The Rules for Book 1
With an explanation in the
English language
Written by Abu Salmaan Talha ibnu William
Translated by Umm Mujaahid
Demonstrative Pronouns
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The
demonstrative pronouns are similar to the English that, this
and they are of two types;
for things which are close, and
for things at
a distance. Unlike in English, demonstrative pronouns in Arabic have a different form
for singular, dual, and plural, and they also change to correspond to the gender of the
noun. So if the noun is feminine then the demonstrative pronoun is also feminine,
however there are a few exceptions to this rule, as indicated below.
The demonstrative pronouns (for near):
This is (for masculine singular)
This is (for feminine singular or plural irrational)
:
:
These are (for dual masculine)
for things which are
near
These are (for dual feminine)
These are (for plural masculine or feminine)
The demonstrative pronouns (for far):
That is (for masculine singular)
That is (for feminine singular or plural irrational)
Those are (for dual masculine)
for things which
are far
Those are (for dual feminine)
Those are (for plural masculine or feminine)
Examples
-(
)
This is a man
(for masculine singular-rational)
-(
)
This is a book
(for masculine singular-irrational)
-
(
)
This is a woman
(For feminine singular-rational)
- (
)
These are scholars
(For masculine dual-rational)
-
(
)
This is a car
(For feminine singular-irrational)
- (
)
These are pens
(For masculine dual-irrational)
-
(
)
-
(
)
These are Muslims
(For feminine dual-rational)
These are cows
(For feminine dual-irrational)
-
(
)
-(
)
These are Muslims
(For feminine plural-rational)
These are Muslims
(For masculine plural-rational)
: .
. .
is
likewise allowed for irrational (nouns) but this is rare. For
example:
These words
-(
)
That is engineer
(for masculine singular-rational)
-
(
)
That is a nurse
(For feminine singular-rational)
-(
)
That is a star
(for masculine singular-irrational)
-
(
)
That is a fridge
(For feminine singular-irrational)
(
}
) {
.
is like wise allowed for plural rational like what is in the
revelation, (those messengers) but this is rare.
- (
)
Those are farmers
(For masculine dual-rational)
-
(
)
Those are teachers
(For feminine dual-rational)
-
(
)
Those are Muslims
- (
)
Those are notebooks
(For masculine dual-irrational)
-
(
)
Those are rulers
(For feminine dual-irrational)
-(
)
Those are Muslims
}
{
Possessed and possessor
To show belonging in Arabic we use the possessive construction. This
consists of two parts. The possessed
, which appears first and
Examples
The teachers
book
Possessor
Possessed
)With alif and laam:
(
Haamids book
Possessor
Possessed
10
}
{
Adjective and qualifying noun
The adjective in Arabic follows the noun it qualifies, unlike in English it
comes after the noun. The adjective in Arabic is called the
noun it qualifies is referred to as the
follows the
and the
(the qualifying noun). The
in its gender (masculine and feminine), in its
definite and indefiniteness, and like wise in its case.
Example
A new house
Adjective qualifying noun
(Without alif and laam)
The new house
Adjective qualifying noun
(With alif and laam)
11
The Vocative particle
and the Addressed
To call upon someone in Arabic you use the vocative particle
which is
called the
, equivalent to the English oh. The noun that comes after it is
(the addressed), and it takes a single damma
regardless of gender.
Oh Yaasir!
12
The
Addressed
The
Vocative
Particle
}
{
The Genitive prepositions
. . . . . .
Arabic nouns have endings to show their function in a sentence. The normal
ending of a noun is
damma, and the case of it is called
(genitive prepositions) it changes to a kasra and its case is no longer
( Nominative) instead it becomes ( Genitive).
(Nominative). However, when the noun is proceeded by any of the
(
13
The Genitive prepositions are:
For (used for belonging)
:
:
:
In
On
From
By/at
To
Examples:
This book is for Muhammad
The teacher is in the class.
The watch is on the desk
Zaynab is from Japan.
14
I am a student at the university
Haamid went to the masjid
}
{
A noun which is ismul maqsoor, has an aa sound ending. The ending
vowels of these nouns remain constant, despite their change in
function. For example, if they are preceded by a genitive preposition
(Harful Jarr), which would cause them to take a kasra, they remain
unaffected.
The hospital
15
America
Musa
The end case of the noun
does not change
Zakariyya
Germany
for Musa
to America
.
in the hospital
}
{
The Relative pronouns
.
. . .
.
. . .
The Relative pronouns,
have the meaning of which, who,
and differ in their form to correspond to the correct gender. They also
differ to correspond to the singular, dual and plural noun. Note that the
16
The Relative pronouns are (for masculine):
:
masculine)
Who/which (for singular masculine
. rational and irrational)
Who/which (for dual masculine rational and irrational)
For masculine
Who (for plural masculine rational only)
Who/which (for singular feminine rational and plural masculine
and feminine irrational)
Who/which (for dual feminine rational and irrational)
For feminine
Who (for plural feminine rational only)
Example
The man who left the masjid is a famous merchant.
17
The book, which is on the desk, belongs to the teacher.
For masculine singular irrational
) .
.
(
The teachers who went to the classroom, are new.
For masculine dual rational
) . .(
The pens, which are in my bag, are old.
18
The engineers who left the restaurant are from
Turkey.
For masculine plural rational
) .
(
The woman who went to the school is a
headmistress
For feminine singular rational
.
).
(
The ruler, which is on the desk, belongs to Muhammad.
For feminine singular irrational
) .
(
.
19
The donkeys, which are in the field, belong to the
farmer.
For masculine plural irrational
) . .(
The cars, which are in front of the masjid, belong to
the minister.
For feminine dual irrational
.
)
(
.
.
The students, who left from the school, are from
England.
For feminine dual rational
).
.
(
20
The Muslims who went to the market, are teachers from
Germany.
For feminine plural rational
) . .
(
.
The Muslims who went to the market, are teachers from
Germany.
For feminine plural rational
) . .
(
21
}
{
The laam of definiteness
A noun that has tanween, the indefinite article, is referred to as
indefinite. The Tanween is the double vowel that you find at the end of a
noun (look at the first example below). Its equivalent in English is A. In
Arabic to make a noun definite we add on the alif and laam. The laam here
is called the
,laam of definiteness.
Example
This house
:
This is a house
22
(The laam of definiteness)
}
{
The detached pronouns
. . . .
. .
. . . . . .
Pronouns are of two main categories:
pronouns and
, the detached
,the attached pronouns. The pronouns
in this category are detached pronouns. Detached pronouns give the
meaning he she they etc and even it. They are divided into 3 types:
for first person, second person, and third person, in each of these
categories they differ in form. Please note unlike in English, pronouns
in Arabic have a different form for dual and plural.
They are:
: For first person (masculine or feminine)
23
: I
: We
.
We are students
I am a student
)(
)(
For plural or dual
student
For singular
: For Second person (masculine)
You (singular)
You (dual)
You are a student
You are students
)(
)(
For masculine singular
For masculine dual
You (plural)
You are students
)(
For masculine plural
: For second person (feminine)
24
You (singular)
You (dual)
You are a student
You are students
)(
)(
For feminine singular
For feminine dual
You (plural)
You are students
)(
For feminine plural
: For third person (masculine)
He (singular)
They (dual)
He is a student
They are students
)(
)(
For masculine singular
For masculine dual
: They (plural)
They are
students
)(
For masculine plural
25
:For third person (feminine)
He (singular)
They (dual)
She is a student
They are students
)(
)(
: They (plural)
For feminine singular
For feminine dual
They are
students
)(
For feminine plural
}
{
The attached pronouns
. . . . . . .
. . . . .
As mentioned earlier Pronouns are of two categories: The Detached
Pronouns and the Attached Pronouns. The category mentioned here is
that of Attached Pronouns. Similarly Attached Pronouns are divided
into 3 types: for first person, second person, and third person and
within these categories they differ in form. The pronouns once again
have a different form for dual and plural.
26
Our book
My book
)
(
.
) .
(
Masculine and feminine
plural and dual
Masculine and feminine
singular
Your book
) .
(
Masculine plural
Your book
).
(
Masculine and feminine
dual
Your book
) .(
Masculine singular
27
Your book
) .(
For feminine plural
Your book
).
(
For masculine and
feminine dual
Your book
) .(
For feminine singular
Their book
) ( .
For masculine plural
Their book
).
(
For masculine dual
His book
) .(
For masculine singular
28
Their book
Her book
Their book
).
(
) .(
For feminine plural
For masculine and
Feminine dual
) .(
For feminine singular
}
The kam of interrogation
and its specification
Kam of interrogation comes before a noun and it is used for questioning. It gives
the meaning how much/many. The noun that comes after it is called its tamyeez
(specification) and it is always singular and takes the mansoob case (Accusative
case). Please look at the example below.
Example
How many wheels
belong to the bike?
:
How many pens do
you have?
29
Its
specification
The kam of
Interrogation
Its
specification
The kam of
Interrogation
The tamyeez (distinctive term) of kam is always singular.
It is ended with an alif, except when the noun ends with
the taa marboota (a closed taa)
Verbs
}
{
The taa of feminine form
Arabic verbs have a root, similar to English. Verbs are normally made up
of three letters knows as radicals. To make a verb represent the past
tense certain letters are added at the end of the root (look at the
examples below). The
is used to conjugate a verb to make it
30
:
.
.
The student sat in the
classroom
The mother left the
house
{
}
The noon of women form
Example
31
.
The women (pl.) went
to the masjid
The (female pl.)
nurses left the
hospital
}
{
The waw of group form
:
.
The men (pl.) went to
the school
The pilgrims (male
pl.) returned from
Mecca
}
{
The number and the enumerated
) (
From 3 to 10
32
In Arabic, to construct a number two things are included; the
(the number)
(the enumerated). The noun, which denotes the thing numbered, is
. Unlike in English, Arabic numbers
and the number is called the
and the
called
can be feminine or masculine. With regards to the numbers 3 to 10, if the
is feminine the
is masculine and if the
is masculine the
is
feminine (opposites come together). Also the numbers from 3 to 10 follow the
mudaaf and mudaafun ilaihi construction.
:
3 Female students
to 1
(Feminine-
)
The enumerated
3 Male students
The enumerated
The number
(Masculine-)
The number
.
.
.
When the enumerated is masculine then the number is feminine, and
when the enumerated is feminine then the number is masculine, like
what is clear in the two examples (above).
33
For the masculine enumerated
)(
Six students
)(
)(
.
Five students
then the
Four students
then the
)(
)(
Ten students
)(
)(
Nine students
Three students
)(
Eight students
Seven students
34
For the feminine enumerated
)(
)(
)(
Six students
)(
Ten students
Five students
then the
)(
Nine students
)(
Four students
then the
)(
Three students
)(
Eight students
Seven students
35
}
{
The Diptotes
The Diptotes are nouns that do not take a single kasra nor do they take a
Tanween (double vowel), which can be of: dammataan , fathataan and
kasrataan
. So it is important to understand that if a diptote is in a
sentence where it is supposed to take a kasra, it does not do so, rather it is
substituted with a fatha. (Please look to the examples below)
.)
( .
) (
The Diptotes do not like two things, and they are nunation and the kasra
To Zaynab
In the schools
From London
The following examples are from the diptotes:
36
Feminine proper nouns
)
(
.
. . . .
Jeddah Mecca Aaishah Faatima Zaynab
A feminine proper noun designated for the
masculine
(
)
.
. .
.
Talha Muaawiya
Usaama
Hamza
Masculine nouns, ending with aalif and noon on the
scale of falaan
(
)
.
.
.
.
Marwaan Sufyaan Affaan Uthmaan
The foreign proper nouns
)
(
37
Yuusuf
Paris
London
Edward William
The proper nouns on the scale of afalu
)
(
Anwar
Ahmad
Adjective and colour on the scale of afalu
)
(
.
.
.
.
.
better
greater blue
yellow
red
black
Adjective on the scale of falaan
)
(
white
38
full
thirsty
hungary
lazy
on the scale of afilaau
)
(
doctors
pl.
strongones
pl.
truthful ones
pl.
rich ones
pl.
On the scale of fualaau
)
(
scholars
pl.
colleagues
pl.
ministers
pl.
poor ones
pl.
on the scale of mafaailu
(
)
39
.
.
.
.
minutes
pl.
schools
pl.
doctors
pl.
hotels
pl.
mosques
pl.
on the scale of mafaaeelu
(
)
chairs
pl.
cups
pl.
keys
pl.
handkerchiefs
pl.
