operators are used to compare the memory locations of two
objects to determine if they are the same object.

Operator Description Example

Returns True if both variables reference the same

is x is y
object

Returns True if both variables reference different

is not x is not y
objects

# Lists with same values but different objects

list1 = [1, 2, 3]
list2 = [1, 2, 3]
print(list1 == list2) # True (same values)
print(list1 is list2) # False (different objects)
# Same object reference
list3 = list1
print(list1 is list3) # True (same object)

Important Note
The is operator checks if two variables point to the same object in memory, while ==
checks if the values are equal. For immutable objects like integers within a certain range,
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Python may reuse the same object, which can lead to unexpected behavior.
 Assignment Operations
Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. They
combine an arithmetic operation with assignment.

Operator Example Equivalent to

= x=5 x=5

+= x += 5 x=x+5

-= x -= 5 x=x-5

*= x *= 5 x=x*5

/= x /= 5 x=x/5

%= x %= 5 x=x%5

**= x **= 5 x = x ** 5

//= x //= 5 x = x // 5

x = 10
x += 5 # x becomes 15
print(x) # 15
x -= 3 # x becomes 12
print(x) # 12
x *= 2 # x becomes 24
print(x) # 24 POWERED BY LIA
 Membership Operations
Membership operators are used to test if a sequence is present in an
object (like a string, list, tuple, or dictionary).

Operator Description Example

Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is

in x in y
present in the object

Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is

not in x not in y
not present in the object

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

text = "Hello, Python!"
print("apple" in fruits) # True
print("orange" in fruits) # False
print("orange" not in fruits) # True
print("Python" in text) # True
print("Java" not in text) # True

Works with these data types:

 Lists, Tuples, Strings, Sets, and Dictionaries (checks keys)

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 Lists
Lists are ordered, mutable collections that can store items of different
data types. They are defined using square brackets [].

# Creating lists
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
mixed = [1, "Hello", 3.14, True]
# Accessing elements
print(fruits[0]) # apple
print(fruits[-1]) # cherry (last item)
# Slicing
print(fruits[0:2]) # ['apple', 'banana']

Common List Methods:

Method Description Example

append() Adds an element to the end fruits.append("orange")

insert() Adds element at specified position fruits.insert(1, "mango")

remove() Removes the first matching item fruits.remove("banana")

pop() Removes item at specified index fruits.pop(1)

sort() Sorts the list fruits.sort()

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reverse() Reverses the list fruits.reverse()
 Conclusion

Key Concepts Covered:

 Variables and data types form the foundation of Python programming

 Strings provide powerful text manipulation capabilities

 Various operators (arithmetic, comparison, identity, assignment,

membership) enable different operations

 Lists offer flexible data storage and manipulation

Next Steps for Learning:

 Explore control structures (if statements, loops)

 Learn about functions and modules

 Study more complex data structures (dictionaries, sets, tuples)

 Practice with real-world projects

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